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Organic Chemistry Class Work Notes 1

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Organic Chemistry Class Work Notes 1

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solehasameer
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

GRADE VIII
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of


carbon compounds.

• Millions of organic compounds are


known.

• The element carbon forms a large


number of organic compounds
because of its unique properties.
Unique properties of carbon
(i)Tetravalency Of Carbon
A carbon atom forms four covalent bonds by sharing its
four valence electrons with other atoms.
This is known as tetravalency of carbon .
(ii)Catenation
Carbon atoms can link each other by means of
covalent bonds to form straight chains, branched
chains and cyclic chains (rings) of different sizes.

This self-linking property of carbon atom is called


catenation.
(iii)Formation of single , double and triple covalent
bonds

Carbon can also form bonds with other elements like O,N,S
etc.
Common types of organic compounds
1.Hydrocarbons

2.Alcohols

3.Carboxylic acids

4.Esters

5.Amines

6.Aldehydes

7.Ketones etc.
Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing carbon
and hydrogen only.
Example : methane , CH4

Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons


(Alkanes) (Alkenes & Alkynes)
Saturated hydrocarbons(Alkanes)

A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon to


carbon single bonds.
Or
A hydrocarbon that contains only C-C single
bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain double or triple bonds
between carbon atoms.

Alkenes Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain Hydrocarbons that contain
at least one carbon to at least one carbon to
carbon double bond. carbon triple bond.
Root name of a hydrocarbon
(by counting the carbon atoms)
NUMBER OF CARBON ROOT NAME
ATOMS
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
MOLECULAR FORMULA AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA:

• The molecular formula of a compound shows the


actual number of atoms of each element present in
a molecule.

• The structural formula of a compound shows the


actual bonding and arrangement of various atoms
in a molecule.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA AND CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A functional group is an atom or group of


atoms that gives an organic compound a
particular set of physical and chemical
properties.

For example,
All the alcohols contain hydroxyl group (-OH group)as
the functional group.

Ethanol
COMMON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Name of the family


Homologous series
A homologous series is a ‘family’ of similar
compounds with similar chemical properties due
to the presence of the same functional group.

Characteristics of a homologous series


Members of a homologous series have :
• same general formula
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• adjacent members differ by a –CH2 group
• gradual change in physical properties as the
number of carbons increases
ALKANES
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula CnH2n+2
Name of an alkane = prefix (root name) + suffix ( ane)
Name of the Molecular (Full) Condensed
alkane formula structural structural
formula formula

Methane CH4 CH4


Name of the Molecular (Full) structural Condensed
alkane formula formula structural
formula

Ethane CH3-CH3

Propane CH3-CH2-CH3
Name of the Molecular (Full) structural Condensed
alkane formula formula structural
formula

Butane

Pentane
Test your understanding!

1. Name the following alkane.

…………………………………

2. Draw the structural formula of hexane.

3. Give the molecular formula of nonane.


4. Dodecane is an alkane with 12 carbons. The full structural formula
of dodecane is shown below.

(a)Write the condensed structural formula of dodecane.

(b)Give the molecular formula of dodecane.


Answers:

1. Octane

2.

3. C9H20

4. (a)CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

OR CH3-(CH2)10-CH3

5.C12H26
ISOMERISM IN ALKANES

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with a


different structural formula are called isomers.

Isomers of butane (Molecular formula : C4H10)

2-methylpropane
Draw the possible structural isomers
of pentane.
Isomers of pentane
Molecular formula C5H12
SOURCES OF ALKANES

Natural gas and petroleum are the sources of


alkanes.

• Natural gas contains mainly methane, with


smaller amounts ethane and propane.

• Petroleum is the main source of other


alkanes.

Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES

1.Appearance: colourless gases, liquids or solids.

2.Physical state:
• Alkanes with number of carbons 1-4 (C1-C4) are
gases.
• Alkanes with number of carbons 5-19 (C5-C19)
are liquids.
• Alkanes with number of carbons more than 20
(C20 onwards) are solids.

3.Boiling point of alkanes:


• The boiling points of alkanes increase as
the number of carbons increases.
Predict the physical state of following alkanes.

(i) C3H8 ……………………

(ii) C20H42 ……………………

(iii)C10H22 ………………………

Answers :(i) gas (ii) solid (iii) liquid


REACTIONS OF ALKANES

Alkanes are generally unreactive compounds.


However, alkanes undergo a few reactions under
special conditions.
1.Combustion reactions ( Reactions of alkanes with oxygen)

There are two types of combustion reactions.

(a) Complete combustion

• Complete combustion involves the burning of


hydrocarbons where the supply of oxygen is
excess.
• The products of complete combustion reactions
are carbon dioxide and water.
Examples:
1. Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
2. Ethane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water

3. Butane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water

2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O


(b) Incomplete combustion

• Incomplete combustion involves the burning of


hydrocarbons where the supply of oxygen is limited.
• The products of incomplete combustion reactions can
be carbon monoxide and water or carbon and water.

Examples:

Methane + Oxygen Carbon monoxide + Water


2 CH4 + 3 O2 2CO + 4 H2O

sometimes soot (carbon particles) is formed.


CH4 + O2 C + 2 H2O
2.Reaction with halogens (substitution reaction).
• Alkanes react with chlorine in presence of sunlight
giving a series of products by the successive
replacement of hydrogen atoms with chlorine
atoms.
• The products formed by the reaction of methane
with chlorine in presence of sunlight are given
below.

light
light

light

light
This reaction is a substitution reaction ,because a
chlorine atom takes the place of hydrogen atom.

One disadvantage of the substitution reaction is that


it gives a mixture of products.
SELF ASSESSMENT

Ethane reacts with chlorine, is a substitution reaction.


Draw the structural formulae of any two possible products of
the reaction. [2 Marks]

Self Remarks:…………

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