Human Computer

Interaction 1
 The Human
In 1983, Card, Moran and Newell described the Model Human
Processor: a simplified view of the human processing involved in
interacting with computer systems. MHP comprises 3 subsystems: the
perceptual system, the motor system and the cognitive system. Each
of them has a processor and memory. MHP also includes a number of
Principles of operation which dictate the behavior of the system
under certain conditions
 Sensory Reception

• Detects the environment through senses such

Perceptual System as vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

The perceptual system is responsible for Information Processing

receiving and interpreting sensory • Converts sensory inputs into meaningful

information from the environment. It information that the brain can interpret.

encompasses all the sensory organs and Perception Formation

the neural pathways that carry sensory

• Creates a coherent picture of the environment,
input to the brain, where it is processed allowing individuals to recognize objects, events,
and other sensory experiences.
and perceived.
Examples:

• Seeing a red traffic light and recognizing it means

"stop."
• Hearing a ringtone and identifying it as a phone
call.
 Motor Planning

Formulates plans for movement based on sensory

Motor System input and cognitive decisions.

The motor system is responsible for Motor Execution

planning, controlling, and executing Carries out movements through muscle

voluntary and involuntary movements. It contractions.

includes the muscles, neurons, and brain Coordination and Control

regions involved in motor control and

Ensures smooth, coordinated movements and
coordination. maintains balance and posture.

Examples:

•Typing on a keyboard.
•Catching a ball.
 Cognitive System Information Processing

The cognitive system is responsible for Formulates plans for movement based on sensory
input and cognitive decisions.
mental processes such as thinking,
learning, memory, problem-solving, Memory Storage and Retrieval
decision-making, and language
Carries out movements through muscle
comprehension. It involves higher-order contractions.

brain functions that enable reasoning

Problem-Solving and Decision-Making
and understanding
Ensures smooth, coordinated movements and
maintains balance and posture.
Examples:

•Solving a math problem.

Learning and Adaptation
•Recalling a friend's phone number.
•Planning a route to a destination.
Acquires new knowledge and skills and adapts to
new situations.
 Input –Output Channel
In interaction with a computer, the human input is the data
output by the computer vice versa. Input in humans occurs
mainly through the senses and output through the motor
controls of the effectors. Vision, hearing and touch are the
most important senses in HCI. The fingers, voice, eyes, head
and body position are the primary effectors.
 Human Input Channels
Human input channels are the sensory pathways
through which humans receive information from
the computer.
 1. Vision
Role: The primary input channel for most computer
interactions.

Function: Allows users to perceive and interpret visual

information displayed on screens, such as text, images,
and videos.

Examples: Reading text on a monitor, watching a video

tutorial, recognizing icons and symbols
 2. Hearing
Role: An important channel for receiving auditory
information.

Function: Enables users to process sounds, such as alerts,

notifications, and spoken instructions.

Examples: Listening to a notification sound, understanding

spoken commands from a voice assistant, following an
audio guide.
 3. Touch
Role: feedback and interaction with physical devices.

Function: Allows users to physically interact with input

devices, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and haptic
feedback systems.

Examples: Typing on a keyboard, swiping on a touchscreen,

feeling vibrations from a haptic feedback device.
 Human Output Channels
Human output channels are the pathways through
which humans send commands and responses to the
computer
 1. Fingers and Hands
Definition: The use of fingers and hands to perform tasks.

Role in HCI: Used for precise control and manipulation of

input devices.

Examples: Typing on a keyboard, using a mouse, navigating

a touchscreen interface.
 2. Voice
Definition: The use of spoken language to communicate.

Role in HCI: Enables hands-free interaction and control.

Examples: Using a voice assistant, dictating text, voice-

controlled gaming.
 3. Eyes
•Definition: The use of gaze direction to interact.

•Role in HCI: Enables gaze-based interaction and

tracking.

•Examples: Eye-tracking for cursor control, gaze-

based selection in virtual reality environments.
 4. Head and Body Position
•Definition: The movement and positioning of the
head and body.

•Role in HCI: Facilitates orientation and control in

immersive environments.

•Examples: Head movements to navigate in VR,

adjusting the view in augmented reality.
 Human memory
Human memory is the mental capacity to store, retain, and recall
information and experiences. It is a fundamental aspect of cognition,
enabling individuals to learn from the past, navigate the present, and
plan for the future. Human memory is typically divided into three main
types:
 1. Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is the briefest form of memory, lasting only a few
seconds. It holds sensory information (such as sights, sounds, and
textures) just long enough for it to be transferred to short-term
memory.
Examples:
•The afterimage you see when you close your eyes after looking at a
bright light.
•The lingering sound of a bell after it has stopped ringing.
 2. Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)
Definition: Short-term memory, also known as working memory,
temporarily holds information that we are currently thinking about or
processing. It has a limited capacity, typically holding around 7 items
for about 20-30 seconds.

Examples:
•Recalling a phone number just long enough to enter it into your
contacts.
•Remembering the details of a conversation that just happened.
 3. Long-Term Memory
Long-term memory stores information over extended periods,
ranging from hours to a lifetime. It has a vast capacity and can retain
a variety of information, including facts, experiences, and skills.

Examples:
•Recalling your first day at school.
•Knowing how to ride a bicycle.
•Remembering the capital of a country.
 Laboratory Activity 1
Instruction:
Choose a Website Theme:
Decide on the theme or purpose of the website you will design. It could be a personal blog, an e-commerce site, a news portal, etc.

Navigation Design:
•Clearly indicate the navigation structure. Show how users will move from one page to another.

Content and Features:

•Add placeholders for different types of content, such as:
• Text areas (headings, paragraphs)
• Images or videos
• Call-to-action buttons (e.g., Sign Up, Buy Now)
• Forms or input fields (if applicable)
Submission:
•Submit your power point presentation with the website interface sketch

Evaluation Criteria:
•Clarity and completeness of the layout. -10points
•Appropriateness of navigation and content organization. – 10points
•Creativity and adherence to design principles. – 10points
 The Computer
The computer interaction process involves transferring information
between humans and computers. This interaction can occur through
various devices, reflecting the diversity of data types and users. In the
past, computers processed large amounts of data all at once, a
method known as batch processing. However, modern computers
can respond almost instantly and are integrated into many different
devices, allowing for more dynamic and immediate interactions
 1. Text Entry Devices
• The alphanumeric keyboard
• Chord keyboards
• Phone pad and T9 entry
• Handwriting recognition
• Speech recognition
 2. Positioning, pointing and drawing
• The mouse
• Touchpad
• Trackball and thumbwheel
• Joystick and keyboard nipple
• Touch-sensitive screens (touchscreens)
• Stylus and lightpen
• Digitizing tablet
• Eyegaze
• Cursor keys and discrete positioning
 3. Display Devices

3.1 Bitmap displays, resolution and color

A bitmap-base means that the display is
made of a fixed number of dots or pixels
in a rectangular grid. The color or
intensity at each pixel is held by the
computer’s video card. The more bits per
pixel, the more colors/intensities are
possible. Also is the resolution of the
screen: the total number of pixels (in a
4:3-ratio) and the density of the pixels.
 3. Display Devices

3.2 Technologies
In a CRT-monitor(Cathode-ray tube) a stream of
electrons is emitted from an electron gun, which is than
focused and directed by magnetic fields. As the beam
hits the phosphor-coated
screen, the phosphor is excited by the electrons and
glows. Flicker can be reduced by increasing the
scanning rate or by interlacing, in which odd lines are
scanned first, followed by even lines. In LCD’s(Liquid
Crystal Display) a thin layer of liquid crystals is
sandwiched between two glass
plates. External light passes through the top plate and
is polarized. This passes through the crystal and is
reflected back to the user’s eye by the bottom plate.
 3. Display Devices

3.3 Large displays and situated displays

There are several types of large displays. Some
use gas-plasma technology and usually have a
16:9-ratio. Several smaller screens can also be
places together in a video wall. Projectors are
possible too, in two variants: projectors with 3
lenses (red, green and blue) can build a full-color
image. LCD-projectors have a small screen,
through which light is projected on a screen.
 3. Display Devices

3.4 Digital Paper

Thin flexible material that can be
written to electronically, but keeps
it’s contents when removed from
the power supply.
 4. Devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction

3D displays
3D can be displayed on normal screens using
shadows, depth etc. It is also possible to generate the
natural stereoscopic images for both eye positions and
have them delivered to he eyes using a VR-helmed.
Finally, users can enter a VR cave, where the VR world
is projected around them. If the VR-system
performances too slow, and there is a delay between
movement and image, disorientation and sickness may
occur.
5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices

Special displays
Except for CRT and LCD, there are
numerous other display devices, e.g.
LED’s, gauges, dials and head-up
displays.
5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices

Sound output
We do not yet know how to utilize sound in a sensible way to
achieve maximum effects and information transference in HCI.
However, by having sounds confirm a right action, we can
speed up interaction.
5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices

Touch,Feel and Smell

Force feedback gives different amounts of resistance to an
input device depending on the state of the virtual operation.
Haptic devices are various forms of force, resistance and
texture in‡uencing our physical senses.
5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices

Environment and bio-sensing

There are many sensors in our environment monitoring
our behavior. Their measurements range from
temperature and movement to the user’s emotional
state
 6. Paper: printing and scanning

Printing
The most common printers nowadays are dot-based. In
order of increasing resolution, familiar types are dot-
matrix printers, ink-jet printers and laser printers.
 6. Paper: printing and scanning

Fonts and page description

languages
Some printers print ASCII-
characters and bitmaps ’by itself’.
Many more complex documents
are translated into suitable
bitmaps by the computer. More
sophisticated printers can accept
a page description language, e.g.
PostScript.
 6. Paper: printing and scanning

Screen and page

There are many differences (e.g. size, color depth, resolution
etc.) between a paper print and a computer monitor, which
causes problems when designing. Especially the correct
alignment of text (in different fonts) is difficult.
 6. Paper: printing and scanning

Scanners and optical character recognition

Scanners produce a bitmap image from a ’hard’original and
can, using optical character recognition, transfer a page of
text. There are 2 kinds of scanners: (as in a copies machine)
and hand-held (as in a fax machine, however the scanner has
to be manually pulled over the paper).
 7. Memory

RAM and short-term memory (STM)

Most current active information is held in the random access
memory (RAM). RAM is volatile: contents are lost when the power
is turned off. However, there are more expensive or low-power
consuming memory techniques that can hold their contents when
the power is off.
 7. Memory

Disks and long-term memory (LTM)

There are 2 main techniques used in disks: magnetic
disks (Floppy, hard disk, tape) and optical disks. (CD-
ROM/DVD). In comparison to RAM, the computers LTM
is rather slow.
 7. Memory

Understanding speed and capacity

The capacity of RAM is limited and therefore multitask-
systems tend to swap background-running programs from
RAM to the hard disk. When the program is fully activated it
has to be swapped back, which can cause delays (von
Neumann bottleneck).
 7. Memory

Compression
Compression techniques can be used ti reduce the amount of
storage required for text, bitmaps and video.
 8. Processing and networks

Network computing
Networked systems have an effect on interactivity, because the
large distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the
system. The actions of other users may also infuence your own
interaction with the connected computers.
 The Interaction

There are a number of ways in which the user can communicate with the
system: input, direct manipulation, virtual reality etc.
 The Terms of Interaction

Terms of Interaction define the specific elements and processes involved in the
interaction between a user and a system. They outline the fundamental
components that need to be considered to create a meaningful and effective
interaction
 The Terms of Interaction

User: The person who interacts with the system. Understanding the user's goals,
skills, and needs is crucial for designing effective interactions.
 The Terms of Interaction

System: The technological component or interface with which the user interacts.
This can be anything from a simple website to a complex software application.
 The Terms of Interaction

Input: The actions or commands that the user provides to the system. Input can
be in the form of clicks, typing, gestures, voice commands, or other interactions.
 The Terms of Interaction

Output: The responses or feedback the system provides to the user based on
their input. This can include visual changes on the screen, audio feedback, haptic
responses, etc.
 The Terms of Interaction

Feedback: A specific type of output that informs the user about the result of
their action. Good feedback is immediate and clear, helping the user understand
what has happened as a result of their input.
 The Terms of Interaction

Context: The environment or situation in which the interaction takes place.

Context can affect the user's behavior and expectations, so it’s important to
consider factors like location, time, and device used.
 The Terms of Interaction

Task: The objective that the user is trying to achieve through the interaction.
Understanding the task helps in designing a system that effectively supports the
user's goals.
 The Terms of Interaction

Control: The degree of freedom the user has over the system. This includes how
much the user can influence the system's behavior and how much the system
guides or restricts the user’s actions.
 Interaction design basics

focus on the principles and methods used to create effective and

meaningful interactions between users and products, systems, or
services. It is a key aspect of user experience (UX) design, emphasizing
how users interact with technology and ensuring that these interactions
are as smooth, efficient, and enjoyable as possible
 What is a Design?

design refers to the process of creating and shaping the way humans
interact with computers and digital systems. It involves understanding
users, their needs, and their behaviors to create interfaces and
interactions that are effective
During design, always concentrate on the user.
 The process of design:
• Requirements: Through observations and interviews, the features of the
system to be designed are mapped.
• Analysis: Through various methods, the gathered requirements are
ordered to bring out key issues.
• Design: Various design guidelines help you to move from what you want
to how to do it. They are discussed in other chapters and sections.
• Iteration and prototyping: Try out early versions of the system with real
users.
• Implementation and deployment: writing code, documentation and
make
Once more: gather as much information as possible about the future users of
the system.

• Stakeholders: people affected directly or indirectly by a system

• Participatory design: bringing a potential user fully into the design
process
• Persona: rich picture of an imaginary person who represents your core
user group
• Scenarios are stories for design: rich stories of interaction sometimes
illustrated with storyboards.
 Navigation design
Local structure
Much of interaction involves goal-seeking behavior, because users
do not know the system entirely. Therefore, the interface should
always make clear:
• where you are
• what you can do
• where you are going/what will happen in terms of the interaction
• or state of the system.
 Navigation design

Global structure - hierarchical organization

Overall structure of an application: the way the various screens,
pages or physical device states link to one another. This can be
done using hierarchy: humans tend to be better at using this
structure, as long as the hierarchy does not go to deep.
 Navigation design

Global structure - dialog

Dialog: the pattern of non-hierarchical interaction occurring when
the user performs a certain action, e.g. deleting a …le (Pop-up Are
you sure to Delete this file?)
 Screen design and layout

Tools for layout

Grouping and structure: if things logically belong together, then we
should normally visually group them together. Order of groups and
items: the order on the screen should follow the natural order for
the user.
Decoration: decorations can be used to emphasize grouping.
Alignment: The proper use of alignment can help users find information
in lists and columns quickly
 Screen design and layout

User actions and control

For entering information, the same criteria dictate the layout. It is also
very important that the interface gives a clear clue what to do. A uniform
layout is then helpful.
 Screen design and layout

Appropriate appearance
The way of presenting information on screen depends on the kind
of information, the technologies available to present it and the
purpose for which it is used.
 What HCI is and Why It Is Important

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field that

focuses on the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive
computing systems for human use. It also studies the major phenomena
surrounding these systems, such as how people interact with computers,
how these interactions can be improved, and how technology can be
designed to be more user-friendly
 HCI Is Important

Improves Usability:
•HCI is crucial for designing interfaces that are easy to use and learn.
Good usability reduces the time and effort required for users to complete
tasks, leading to a more efficient interaction with technology.
 HCI Is Important

Enhances User Satisfaction:

•By focusing on the needs and preferences of users, HCI helps create
systems that users enjoy interacting with. Satisfied users are more likely
to continue using a product, recommend it to others, and have a positive
perception of the brand or service.
 HCI Is Important

Increases Accessibility:
•HCI promotes the design of technology that is accessible to all users,
including those with disabilities. This ensures that technology is inclusive
and can be used by a diverse population.
 HCI Is Important

•Reduces Errors and Improves Safety:

•Effective HCI design minimizes the likelihood of user errors, which
can be especially critical in high-stakes environments like
healthcare, aviation, and finance. By making systems more intuitive
and responsive, HCI contributes to safer and more reliable
technology.
 HCI Is Important

Aligns Technology with Human Needs:

•HCI ensures that technology serves the real needs of people rather than
forcing users to adapt to poorly designed systems. By aligning technology
with human capabilities and limitations, HCI helps create tools that
enhance human productivity and well-being.
 HCI Is Important

Economic Impact:
•Products that are easier and more pleasant to use are more likely to
succeed in the market. Investing in HCI can lead to better customer
retention, fewer support calls, and lower development costs by catching
usability issues early in the design process.
 HCI Is Important

Economic Impact:
•Products that are easier and more pleasant to use are more likely to
succeed in the market. Investing in HCI can lead to better customer
retention, fewer support calls, and lower development costs by catching
usability issues early in the design process.
Principles of HCI
 Know the User
•Understand who the users are, their goals, skills, preferences, and
limitations.
•Conduct user research to gather insights into their behaviors and
needs, ensuring the design is tailored to the intended audience.
•Analyze the tasks that users need to perform with the system.
•Analyze the tasks that users need to perform with the system.
•Ensure the system supports these tasks efficiently, focusing on how users accomplish their goals.
•Ensure the system supports these tasks efficiently, focusing on how users accomplish their goals.

Understand the Task

•Analyze the tasks that users need to perform with the system.
•Ensure the system supports these tasks efficiently, focusing on
how users accomplish their goals.
 Reduce Memory Load
•Minimize the amount of information users need to remember.
•Design interfaces that provide context, visual cues, and easy
access to necessary information, reducing cognitive strain.
•Maintain consistency in design elements, terminology, and interaction patterns.
•Consistent design helps users predict behavior and reduces the learning curve.

Strive for Consistency

•Maintain consistency in design elements, terminology, and
interaction patterns.
•Consistent design helps users predict behavior and reduces the
learning curve.
•Maintain consistency in design elements, terminology, and interaction patterns.
•Consistent design helps users predict behavior and reduces the learning curve.

Remind Users and Refresh Their Memory

•Provide reminders, tooltips, and prompts to help users remember
how to use the system.
•Use contextual help and guides to refresh users' memories when
needed.
•Maintain consistency in design elements, terminology, and interaction patterns.
•Consistent design helps users predict behavior and reduces the learning curve.

Prevent Errors/Reversal of Action

•Design systems that prevent errors or make it easy to recover
from mistakes.
•Include features like undo actions, confirmation prompts, and error
prevention mechanisms.
 Naturalness
•Design interfaces that feel intuitive and match users' natural
interactions.
•Align with users' real-world experiences and mental models,
making the system more relatable and easier to use.
 Unit II
Principles of Design
 Principles of Design

Visibility
Ensure that important elements are visible and accessible. Users should
easily perceive available actions, system status, and possible outcomes.
Visibility supports usability by minimizing confusion and reducing the
need for user memory.
 Principles of Design

Feedback
Provide timely and meaningful feedback for every user action. This helps
users understand the result of their interactions, whether successful or
incorrect, and enables them to adjust their behavior accordingly
 Principles of Design

Consistency
Maintain consistency in interface design elements such as layout,
terminology, behavior, and colors. This makes it easier for users to predict
outcomes and learn the system. Both internal and external consistency
(across other similar systems) are crucial.
 Principles of Design

Affordance
Design elements should indicate how they are used. For instance,
buttons should look clickable, sliders should suggest movement, and
input fields should invite typing. Affordances help users understand how
to interact with the interface intuitively.
 Principles of Design

Learnability
The system should be easy to learn, especially for first-time users. Good
designs reduce the learning curve by providing intuitive interactions and
clear instructions.
Principles of Design

Simplicity
Keep the interface simple by removing unnecessary elements and
focusing on the most important actions or information. Overloading
users with too much information or too many choices can reduce
usability.
 Principles of Design

Error Prevention and Recovery

Design systems that prevent errors from happening. When errors do
occur, provide users with clear, easy-to-understand messages and a way
to recover from those errors without frustration.
Principles of Design

User Control and Freedom

Give users the ability to control their interactions and undo or redo
actions if necessary. Users should feel in control, not trapped in a
sequence of actions they cannot escape.
 Principles of Design

Efficiency of Use
Once users have learned the system, it should allow for efficient use. This
can be achieved through shortcuts, automation, or customization that
lets experienced users perform tasks faster.
 Principles of Design

Aesthetic and Minimalist Design

Design interfaces that are aesthetically pleasing but not overly complex.
Minimalist designs that emphasize clarity and focus on the user’s needs
enhance usability and reduce cognitive load.
 Principles of Design

Flexibility and Accessibility

Design systems that can adapt to different users, devices, and contexts.
This includes making interfaces accessible to users with varying abilities
by following principles of accessibility, such as ensuring readability,
keyboard navigation, and alternative text for screen readers.
Good and Poor Design
 Good Design

User-Centered Design
Interfaces are created with the user's needs, preferences,
and goals in mind.
 Good Design

Consistency and Standards

Using familiar elements across the interface allows users to
predict outcomes, reducing cognitive load.
 Good Design

Feedback and Responsiveness

The system provides clear, immediate feedback to user
actions.
 Good Design

Simplicity and Minimalism

Designs avoid unnecessary complexity, focusing on core
tasks.
 Good Design

Error Prevention and Recovery

Good design helps prevent errors, and if they occur, offers
easy recovery paths.
 Good Design

Accessibility
Interfaces are designed to be usable by people with a wide
range of abilities, including those with disabilities.
Poor Design
 Poor Design

Complexity and Clutter

Overloading the interface with too many features or
options confuses users and makes navigation difficult.
 Poor Design

Inconsistent Design
Overloading the interface with too many features or
options confuses users and makes navigation difficult.
 Poor Design

Lack of Feedback
Users don’t receive any indication of whether their actions
were successful or not.
 Poor Design

Poor Error Handling

Errors occur frequently, and users are given little to no
guidance on how to fix them.
 Poor Design

Slow or Unresponsive Interfaces

Interfaces that lag, freeze, or are slow to respond make
users frustrated.
 Poor Design

Ignoring Accessibility
Not considering users with disabilities can exclude a
significant portion of the population.
Example: A website with small fonts, low contrast, or no keyboard navigation options, making it
difficult for visually impaired users.
Interaction Design
 What is Interaction Design?
Interaction design (IxD) is a field of design that focuses on
creating engaging interfaces and meaningful interactions
between users and products or systems. It aims to improve
the way people interact with digital and physical products,
ensuring that the interaction is intuitive, efficient, and
enjoyable.
 Principles of Interaction Design
Discoverability
•Ensuring that users can easily discover available functions
and understand how to interact with the product.
 Principles of Interaction Design
Learnability
•Making the system easy to learn, allowing users to quickly
grasp its operation, and offering clear guidance when
needed.
 Principles of Interaction Design
Feedback
•Providing users with continuous information about their
actions and system status. For example, a loading spinner
or confirmation message.
 Principles of Interaction Design
Simplicity
•Minimizing complexity by presenting only the necessary
information and features to users at the right time.
 Principles of Interaction Design
Error Prevention and Recovery
•Designing the interaction to prevent user errors and
providing ways to easily recover from mistakes, such as an
undo feature or clear error messages.
 What is User Experience (UX)?
User Experience (UX) refers to how a person feels when
interacting with a system, product, or service. In the
context of HCI, UX encompasses all aspects of the user's
interaction with the computer system, including the
interface, performance, accessibility, and emotional impact.
Key aspects of UX:
•Usability: How easy and efficient it is to use the system.
•Satisfaction: The emotional response of the user
(pleasure, frustration, etc.).
•Utility: The system’s ability to provide useful functions.
•Accessibility: How easy it is for users of all abilities to
interact with the system.
•Findability: How easy it is for users to find what they need
in the system.
 The Process of Interaction Design

The process of Interaction Design (IxD) involves creating

engaging interfaces that facilitate meaningful interactions
between users and digital systems. It is a user-centered
process that focuses on the needs, preferences, and
behaviors of the end-users to create functional and
enjoyable products.
1. Understanding the Users
•User Research: Gathering insights about the target
audience, their needs, goals, behaviors, and pain points.
This may involve techniques like interviews, surveys, and
observations.
2. Defining the Requirements
•Identifying User Needs: Based on research, understanding
what users need from the system and how the product can
meet those needs.
3. Designing the Interaction
•Conceptual Design: Developing the overall structure of the interaction
by determining the main elements of the system and how they relate to
one another. This includes defining task flows, information architecture,
and user navigation.
•Wireframing and Prototyping: Creating low-fidelity wireframes and
prototypes to visualize how the interface will look and function.
Prototypes allow for quick testing and iteration on the design.
•Iterative Design: The design process is iterative, meaning designs are
continually refined based on feedback and testing results.
4. Evaluation
•Usability Testing: Involving users in testing the system to identify
usability issues and areas for improvement. This can be done through
various methods, including direct observation, task completion analysis,
and collecting user feedback.
5. Implementation
•Development: Translating the interaction design into a working system
through coding and system development. Interaction designers often
collaborate with developers to ensure the design is implemented as
intended.
•Continuous Testing: As the system is being developed, continuous
testing ensures that the design remains aligned with user needs and
functional requirements.
6. Iteration and Refinement
•Continuous Feedback: Post-launch, user feedback and performance
data are collected to make further refinements and updates to the
design.
6. Iteration and Refinement
•Continuous Feedback: Post-launch, user feedback and performance
data are collected to make further refinements and updates to the
design.