SESSION 1

COMPUTING PARADIGM AND INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

OBJECTIVES

➢Computing Paradigms
➢Cloud computing definition
➢Cloud computing essential characteristics
➢Cloud computing deployment models
➢Cloud computing service models
PREAMBLE

➢The term paradigm conveys that there is a set of practices to be

followed to accomplish a task
➢In the domain of computing, there are many different standard
practices being followed based on inventions and technological
advancements.
CLIENT/SERVER MODEL

➢In the client/server model, all end systems are divided into clients and
servers each designed for specific purposes
➢Clients have an active role and initiate a communication session by
sending requests to servers
o Clients must have knowledge of the available servers and the services they
provide
o Clients can communicate with servers only; they cannot see each other
➢Servers have a passive role and respond to their clients by acting on
each request and returning results
CLIENT/SERVER MODEL (CONT’D)
CLIENT/SERVER MODEL (CONT’D)

➢ Software roles
o TCP/IP uses different pieces of software for many protocols to implement ”client” and ”server”
roles
o Client software is usually found on client hardware and server software on server hardware, but
not always
o Some devices may run both client and server software
➢ Web clients:
o Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, . . .
➢ Web servers:
o Apache, Microsoft IIS, GWS, . . .
P2P MODEL

➢In the P2P model, all end systems have equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities and either party can initiate a communication session
➢The participants share a part of their own hardware resources
➢Thus, the participants are both resource providers and resource
requestors and use similar networking programs to connect with each
other
P2P MODEL (CONT’D)
P2P MODEL (CONT’D)
➢ Benefits of P2P:
o No need for dedicated application and database servers
o Improved scalability and reliability (no single point of failure)
➢ Shortcomings of P2P:
o Poor security
o Lack of centralized control
o Computers with shared resources may suffer from sluggish performance
➢ P2P networking allows easily to share and download copyrighted files
o Is it a benefit or a shortcoming? :-)
HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING

➢In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors

(processor machines or central processing units [CPUs]) connected
(networked) with other resources like memory, storage, and input and
output devices, and the deployed software is enabled to run in the
entire system of connected components.
➢The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous
type.
➢HPC systems are normally found in those applications where it is
required to use or solve scientific problems.
PARALLEL COMPUTING

➢Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC

➢It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs)
➢A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved
concurrently
➢Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions
➢Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on different
processors
➢An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

➢Distributed computing is also a computing system that consists of multiple

computers or processor machines connected through a network, which can
be homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single system
➢The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single
computer
➢There is a support for the following characteristic features
o Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily expanded by adding more machines as needed,
and vice versa, without affecting the existing setup
o Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can provide the same services, so that even if one
is unavailable (or failed), work does not stop because other similar computing supports will be
available.
CLUSTER COMPUTING

➢A cluster computing system consists of a set of the same or similar type

of processor machines connected using a dedicated network
infrastructure.
➢This is also a kind of HPC category.
➢The individual nodes can work together to solve a problem larger than
any computer can easily solve
GRID COMPUTING

➢Grid computing is a network of computing or processor machines

managed with a kind of software such as middleware, in order to
access and use the resources remotely.
➢The managing activity of grid resources through the middleware is
called grid services
➢Grid services provide access control, security, access to data including
digital libraries and databases, and access to large-scale interactive and
long-term storage facilities
CLOUD COMPUTING

➢In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing
data and programs over the Internet from a remote location or
computer instead of our computer’s hard drive.
➢The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet
➢With an online connection, cloud computing can be done anywhere,
anytime, and by any device.
CLOUD COMPUTING(CONTINUE)
FIVE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

➢On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision

computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each
service’s provider.
➢Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and
accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
➢Elastic resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are
pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multitenant model
FIVE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

➢Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned,

in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to
quickly scale in
➢Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service
FOUR CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

➢Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services
can be deployed or made available to its customers, depending on the
organization structure and the provisioning location.
➢Four deployment models are usually distinguished, namely, public,
private, community, and hybrid cloud service usage
PRIVATE CLOUD

➢The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single

organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It
may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third
party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises
PUBLIC CLOUD

➢Public cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the
general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business,
academic, or government organization, or some combination of them.
It exists on the premises of the cloud provider
COMMUNITY CLOUD

➢Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several

organizations and supports a specific community that has shared
concerns. It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and
may exist on premise or off premise
HYBRID CLOUD

➢The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud

infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique
entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability
THREE SERVICE OFFERING MODELS

➢The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing

resources are available to end customers are as follows:
o Software as a Service (SaaS)
o Platform as a Service (PaaS)
o Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
CLOUD SAAS

➢The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s

applications running on a cloud infrastructure, including network,
servers, operating systems, storage, and even individual application
capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific
application configuration settings
➢Typical applications offered as a service include customer relationship
management (CRM), business intelligence analytics, and online
accounting software.
CLOUD PAAS

➢Cloud PaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto

the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications
created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools
supported by the provider
CLOUD IAAS

➢Cloud IaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to provision

processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing
resources on a pay-per-use basis where he or she is able to deploy and
run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and
applications.
➢The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over the operating systems, storage, and
deployed applications and possibly limited control of select networking
components
RECAPS

➢Computing Paradigms
➢Cloud computing definition
➢Cloud computing essential characteristics
➢Cloud computing deployment models
➢Cloud computing service models
REFERENCES

➢Client/server and peer-to-peer models: basic concepts (Dmitri

Moltchanov September 04, 2013)