Sampling process

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Sampling process

Fig.1

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Sampling

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 Sampling types
There are three sampling types available,
these are
1. Ideal sampling
2. Natural sampling
3. Flat top sampling

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 Ideal sampling
In ideal sampling the analog signal is
multiplied by a delta comb functions as
shown in Fig. 2

Fig.2
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 Ideal sampling
Ideal sampling is used to explain the main
concept of sampling theoretically
In practical life Ideal sampling can not be
achieved, because there is no practical
circuit which generates exact delta comb
function

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Mathematical representation of
ideal sampling

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Sampling

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Recovering the message signal
from the sampled signal

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Effects of changing the
sampling rate

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Aliasing effect

Fig. 3

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Time limited signals and anti
aliasing filtering
In real life applications there are some
signals which are time limited such as
rectangular or triangular pulses
Those signals will have an infinite spectral
components when analyzed using Fourier
analysis
Those signal will suffer from aliasing since
the sampling frequency should be infinite in
order to avoid aliasing
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Time limited signals and anti
aliasing filtering
This means the sampling frequency would
not be practical
In order to limit the bandwidth of the time
limited signal, a LPF filter is used
This filter is know as anti alias filter

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Natural sampling

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Natural sampling

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As we have did in the ideal sampling, the
original information signal can be
recovered from the naturally sample
version by using a LPF

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 Generation of Natural Sampling
The circuit used to generate natural
sampling is shown Below

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 Generation of Natural Sampling
The FET in the is the switch used as a
sampling gate
When the FET is on, the analog voltage is
shorted to ground; when off, the FET is
essentially open, so that the analog signal
sample appears at the output
Op-amp 1 is a noninverting amplifier that
isolates the analog input channel from the
switching function

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 Generation of Natural Sampling
Op-amp 2 is a high input-impedance voltage
follower capable of driving low-impedance
loads (high “fanout”).
The resistor R is used to limit the output
current of op-amp 1 when the FET is “on”
and provides a voltage division with rd of the
FET. (rd, the drain-to-source resistance, is
low but not zero)

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Pulse amplitude modulation PAM
(flat top) sampling
In flat top sampling (PAM) the amplitude of
a train of constant width pulses is varied in
proportion to the sample values of the
modulating signal as shown below

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 Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling
In PAM, the pulse tops are flat
The generation of PAM signals can be
viewed as shown below

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Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling

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Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling


PT (t )    (t  nT )
n  
s

f s (t )  f (t )n  (t  nTs )



fs (t )   f (nT ) (t  nT )
n  
s s

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Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling


fs (t )  q(t )   f (nT )q(t  nT )
n  
s s

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Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling


Fs ( f )Q( f )  f s  F ( f  nf )Q( f )
n  
s

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Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM (flat top) sampling

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Recovering of f(t) from the PAM
samples

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 Why PAM is so common in
communication although it generates
spectral distortion
The reasons for using flat top sampling in
communications are
1. The shape of the pulse is not important to
convey the information
2. The rectangular pulse is an in easy shape to
generate

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 Why PAM is so common in
communication although it generates
spectral distortion
3. When signals are transmitted over long
distances repeaters are used. If the pulse shape
is used to convey the information then repeaters
must amplify the signal and therefore increase
the amount of noise in the system. However if
the repeaters regenerate the signal rather than
amplifying it then no extra noise components
will be added, therefore the signal to noise ratio
for PAM system is much better than the that of
the natural sampling pulses

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Generation of flat top samples
Flat top sampling can be generated by a
circuit know as sample and hold circuit
shown below

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Generation of flat top samples

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Pulse width and pulse position
modulation

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 Pulse width and pulse position
modulation
In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of
each pulse is made directly proportional to the
amplitude of the information signal
In pulse position modulation, constant-width
pulses are used, and the position or time of
occurrence of each pulse from some reference
time is made directly proportional to the amplitude
of the information signal
PWM and PPM are compared and contrasted to
PAM in Figure.

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Generation of PWM

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Generation of PPM

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Sampling example

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Sampling example

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