Basics of New Media

UNIT-I

Online Communication refers to any digital exchange of messages over the internet. Unlike
traditional communication (letters, telephones), online communication leverages
internet-connected devices for instant, flexible interactions, including text, images, audio, and
video. Online platforms like social media, emails, and forums facilitate interactions ranging from
one-on-one conversations to mass broadcasts.

Evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0

The internet has inarguably been the most important technology revolution in the history of
mankind and fortunately, we have been in the right generation to keep up and observe the wide
impact that it has on the world. However, the web that we know today has seen many phases,
broadly categorized into three phases - Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0.

Web 1.0
Web 1.0 was the first stage of the World Wide Web revolution, usually referred to as read-only
web. This was how the Internet we know today started in the first place, where the websites were
merely informational and comprised entirely static content; they were only linked together by
hyperlinks and lacked any interactive content or design elements.

Moreover, this was the era when only text emails could be written and sent, one could not even
upload or attach any images or pictures. Although, personal pages were quite common,
consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web hosting services.
Interestingly, it cost the user as per pages viewed. It had directories that enabled the user to
retrieve a particular piece of information.

In a nutshell, Web 1.0 was a content delivery network (CDN) that enabled to showcase of the
piece of information on the websites where users passively receive information without being
given the opportunity to post reviews, comments, and feedback. The content here was served
from the server's file system and the pages were built using Server Side Includes (SSI) or
Common Gateway Interface(CGI). Interestingly, frames and tables were used to position and
align the elements on a webpage back then.
Web 2.0

Web 2.0 was the second stage of the evolution of the web, also called the read-write web and it
was the phase when websites grew in terms of user interaction. It was the period when websites
became more focused on user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for end-users,
leading them to become the - participative social web.

During Web 2.0, terms like blogs, social media, and video streaming gained popularity. This time
period is also acknowledged for the ease with which music and video clips could be exchanged.
It opened doors to podcasting, blogging, tagging, curating with RSS, social bookmarking, social
networking, social media, web content voting, etc. It was the birthplace of Youtube, Wiki, Flickr,
Facebook, and so on. Also, blogging became popular with the introduction of WordPress which
started as a PHP & MySQL-led blogging platform and has now advanced to become a full
content managed system (CMS) which powers over a quarter of the web and e-Commerce
completely revolutionized the way we shop.

Thus, Web 2.0 brought a fundamental shift where people were allowed to share their
perspectives, opinions, thoughts, and experiences via a number of online tools and platforms. It
brought us the concept - ' Web as Platform ', where software applications are built upon the Web
as opposed to upon the desktop. This was when websites began using web browser technologies
such as AJAX and Javascript frameworks. This period continued to see the origin of
APIs(Application Programming Interface) - a software intermediary that allows two applications
to communicate with one another.

Web 3.0

Web 3.0 is the next generation of web, also termed as the executable web or read- write-execute
web. It began with the onset of dynamic applications, interactive services, and
“machine-to-machine” interaction. It is used to describe many evolutions of web usage and
interaction between various paths. Data is not owned in this case, but rather shared, with services
displaying different views for the same web/data.

It has also been referred to as Semantic Web to describe a web in which machines would process
content in a humanlike way where all data would be connected and understood both contextually
and conceptually, leading to the herald of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. With
this, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata. As a result, the user experience
evolves to another level of connectivity that leverages all the available information.

Two key terms associated with this phase are - semantic markup and web services. Apart from
defining an item's appearance, semantic markup aids in its description. It guides in the search for
other matched items based on similar attributes. Semantics, as opposed to Web 2.0, focuses on
easy searching. You can now simply enter a keyword into Google Search and it will intelligently
suggest related words.

Web 3.0 – What next?

Universal applications
The future of Web 3.0 points to universal applications which can be read and used by a large
number of devices and software types, making the ways in which we indulge business and
leisure increasingly convenient.

The decentralized web

The rise of technologies such as distributed ledgers and blockchain storage will enable data
decentralization and the creation of a transparent and secure environment, subverting Web 2.0's
centralization, surveillance, and exploitative advertising. Decentralized infrastructure and
application platforms will displace centralized tech giants, allowing individuals to rightfully own
their data.

Indeed, one of the most significant implications of decentralization and blockchain technology is
in the area of data ownership and compensation. As we move toward Web 3.0 and the
technologies that support it would mature and become scalable, thus, the decentralized
blockchain protocol will allow individuals to connect to an internet where they can own and be
properly compensated for their time and data, eclipsing an exploitative and unjust web in which
giant, centralized repositories own and profit from it.

Communication Technology and Society

Communication technology plays a critical role in shaping society by transforming how we

interact, share information, and understand the world around us. As technology evolves, so do
the social norms, cultural practices, and relationships that define our communities. Below are
some key areas where communication technology significantly impacts society.

1. Social Interaction and Connectivity

Global Communication: Technologies such as smartphones, social media, and messaging apps
have made it possible to connect with anyone worldwide, fostering relationships beyond
geographical boundaries.
New Forms of Engagement: Social media platforms facilitate real-time interaction and allow
users to engage with content, brands, and public figures in ways that traditional media could not.

2. Access to Information
Information Overload: The internet provides vast amounts of information at our fingertips,
enabling users to access news, educational resources, and entertainment easily. However, this can
also lead to confusion and overwhelm.
Misinformation and Credibility: The rapid spread of information can result in the proliferation of
misinformation. Users must navigate this landscape critically, requiring skills to assess the
credibility of sources.

3. Cultural Production and Consumption

User-Generated Content: Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram empower individuals
to create and share content, democratizing cultural production and allowing diverse voices to be
heard.
Changing Media Consumption: Traditional media consumption patterns have shifted, with
audiences now more engaged in creating and curating content rather than passively consuming it.

4. Identity and Self-Expression

Digital Identities: Communication technology enables users to curate their identities online,
presenting carefully crafted versions of themselves that may differ from their offline personas.
Social Media Influence: Platforms encourage users to share their lives publicly, leading to new
social norms around privacy, self-presentation, and the pressure to conform to idealized
standards.

5. Political Engagement and Activism

Digital Activism: Social media has become a vital tool for mobilizing collective action and
raising awareness around social and political issues, evident in movements like
#BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo.
Echo Chambers: While technology can facilitate activism, it can also create echo chambers,
where users are exposed only to viewpoints that align with their beliefs, leading to polarization.

6. Economic Impacts
Changing Job Landscapes: Communication technology has transformed work environments,
enabling remote work and the rise of the gig economy. This shift presents both opportunities and
challenges related to job security and work-life balance.
E-Commerce Growth: Online shopping has surged, reshaping consumer behavior and business
models, allowing small businesses to reach global markets.

7. Privacy and Surveillance

Data Collection: Many communication technologies rely on data collection for targeted
advertising and service personalization, raising ethical concerns about user privacy and consent.
Surveillance Concerns: The increasing use of surveillance technologies in public and private
spaces prompts discussions about the balance between security and individual rights.
8. Mental Health and Well-Being
Impact on Mental Health: The constant connectivity facilitated by communication technology
can lead to issues such as anxiety, depression, and addiction, particularly among younger users.
Support Networks: On the positive side, online communities can provide support and a sense of
belonging for individuals with shared experiences, particularly for marginalized groups.

Attributes of Online Communication

Interactivity: Online platforms allow real-time communication, enabling users to respond

through comments, likes, and messages.

Multimedia Integration: Online communication is enriched by integrating text, images, video,

and audio, enhancing message delivery and engagement.

Speed and Immediacy: Messages are instantly transmitted, making online communication ideal
for time-sensitive information, like breaking news or emergency alerts.

Global Reach: The internet enables information to spread globally, expanding an individual’s or
organization’s reach far beyond their local area.

User-Generated Content: Platforms encourage users to share personal content, making online
spaces interactive and collaborative. This attribute led to the rise of social media, blogs, and
forums.

Video Conferencing, Webcasting and Podcasting

Video Conferencing
Video conferencing is a technology that allows individuals to connect and communicate in real
time through audio and video over the internet. Participants can join from different locations
using computers, tablets, or smartphones, making it possible for them to see and hear each other
as if they were in the same room.

Applications:
Business: Video conferencing has become essential for conducting virtual meetings, facilitating
communication between remote teams, and enhancing collaboration. It enables companies to
save travel costs and time while maintaining effective interactions.

Education: In the education sector, video conferencing is used for online classes, allowing
educators to reach students who may not be able to attend in-person. It supports interactive
learning through real-time discussions and presentations.
Healthcare: Telemedicine utilizes video conferencing for remote consultations between
healthcare providers and patients, offering a convenient way for patients to receive care without
traveling to a clinic.

Features:
Screen Sharing: Participants can share their screens to present documents, slides, or applications,
making discussions more visual and collaborative.

Virtual Backgrounds: Users can change their backgrounds to a virtual image, which helps
maintain privacy and enhances professionalism in video calls.

Breakout Rooms: This feature allows larger meetings to be split into smaller groups for focused
discussions, ideal for workshops and brainstorming sessions.

Live Chats: Participants can engage in text-based conversations during the call, allowing for
questions and comments without interrupting the speaker.

Webcasting
Webcasting is the process of streaming multimedia content over the internet to a broad audience.
It can occur live or be made available on demand, making it a versatile tool for reaching viewers.

Uses:
Corporate Webinars: Companies use webcasts to deliver training sessions, product launches, or
informational sessions to employees or clients. This method is cost-effective and can reach a
larger audience than traditional in-person events.

Virtual Conferences: Webcasting allows organizations to host large-scale conferences online,

enabling participation from individuals who cannot travel. These events often include keynote
speakers, panel discussions, and networking opportunities.

Live Events: Concerts, sporting events, and other entertainment can be streamed to audiences
worldwide, expanding the reach of the event and providing access to those unable to attend in
person.

Format:
One-way Streaming: Webcasting typically involves broadcasting content to viewers without
direct interaction, although it can include features such as live polls or Q&A sessions to foster
engagement.
Interactivity: While the primary format is one-way, integrating real-time interaction elements
allows audiences to participate, making the experience more engaging.

Podcasting
Podcasting is an audio-based medium that allows creators to produce and distribute series of
audio episodes on various topics. It has gained immense popularity for its accessibility and
convenience.

Features:
On-Demand Availability: Podcasts can be downloaded or streamed anytime, allowing listeners to
consume content at their convenience. This flexibility suits busy lifestyles.

Diverse Content: Podcasts cover a wide range of genres, including news, storytelling, interviews,
education, and entertainment. This diversity attracts a broad audience and caters to different
interests.

Subscription Model: Listeners can subscribe to podcasts, ensuring they receive notifications of
new episodes automatically. This fosters a sense of community among listeners and creators.

Uses:
Education: Many educational institutions and professionals create podcasts to share knowledge,
conduct interviews, and discuss topics relevant to their fields. This format allows for deep dives
into subjects, enhancing learning experiences.

Updates and News: News organizations often produce podcasts to deliver the latest updates,
providing listeners with quick access to current events.

Entertainment: Fiction and storytelling podcasts have gained popularity, offering immersive
narratives and experiences akin to traditional radio dramas.
 UNIT-II

1. Traditional vs. Paperless Journalism

Traditional Journalism:
Traditional journalism refers to the conventional means of reporting news, primarily through
print (newspapers, magazines) and broadcast (television, radio) media.

In-Depth Reporting and Fact-Checking: This form of journalism is often characterized by its
structured publication cycles, which allow for comprehensive fact-checking and in-depth
reporting. Journalists typically work on longer timelines, enabling them to gather extensive
background information and provide context, thus enhancing the quality of reporting.

Limitations:

Infrequent Updates: Traditional media often operates on a daily, weekly, or monthly schedule,
which can result in delayed reporting on rapidly evolving news stories.

Limited Interactivity: Readers of print and broadcast media have little opportunity for immediate
feedback or interaction with the content, reducing engagement.

One-Way Communication: Traditional journalism primarily follows a one-way model of

communication, where information is disseminated from journalists to the audience with
minimal input from the audience.

Paperless Journalism:

Paperless journalism, also referred to as digital journalism, utilizes online platforms (websites,
social media, apps) to distribute news content.

Faster Updates and Global Reach: The digital nature of this form allows for instantaneous
updates, making it possible to report breaking news in real time. Additionally, the internet
provides a global reach, allowing news organizations to connect with audiences across the world.

Content Presentation:

Multimedia Integration: Paperless journalism leverages multimedia elements such as images,

videos, and interactive graphics. This enhances storytelling and allows for a richer user
experience, as readers can engage with content in various formats.
Dynamic User Engagement: Digital platforms enable readers to comment, share articles, and
interact with the content. This real-time engagement creates a sense of community and can
influence how stories evolve based on reader feedback.
Challenges:

Pressure for Instant Publication: The demand for immediate reporting can lead to rushed
journalism, which may compromise accuracy and depth.

Potential for Errors: The fast-paced nature of digital journalism increases the risk of
misinformation and errors in reporting, undermining traditional journalistic standards.

2. Do's and Don'ts for Reporting and Editing for E-Papers, Websites, and News Portals

Do’s:
Ensure Accuracy: Always double-check facts, verify sources, and rely on credible information.
Accuracy is crucial for maintaining trust and credibility in journalism.

Transparency: Clearly cite sources and provide context for the stories you publish. This
transparency helps to build trust with readers and reduces the likelihood of misleading them.

Layout & Accessibility: Use clear headings, legible fonts, and an organized structure to improve
navigation. Accessibility is key in ensuring that all readers, including those with disabilities, can
engage with the content.

Multimedia Use: Incorporate images, videos, and infographics to enhance the storytelling aspect
of articles. Multimedia can make complex information more digestible and engaging for readers.

Don’ts:
Avoid Sensationalism: Do not exaggerate or dramatize facts for clicks or views. Sensationalism
can damage credibility and mislead audiences.

No Plagiarism: Always create original content or properly credit the original authors of any
material used. Plagiarism not only violates ethical standards but also legal rights.

Avoid Clickbait: Refrain from using misleading headlines that do not accurately reflect the
article's content. Clickbait tactics can erode trust among readers.
Don’t Publish Unverified Stories: Ensure that all information is thoroughly fact-checked before
publication. Publishing unverified stories can lead to the spread of misinformation and damage
reputations.

3. Cyber Crimes and Cyber Security: An Overview

Cyber Crimes:
Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, typically with malicious
intent. Hacking can result in data breaches, theft of sensitive information, or damage to systems.

Phishing: A deceptive practice where attackers impersonate legitimate entities (such as banks or
social media platforms) to trick individuals into providing personal information, like passwords
or credit card numbers.

Malware: Short for malicious software, malware encompasses viruses, spyware, ransomware,
and other harmful programs designed to damage or gain unauthorized access to computers and
networks.

Cyberbullying: The use of digital platforms to harass, intimidate, or threaten individuals.

Cyberbullying can have severe psychological effects on victims.

Cyber Security:
Encryption: A technique that converts data into a coded format to protect it from unauthorized
access. Encryption is essential for secure communication, particularly for sensitive information.

Firewalls: Security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic.
Firewalls act as barriers between trusted internal networks and untrusted external networks.

Antivirus Software: Programs designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware from computers.
Regularly updated antivirus software is crucial for maintaining security.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): A security measure that requires users to verify their
identity through multiple steps (e.g., entering a password and a code sent to their phone). MFA
adds an additional layer of protection against unauthorized access.

4. IT Act (2000); Ethics and Limitations: Piracy, Copyright, Copyleft, Open Source, Digital
Archives

IT Act (2000):
The Information Technology Act of 2000 provides a legal framework for electronic transactions,
digital signatures, and the prosecution of cybercrimes in India.

Key Areas:

Data Protection: Establishes regulations regarding the collection, storage, and sharing of personal
data to safeguard individuals' privacy.

Electronic Contracts: Recognizes the legality of electronic contracts, ensuring that agreements
made online are enforceable.

Cyber Regulations: Defines various cybercrimes and the penalties associated with them,
providing a legal basis for addressing issues like hacking, identity theft, and cyber harassment.

Ethics in Digital Journalism:

Accuracy: Journalists have a responsibility to report accurately and fairly, ensuring that all
information is verified before publication.

Privacy: Respecting individuals' privacy rights, especially when handling sensitive information,
is crucial in ethical journalism.

Accountability: Journalists should disclose any conflicts of interest and promptly correct errors
to maintain the trust of their audience.

Limitations:

Piracy: The unauthorized copying and distribution of copyrighted content can harm content
creators and industries. Piracy undermines the financial viability of creative work.

Copyright: Copyright law grants creators exclusive rights to their original works, allowing them
to control how their content is used and distributed. This legal framework is essential for
protecting intellectual property.
Example of Copyright:
An author writes a novel and registers it for copyright. This copyright prevents others from
reproducing, distributing, or selling the book without the author’s permission. If a publisher
wants to print and sell the book, they must obtain a license from the author.
Copyleft: A licensing model that allows users to freely modify and distribute a work, provided
that the same licensing conditions are applied to derivative works. Copyleft promotes sharing
and collaboration.
Example of Copyleft:
The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a widely used copyleft license for software. For
instance, if a developer creates a software program and licenses it under the GPL, other
developers can use, modify, and distribute that software. However, if someone modifies the
software and shares it, they must also release their version under the GPL, ensuring that it
remains open and free.

Open Source: Refers to software or content that is freely available for use, modification, and
distribution. Open source encourages innovation and collaboration within the developer
community.

Digital Archives: Collections that preserve digital records for future access. Digital archives
play a vital role in maintaining historical records and ensuring that important information
remains available over time.