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Hydrocarbon Slides

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38 views33 pages

Hydrocarbon Slides

Uploaded by

marianabolar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry: the branch of


chemistry that deals with carbon
compounds (other than simple salts such
as carbonates, oxides, and carbides).

Term's periodic table: C, H, N, O, F, Br,


Cl, I
Electronic configuration: the
arrangement of electrons in each shell
and sub-shell (s, p, d or f) of an atom
for a given element according to the
Aufbau principle.

Hydrogen
C: 1s 22s22p2
6

H: 1s 1
1
How many outer-shell or valence
electrons are in each element?
How many chemical bonds can each
element make?
Orbital diagrams – Forms of 2 2 2
representing the electrons arranged in 6C: 1s 2s 2p
the atom according to its energy and
orbitals.

Notice that in the 2s sub-shell, there is


a single orbital that can hold two
electron. In the 2p subshell, there are
three orbitals that can hold up to 6
electrons.
C: 1s 22s22p2
6

Hybridization: it is the process of


combining three atomic orbitals (one
from 2s and three from 2p) to form
four hybrid orbitals 2(sp3). The form
sp3 implies the combination of one s
orbital and three p orbitals.
Covalent bonds – The four hybrid
orbitals can form four chemical bonds.
That matches the octet rule as four
bonds translate into 8 electrons in the
outer shell of the carbon atom.

Hydrogen has a full shell with only


two electrons. Therefore, both atoms
are stable in this configuration. Look
at the dot-and-cross diagram.
Lewis structures: simplified versions of the
structure of molecules that uses the outer shell
electrons to draw bonds as lines.
Do the rest!
Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons: compounds made of
C and H atoms. Carbon atoms can
make lengthy chains of several carbon
atoms. The remaining bonds are
hydrogen bonds.
Chemical formulas: For each compound, there is a chemical
formula that group the total number of atoms in the molecule
organized by CaHbNcOd. If halogens are present, the formula is
CaHbIcBrdCleFf.

C5H12

C6H14
Try to write the chemical formulas for the
following structures.
Alkanes

Compounds that only have single


bonds in their structure and have the
general formula CnH2n+2. These are
named by a root that reflects the
number of carbon atoms in the chain
and the suffix –ane.
Alkanes
Isomerism

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different


structure are known as isomers. Notice that the main chain
branches and the naming system must change. We call the
branches substituents.
Substituents

These are branched carbon


chains from the main
alkane. The names of the
substituents formed by the
removal of one hydrogen
from the end of the chain is
obtained by changing the
suffix -ane to -yl
Nomenclature rules
1. Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the
parent chain.
Nomenclature rules
2. Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from
the parent chain).
Nomenclature rules
3. Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that
gives the substituents the lowest numbers.

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Nomenclature rules
4. Name the substituents according to the length of the carbon
chain and use the suffix –yl at the end.

propyl
methyl methyl

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ethyl
methyl
Nomenclature rules
5. If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location
of each point on which the substituent occurs is given. In
addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is
indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.)

2,2,9-trimethyl

7-ethyl

6-propyl
Nomenclature rules
6. Organize in alphabetical order the substituents according to
the root of each one, separate with a dash (–) each substituent
EXCEPT the main chain.

7-ethyl-2,2,9-trimethyl-6-propylundecane
Hydrocarbons:
Alkenes and alkynes
Alkenes

Compounds that have at least a double


carbon to carbon bond in their
structure and have the general formula
CnH2n when a single double bond is
found. These are named by a root that
reflects the number of carbon atoms in
the chain and the suffix –ene.
Alkenes

Isomers depend on the


position of the double bond
and substituents. The double
bond must be part of the
main chain.
Alkenes are a priority while numbering the
main chain as this is a chemical function.
Alkenes

The nomenclature rules are


the same, however, the
suffix –ene is preceded by
the position of where it is
found. Also, when having
more than one double bond,
we name the positions and
the amount (di-, tri-, tetra-).
Alkynes

Compounds that have at least a carbon


to carbon triple bond in their structure
and have the general formula CnH2n–2
when only one triple bond is found.
These are named by a root that reflects
the number of carbon atoms in the
chain and the suffix –yne.
Alkynes

Isomers depend on the


position of the triple bond
and substituents. The triple
bond must be part of the
main chain.
Alkynes are a priority while numbering the
main chain as this is a chemical function.
Alkynes

The nomenclature rules are


the same, however, the
suffix –yne is preceded by
the position of where it is
found. Also, when having
more than one triple bond,
we name the positions and
the amount (di-, tri-, tetra-).

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