AS PHYSICS WORKSHEET

WORK, ENERGY and POWER

DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
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18 A ball is projected into the air from horizontal ground and follows the path shown in the diagram.

R
Q S
T
path of ball 1.8 m 1.6 m
1.5 m 1.3 m

not to scale horizontal ground

At points Q, R, S and T, the ball has kinetic energies EQ, ER, ES and ET respectively. The heights
above the ground of these four points are shown.

Air resistance is negligible.

Which difference in kinetic energies is the smallest?

A EQ – ES B ES – ER C ET – EQ D ET – ER

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19 The battery of a small tablet computer is initially uncharged. It is connected to a constant 10 W

power supply for 2.0 hours to charge the battery.

The efficiency of the charging process is 80%.

What is the total energy stored in the battery?

A 1.6  101 J B 1.6  103 J C 5.8  104 J D 5.8  106 J

20 An initially stationary firework explodes and splits into two fragments that move horizontally in
opposite directions.

The total kinetic energy transferred to the fragments by the explosion is E.

One fragment has mass m and the other one has mass 2m.

What is the speed of the fragment of mass m immediately after the explosion?

E 2E 2E 4E
A B C D
m m 3m 3m

21 A spring is fixed at one end and extended by applying force F to the other end. The spring has
extension x and elastic potential energy EP. The spring constant is k.

The spring obeys Hooke’s law.

Which relationship is correct for this spring?

A EP  F B EP  x C EP  k D EP  x 2

22 A force–extension graph is produced for a metal wire.

What must describe the limit of proportionality of the wire?

A the point at which the wire breaks

B the point beyond which Hooke’s law is not obeyed
C the point beyond which the wire cannot return to its original length
D the point beyond which the wire starts to deform plastically

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23 A spring has a spring constant of 6.0 N cm–1. It is joined to another spring whose spring constant
is 4.0 N cm–1. A load of 80 N is suspended from this composite spring.

6.0 N cm–1

4.0 N cm–1

load

80 N

What is the extension of this composite spring?

A 8.0 cm B 16 cm C 17 cm D 33 cm

24 The range of frequencies of sound waves emitted by blue whales is 10 Hz to 40 Hz.

The speed of sound in seawater is approximately 1.5 km s–1.

What is the approximate range of wavelengths of the sound waves emitted by blue whales?

A 6.7 mm to 27 mm
B 3.8 cm to 15 cm
C 6.7 m to 27 m
D 38 m to 150 m

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14 The force resisting the motion of a car is proportional to the square of the car’s speed. The
magnitude of the force at a speed of 20.0 m s–1 is 800 N.

What useful output power is required from the car’s engine to maintain a steady speed of
40.0 m s–1?

A 32 kW B 64 kW C 128 kW D 512 kW

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15 A box of weight W is pulled by a force P along a slope.

The length of the slope is d, and the box rises a height h.

The frictional force between the box and the slope is F.

The diagram shows the directions of the forces.

d
P

h
F
W

The purpose of the slope is to raise the box vertically.

Which expression gives the efficiency of the slope?

Fd Pd Wh Wh
A B C D
Wh Wh Fd Pd

16 The kinetic energy of a particle is increased by a factor of 4.

By what factor does its speed increase?

A 2 B 4 C 8 D 16

17 A mass of 28 g is raised vertically upwards through a distance of 4.6 m.

What is the change in gravitational potential energy of the mass?

A 0.13 J B 1.3 J C 130 J D 1300 J

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18 A sample of metal is subjected to a force which increases to a maximum value and then
decreases back to zero. A force–extension graph for the sample is shown.

force Y

0
0 extension

When the sample contracts, it follows the same force–extension curve as when it was being
stretched.

What is the behaviour of the metal between X and Y?

A both elastic and plastic

B not elastic and not plastic
C elastic but not plastic
D plastic but not elastic

19 Two wires, P and Q, made of the same material, are stretched with an increasing force.

A graph is plotted of the variation with force of the extension of each wire.

4
extension
/ mm 3 P

1 Q

0
0 1 2
force / N

The wires have the same original length but different diameters.

diameter of wire Q
What is the ratio ?
diameter of wire P

1 1
A B C 3 D 3
3 3

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20 An extension–force graph for a spring is shown.

15
extension / cm

0
0 6.0
force / N

What is the spring constant of the spring?

A 0.025 N m–1 B 0.40 N m–1 C 2.5 N m–1 D 40 N m–1

21 A man stands stationary in front of a swing. A child sits and swings.

X Z

The child blows a whistle that emits a sound at a constant frequency.

The man observes the frequency of the sound when the swing is at positions X, Y and Z.

When will the man hear the highest frequency?

A when the swing is at X

B when the swing is at Y and moving away from the man
C when the swing is at Y and moving towards the man
D when the swing is at Z

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15 What is the centre of gravity of an object?

A the geometrical centre of the object

B the point at which the weight of the object may be considered to act
C the point on the object about which there is a zero net torque
D the point where gravity acts on the object

16 A system with an efficiency of 74% wastes 230 W of power.

What is the useful output power of the system?

A 170 W B 310 W C 650 W D 880 W

17 A projectile of mass 0.25 kg is at a height of 30 m above horizontal ground and travelling at a

speed of 15 m s–1. A short time later, it is at a height of 35 m above the horizontal ground and
travelling at a speed of 5.0 m s–1.

How much work is done against air resistance during this time?

A 0J B 13 J C 25 J D 37 J

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18 A spring has an unstretched length of 4.50 cm. The spring is fixed at one end and a force of
35.0 N is applied to the other end so that the spring extends.

The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring constant of 420 N m–1.

What is the strain of the extended spring?

A 0.019 B 0.083 C 1.85 D 2.67

19 A wire is fixed at one end and extended by a force that is applied to the other end. The force is
slowly increased from zero and then slowly decreased back to zero.

The force–extension graph for the wire is shown.

force

0
0 extension

The graph line for the wire being loaded is the same as the graph line for the wire being
unloaded.

Which statement describes the deformation of the wire?

A It is both elastic and plastic.

B It is elastic only.
C It is neither elastic nor plastic.
D It is plastic only.

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15 A steam turbine is used to drive a generator. The input power to the turbine is PI and the output
power is PO. The power loss in the turbine is PL, as shown.

input power PI output power PO

turbine generator

power loss PL

What is the efficiency of the turbine?

PL PI PL PO
A B C D
PO PO PI PI

16 A variable force is applied to ensure that a constant power is supplied to a train.

Which graph best shows the variation of the force F applied with the velocity v of the train?

A B C D
F F F F

0 0 0 0
0 v 0 v 0 v 0 v

17 A block is released from rest and slides a distance x down a straight slope.

The slope is at an angle  to the horizontal.

block

slope
x
T

The slope is frictionless and air resistance is negligible.

The acceleration of free fall is g.

Which expression gives the final speed of the block?

gx sin 
A B 2gx sin  C 2gx D 2gx sin 
2

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18 What is meant by the spring constant of a spring?

A extension per unit force

B 1
2  force  extension

C force  extension
D force per unit extension

19 A child holds a thin metal wire that is attached to a kite. The graph shows how the extension of
the wire varies with its tension.

150
tension / N
wire kite 100

50

0
0 0.15 0.30 0.45
extension / mm

A gust of wind increases the tension from 100 N to 150 N.

What is the change in the elastic potential energy of the wire caused by the gust of wind?

A 3.8 mJ B 19 mJ C 34 mJ D 38 mJ

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15 An electric car travels at a constant speed of 70 km h–1 for 80 km on a straight horizontal road and
uses energy E from its battery.

The total resistive force acting on the car is proportional to (speed)2. Assume that the electric
motor is 100% efficient.

How much energy is used from the battery when the car travels at a constant speed of 60 km h–1
for 80 km on the straight horizontal road?

A 0.73E B 0.86E C 1.2E D 1.4E

16 What is meant by the efficiency of a system?

A the total energy input to the system divided by the useful energy output by the system
B the useful energy output from the system divided by the energy wasted by the system
C the useful energy output from the system divided by the total energy input to the system
D the energy wasted by the system divided by the total energy input to the system

17 When an object of mass m is raised through a vertical height ∆h, the gain of its gravitational
potential energy is ∆EP.

∆EP and ∆h are related by the equation

∆EP = mg∆h,

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

The definition of which physical quantity is needed to derive this equation?

A acceleration
B momentum
C power
D work done

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18 Three identical springs, each with the same spring constant, are connected together in four
different arrangements, as shown.

Which arrangement has the largest combined spring constant?

A B C D

19 The force–extension graph for a wire is shown.

X Y

force

0
0 extension

Which row could identify the labels X, Y and Z?

limit of region of elastic region of plastic

proportionality deformation deformation

A X Y Z
B Z Y X
C Y Z X
D Z X Y

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3 A thin metal wire X, of diameter 1.2 × 10–3 m, is used to suspend a model planet, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

wire X

model planet

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The variation with strain of the stress for wire X is shown in Fig. 3.2.

1.0

0.8

stress / GPa

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
strain / 10–3

Fig. 3.2

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(a) The strain in X is 5.4 × 10–3.

(i) Use Fig. 3.2 to calculate the force exerted on the wire by the model planet.

force = ..................................................... N [3]

(ii) The elastic potential energy of X is 0.31 J.

Calculate the original length of the wire before the model planet was attached.

original length = ..................................................... m [3]

(b) Wire X is replaced by a new wire, Y, with the same original length and diameter but double
the Young modulus of X. Wire Y also obeys Hooke’s law.

On Fig. 3.2, draw a line representing the variation with strain of the stress for Y. [2]

[Total: 8]

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4 (a) Define strain.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A copper wire of length 4.0 m has a uniform cross-sectional area of 4.5 × 10–7 m2.

A tensile force of 18 N is applied to the wire. This causes the wire to extend by 1.4 mm up to
its limit of proportionality.

(i) Calculate the Young modulus of the wire.

Young modulus = .....................................................Pa [3]

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(ii) On Fig. 4.1, draw a line to show how the stress varies with the strain for the wire up to its
limit of proportionality.

stress / 107 Pa 4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
strain / 10 – 4

Fig. 4.1
[2]

(c) A second copper wire has the same length as the wire in (b) but a larger diameter. Both wires
are subjected to a tensile force of 18 N.

By placing a tick (3) in each row, complete Table 4.1 to compare the stress and strain of the
two wires.

Table 4.1

greater in less in the same in

second wire second wire both wires

stress

strain

[2]

[Total: 8]

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10
,

 

,

4 A pinball machine uses a spring to launch a small metal ball of mass 4.5 × 10 –2 kg up a ramp. The
spring is compressed by 8.0 × 10 –2 m and held in equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

original length

8.0 × 10–2 m

ramp
spring

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fixed end
ball, mass 4.5 × 10–2 kg
15°

horizontal

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The ramp is at an angle of 15° to the horizontal.

(a) The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring constant of 29 N m–1.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

Calculate the elastic potential energy in the compressed spring.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

elastic potential energy = ...................................................... J [2]

(b) The spring is released and expands quickly back to its original length.

(i) Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy of the ball when the spring returns
to its original length.
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increase in gravitational potential energy = ...................................................... J [3]

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11
,

 
,

(ii) The ball leaves the spring when the spring reaches its original length. Assume that all
the elastic potential energy of the spring is transferred to the ball.

Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the spring.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

(c) The ball comes to rest on a horizontal trapdoor of negligible mass at a distance d from its
pivot.
A force F acts vertically downwards at a distance of 2.0 cm from the pivot, as shown in
Fig. 4.2.
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2.0 cm d

ball

F pivot trapdoor
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

(i) The trapdoor is in equilibrium when F is 1.7 N.

Calculate d.

d = ..................................................... m [2]
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(ii) Force F is decreased from 1.7 N.

State the direction of the resultant moment about the pivot on the trapdoor.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2024 ĬęęÝÀĨæïÍîý½Ö×ÛĉÛĂ
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3 (a) State Hooke’s law.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The variation of the applied force with the extension for a sample of a material is shown in
Fig. 3.1.

10

force / N 8

0
0 40 80 120 160 200
extension / mm

Fig. 3.1

The sample behaves elastically up to an extension of 80 mm and breaks at point X.

(i) On the line in Fig. 3.1, draw a cross (×) to show the limit of proportionality. Label this
cross with the letter P. [1]

(ii) On the line in Fig. 3.1, draw a cross (×) to show the elastic limit. Label this cross with the
letter E. [1]

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(c) The sample in (b) has a cross-sectional area of 0.40 mm2 and an initial length of 3.2 m.

For deformations within the limit of proportionality of the sample, determine:

(i) the spring constant of the sample

spring constant = ............................................... N m–1 [2]

(ii) the Young modulus of the material from which the sample is made.

Young modulus = .................................................... Pa [3]

(d) Determine an estimate of the work done on the sample as it is extended from zero extension
to its breaking point. Explain your reasoning.

work done = ...................................................... J [2]

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(e) A second sample of the same material has a larger cross-sectional area than the original
sample but the same initial length. The two samples are each deformed with the limit of
proportionality.

State and explain qualitatively how the spring constant of the second sample compares with
that of the original sample.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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2 A motor uses a wire to raise a block, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

motor

Z wire

block,
weight 1.4 × 104 N
X

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The base of the block takes a time of 0.49 s to move vertically upwards from level X to level Y at a
constant speed of 0.64 m s–1. During this time the wire has a strain of 0.0012. The wire is made of
metal of Young modulus 2.2 × 1011 Pa and has a uniform cross-section.

The block has a weight of 1.4 × 104 N. Assume that the weight of the wire is negligible.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the cross-sectional area A of the wire

A = .................................................... m2 [2]

(ii) the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the block for the movement of its
base from X to Y.

increase in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [3]

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(b) The motor has an efficiency of 56%.

Calculate the input power to the motor as the base of the block moves from X to Y.

input power = ..................................................... W [3]

(c) The base of the block now has a uniform deceleration of magnitude 1.3 m s–2 from level Y
until the base of the block stops at level Z.

Calculate the tension T in the wire as the base of the block moves from Y to Z.

T = ...................................................... N [3]

(d) The base of the block is at levels X, Y and Z at times tX, tY and tZ respectively.

On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of the distance d of the base of
the block from level X. Numerical values of d and t are not required.

0
tX tY tZ
t

Fig. 2.2
[2]

[Total: 13]

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2 A rigid uniform beam of weight W is connected to a fixed support by a hinge, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

0.50 m 0.10 m 0.20 m 0.40 m

hinge

horizontal
fixed 30°
beam
support
W 0.30 N 4.8 N string
spring
ground

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

A compressed spring exerts a total force of 8.2 N vertically upwards on the horizontal beam. A block
of weight 0.30 N rests on the beam. The right‑hand end of the beam is connected to the ground by
a string at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The tension in the string is 4.8 N. The distances along
the beam are shown in Fig. 2.1.

The beam is in equilibrium. Assume that the hinge is frictionless.

(a) (i) Show that the vertical component of the tension in the string is 2.4 N.

[1]

(ii) By taking moments about the hinge, determine the weight W of the beam.

W = ...................................................... N [3]

(iii) Calculate the horizontal component of the force exerted on the beam by the hinge.

force = ...................................................... N [1]

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(b) The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has an elastic potential energy of 0.32 J.

Calculate the compression of the spring.

compression = ...................................................... m [2]

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(c) The string is cut so that the spring extends upwards. This causes the beam to rotate and
launch the block into the air. The block reaches its maximum height and then falls back to the
ground.

Fig. 2.2 shows part of the path of the block in the air shortly before it hits the horizontal
ground.

path of
block
0.090 m

B horizontal ground

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

The block is at a height of 0.090 m above the ground when it passes through point A. The
block has a kinetic energy of 0.044 J when it hits the ground at point B.
Air resistance is negligible.

(i) Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy of the block for its movement
from A to B.

decrease in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) Use your answer in (c)(i) and conservation of energy to determine the speed of the block
at point A.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

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(iii) By reference to the force on the block, explain why the horizontal component of the
velocity of the block remains constant as it moves from A to B.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) The block passes through point A at time tA and arrives at point B at time tB.

On Fig. 2.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the magnitude of the vertical
component vY of the velocity of the block with time t from t = tA to t = tB.
Numerical values of vY are not required.

vY

0
tA tB
t

Fig. 2.3
[1]

[Total: 14]

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3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A firework is initially stationary. It explodes into three fragments A, B and C that move in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 3.1.

6.0 m s–1
fragment B

2m

fragment C 4.0 m s–1

3m

m θ fragment A

Fig. 3.1

Fragment A has a mass of 3m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 4.0 m s–1.

Fragment B has a mass of 2m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 6.0 m s−1 at
right angles to the direction of A.

Fragment C has a mass of m and moves away from the explosion at a speed v and at an
angle θ as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Calculate:

(i) the angle θ

θ = ........................................................° [3]

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(ii) the speed v.

v = ................................................ m s−1 [2]

(c) The firework in (b) contains a chemical that has mass 5.0 g and has chemical energy per unit
mass 700 J kg−1. When the firework explodes, all of the chemical energy is transferred to the
kinetic energy of fragments A, B and C.

(i) Show that the total chemical energy in the firework is 3.5 J.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the mass m.

m = .................................................... kg [3]

[Total: 11]

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2 A hot-air balloon floats just above the ground. The balloon is stationary and is held in place by a
vertical rope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

balloon

rope

ground

Fig. 2.1

The balloon has a weight W of 3.39 × 104 N. The tension T in the rope is 4.00 × 102 N.
Upthrust U acts on the balloon.
The density of the surrounding air is 1.23 kg m–3.

(a) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw labelled arrows to show the directions of the three forces acting on the
balloon. [2]

(ii) Calculate the volume, to three significant figures, of the balloon.

volume = .................................................... m3 [3]

(iii) The balloon is released from the rope.

Calculate the initial acceleration of the balloon.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [3]

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(b) The balloon is stationary at a height of 500 m above the ground. A tennis ball is released from
rest and falls vertically from the balloon.

A passenger in the balloon uses the equation v2 = u2 + 2as to calculate that the ball will be
travelling at a speed of approximately 100 m s–1 when it hits the ground.

Explain why the actual speed of the ball will be much lower than 100 m s–1 when it hits the
ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Before the balloon is released, the rope holding the balloon has a strain of 2.4 × 10–5.
The rope has an unstretched length of 2.5 m. The rope obeys Hooke’s law.

(i) Show that the extension of the rope is 6.0 × 10–5 m.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the elastic potential energy EP of the rope.

EP = ...................................................... J [2]

(iii) The rope holding the balloon is replaced with a new one of the same original length and
cross-sectional area. The tension is unchanged and the new rope also obeys Hooke’s
law.

The new rope is made from a material of a lower Young modulus.

State and explain the effect of the lower Young modulus on the elastic potential energy
of the rope.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 16]

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