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DNA Recombination in Prokaryotes

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Kashish Gupta
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37 views5 pages

DNA Recombination in Prokaryotes

Uploaded by

Kashish Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. 2.

DNA Recombination • Recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which


nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
• It is used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different
strains and species of bacteria and viruses.
2. 3. Genetic recombination produces new bacterial strains • In addition to mutations,
genetic recombination generates diversity within bacterial populations. • Recombination
occurs through three processes: 1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation
3. 4. 1. TRANSFORMATION • Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA molecules
released from one bacterium (the donor cell) by another bacterium (the recipient cell). •
Discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928 in S.pneumoniae. • In this experiment Griffith
found out that a virulent Streptococcus pneumonia became virulent when exposed to
heat killed virulent cell.

4. 5. Griffith’s Transformation Experiment • Frederick Griffith in 1928 performed experiment


with Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria in mice. • This showed that something passed
from dead bacteria into nearby living ones, allowing them to change their cell surface. •
He called this agent the transforming principle, but did not know what it was or how it
worked.
5. 6. COMPETENT CELLS & COMPETENCE • The ability of a cell to be transformed,
depends on its COMPETENCE. • COMPETENCE is the ability of a recipient bacterium to
take up DNA from the environment. • COMPETENT CELL’S are those cells, which can
be transformed.
6.

7. 7. Contd. • The mechanism of transformation involves 2 steps which are as follows: •


Step1: The DNA binding receptor on a competent bacterium binds double stranded DNA.
As the DNA enters the cell, one strand is degraded, & the other strand is coated with
single-strand DNA-binding protein. • Step2: The single strand of donor DNA is integrated
into the chromosome of the recipient cell producing a DNA heteroduplex with different
alleles in the two strands.
8. 8. 2. Conjugation “CONJUGATION is the transfer of genes between cell’s that are in
physical contact with another”. The first demonstration of recombination in bacteria was
achieved by LEDERBERG & TATUM IN 1946. JHOSUA LEDERBERG & EDWARD
TATUM, combined two different strains of E. Coli and gave them opportunity to mate.
They found that, genetic traits could be transferred among them, if physical contact
occurred.
9. 9. F+ and F- FACTORS • In 1950,WILLIAM HAYES,FRANCOIS JOCOB and Eli h.
Wolman established that- Conjugating bacteria are of two mating types:- 1-male types
which donates their DNA, these are called f+ cells. 2-female types which are recipient of
DNA donated by F+ cells and are called F- cells. • These F+ and F- are called
FERTILITY factor or F- factor or SEX factor.
10.
11. 10. PROCESS OF CONJUGATION • The F Pili of the F+ donor cell make contact with
the F- recipient cell & pull the cell together. • Rolling circle replication transfer one strand
of the F factor into the recipient cell. • Transfer of F factor is completed, yielding two F+
factor bacteria.
12. 11. 3. TRANSDUCTION • Transduction occurs when a phage (virus) carries bacterial
genes from one host cell to another. • TRANSDUCTION IS A PHENOENON,BY WHICH,
BACTERIAL DNA IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER WITH THE
HELP OF BACTERIOPHAGE. • Transduction was discovered by Norton Zinder and
Joshua Lederberg at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1952.
13.

14. 12. BACTERIOPHAGE • Bacteriophages are viruses (PHAGE) which infects the
bacteria…….
15. 13. Contd • Two types: 1.Bacteriophage T4 2.Bacteriophage Lambda • The life cycle of
these two involve: 1.Lytic cycle 2.Lysogenic cycle
16. 14. PROCESS OF TRANSDUCTION • First of all, bacteriophage attaches to donor
bacteria. • They inject their nucleic acid (DNA) into bacterium. • This DNA replicates
rapidly, and also directs the synthesis of new phage protein. • Then, the new DNA
combines with new proteins, to make whole phage particles. • These are then released
by destruction of cell wall and lysis of the cell.
17. 15. Contd. • These phases are composed of its DNA together with the donors DNA. •
Now Then this phage attacks the another host and infect it. • the recipient DNA integrates
with this DNA. • And it results in the transfer of DNA. • Recipient cell is now called
TRANSDUCED CELL.
18. 16. TYPES OF TRANSDUCTION • Mainly there are two types of transduction:- i.e.
GENERALISED or NON-SPECIALISED TRANSDUCTION RESTRICTED or
SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION
19.
20.

21. 17. GENERALISED TRANSDUCTION • If all fragments of bacterial DNA have a chance
to enter a transducing phage, the process is called GENERALISED TRANSDUCTION. •
It mediates the exchange of any bacterial gene.
22. 18. SPECIALISED TRANSDUCTION • “In this phenomenon, certain phages can transfer
only a few restricted genes of the bacterial chromosomes.” • Here, the phages transduce
only those bacterial genes adjacent to the phage in the bacterial chromosomes. • Thus
the process is called restricted transduction. • It mediates the exchange of only limited
numbers of specific genes. • This is mediated by LAMBDA PHAGE VIRUS.

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