ENO CONTEXT PENO 7 RATIONALE 7 z TRNTBENERTS z 3 ‘COURSE OUTCOMES KCHTEVED(Cas} 3 7 "ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED 7 3 OUTROS 6 ‘GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM 12 \ 7 "APPLICATIONS 3 \ @ "ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES mais] 7 FEATURES ie | 70 IMITATIONS OF UNIX 8 > The study of Operating system provides us with an understanding of human computer interface existing in computer system and the basic concepts and its working. The students will aso get handéon experience and good working knowledge to work in environments, The aim is to gain proficiency in using operating systems after undergoing ths study. While doing so, we are known to the concept sand principles of operating systems, its features and practical, stilt. > The primary goal of windows operating system is having convenience forthe user ‘While the primary goal off efficient aperation of the computer system. The {former Operating System exists because, they are supposed to make it easier to ‘compute them without them. This view is particularly clear when yeu look at ‘Operating Syetems for small Ps, The latter are used for large, shared, mali user systems. These syste are expensive, soi is desirable to make them as efficient as posible.UOC > Install operating system and configure it. >> Use operating system tools to perform various functions. ‘& STEP WISE WORK DOME : > tn this microprojec, first of all we have focused on selection of appropriate tape for mmicro-project. > Select the topic Le. Generations of Computer and Operating System. 1» Then we started with our bret study as well asa survey on our topic 1» When we gathered all information based onthe topic of microproject > We have done analysis and study of eur topic in deta > Following all the above methodologies we successfully completed with our microproject. ‘© COMPUTER SYSTEM : ‘Acomputer is a machine that can be instructed to cary out sequences af arithmetic oF logical operations automatically via computer programming. Moder computers have the abiity to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs These programs enable ‘Computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A"complete® computer including ‘the hardware, the operating system (main software),and peripheral equipment required and sed for “fll operation can be referred to as a computer system This term may as well be ‘used for a group of computers that are connected and work together, in particular a ‘computer network or computer cluster. Computers are wed as control system fora wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. Ss includes simple special purpose devices ike microwave ovens and remote cons, factory devices sich as nds rebots and computer aided design and also genera, Purpose devices like personal compiters and mobile devices sich a smart panes The Internet is run on computers and Wt connects hundreds of milions of other computers and thelr users, Early computers were enly conceived 35, calculating devices. Since ancient times,eekscy Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices, Since ancient Himes, ‘Simple manual devices tke the abacus sided people in doing calculators. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were bull to automate long tedious tasks, such au as guiding patterns for looms Mare ‘sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 2orh century. “4 OPERATING SYSTEM : ‘The earliest computers were malnframes that lacked any form of operating system, Each us hagsole use of the machine fora scheduled period of time anc would arrive at the compu with program and data, often on puncned paper cards and magnetic or paper tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to work until the rogram campleted or crashed. Programs cauld generally be debugged via a control panel ling dials, toggle switches and panel lights Symbolic languages, assemblers and compilers were developed for programmers to translate symbolic program-code nto machine cade that previously would have been hand encode Later machines came with braries of support cade on punched cards or magnetic tape, Which would be linked fo the user's program to ait in operations Such a5 Input and autpe. ‘This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system; however, machines still ran a single jon at atime. At Cambridge University in England the job queue was atone time 2 ‘washing line from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes-pegs ta indicate job: Priority ‘As machines became more powerful the time ta run programs diminished, and the time hand! of the equioment to the next user became large by comparison. Accaunting for and paying for machine usage moved on from checklng the wall clack to automatic logging by ‘the computer. Run queues evolved from a literal queve of people at the door, toa heap ‘of media ona Jobs-waltng table, or batches of punct-cards stacked ane on top of the: ‘other inthe reader, until te machine itself was able to select and sequence which magnetic tape drives processed which tapes, Where program developers had originally had access to un thei own jabs on the machine, they were supplanted by dedicated ‘machine operators who looked after the machine and were less and less concerned with irmplementing tasks marualy georges ‘SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS ‘OPERATING SYSTEM COMPUTER. FAROWARE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM.UOC ‘The Fist Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards > Digital camputers were not constructed until the second world war, Calculating engines with mechanical relays were built at that time. However, the mechanical ‘elays were very slow and were later replaced with vacuum tubes. These machines ‘Were enormous but were stil very slow > These early computers were designed, built and maintained by a single group of people, Programming languages were unknown and there were no operating systems 0 all the programming was done in machine language. All the problems were simple ‘numerical calculations. > By the 1950's punch cards were Introduced and the fs Improved the computer system. Instead of using plugboards, programs were written on cards and read into the system. 4 The Second Generation ( 1955 - 1965 j: Transistors and Batch Systems > Transistors led to the development of the computer systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying customers. These machines were known as mainframes and were lacked in ai-conditioned computer rooms with staff to operate then > The Batch System was introduced ta reduce the wasted time in the computer. A tray ull of jobs was collected in the input roam and read into the magnetic tape. After that, the {ape was rewound and maunted on a tape drive. Then the batch operating system was loaded in which read the first job from the tape and ran it.The output was written on the second tape, After the whale Batch was dene, the input and outaut tapes were removed and the output tape was printed, ‘ The Third Generation ( 1965 - 1980 ): Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming > Until the 1960's, there were two types of computer systems that isthe scientific and the commercial computers. These were combined by IBM in the System/ 360, This uted Integrated circuits and provided a major price and performance advantage aver the second generation systems. > The third generation operating systems also introduced multiprograrnming. This meant the processor was nat ile while a job was completing its 1/0 operation. Another job was scheduled on the procesior sa that its time would not be wasted, ‘¢ The Fourth Generation { 1980 - Present ) Personal Computers > Personal Computers were easy to create with the development of large-scale integrated Circuits. These were chips containing thousands of transistors ona square centimeter af slicon, Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than minicom puters and {hat made it possible fora single individual to own ane of them. ‘The advent of personal computers also led to the growth of networks. This created network | operating syste and driuted operating systems The ters were aware network wile using a network operating system and could log in ta remate machines and copy files from ane machine to anotherTens erent caezon 86h) cto Te Pg bas egg Ce anc as Femme > Ie is supported and encouraged to 32/64 its operation. > Mult-tasking system, > Ie is allowed to place the fle/folder onthe Desktop and work from there. > Supports ong fle names upto 255 characters, > Supports multiple users with their own setting such desktop icons | ADVANTAGES : > Easy to use with a GUL > Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/ applications. > The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use > It provides the compiter sytem resources with easy to ise format. > Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’ and software's of the system, “DISADVANTAGES :Tens “DISADVANTAGES : > any issue occurs in 05, you may lse all the contents which have been stored in your system, > Operating systems software is quite expensive for small size organization which ads burden on them. Example Windows Is never entirely secure as a threat can oceur at any time, 1 Portable = Portability means software can works on diferent types of hardware in same! way. Linux Kernel and applications programs supports their installation en any kind of hardware platform. Dn Source = Linux source code is freely availabe and its community based development project. Multiple teams work in cllaboration to enhance the capablity of Linux Operating system and it's continuously evolving. 1 Multi-User Lint i multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ram/applicntion programe at same time. 1 Muttiprogramming « Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications ‘can run at same time. 1D Hierarchical File System = Linux provides a standard fle structure in which system files/user files are arranged. 1D Shell = Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute ‘command of the operating system. ft can be used ta do varius types of ‘operations, call application programs et, Security = Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/controlled access to specific files/encrypticn of data.1 Security = Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/controlled access to specific ites/encryption of data. 7 LIMITATIONS OF UNIX > The unfriendly, terse, incorsstent, and non-mnemonic user interface. > Unie 05 is designed fora slow computer system, so you can't expect fast performance: > Shell interface can be treacherous because typing mistake can destroy files. > Versions on various machines ae slightly different, so Lacks consistency. > Unix does not provide any assured hardware interrupt response time so it nat support real me response time ystems.ork operating system and could log in to remote machine to another. ‘The First Generation ( 1945-1955 ) Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards The Second Generation ( 1965-1965) Transistors and Batch Systems ‘The Third Generation ( 1966-1980 ) Integrated Circuits and Multi progrernnd 15/21 ‘The Fourth Generation ( 1980-Current ) Personal Computers OPERATING SYSTEM GENERATIONS