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GRANBY COLLEGES OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Naic, Cavite, Philippines

Telefax: (046) 412-0437

LEARNING MODULE
IN

PHYSICAL
EDUCATION-2

Name of Student:
Course:

Name of Teacher: Mr. John Ronald L. Soberano

FB Account: Jhano Ledesma Soberano
Email Account: Johnsoberano002@gmail.com
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ERRATA

Typo errors on the spelling and some

addition/omission of words made by
the typist had been discovered after this
booklet/module has been released.

Should you have any question,

doubt, confusion; or if you need
clarification on any section/article
/item, please feel free to see the
Registrar’s Office.

Thank you.

DR. MERCURIO G. VILLANUEVA

Granby President
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PHYSICAL EDUCATION 2
( RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES )

Every individual has rhythm. It is found in all of nature and is

natural to every individual. Rhythm is most clearly seen through dance-
the art of movement

What is rhythm? ---- Is the regular recurrence of accented and unaccented

beats?

Rhythms ---- Is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement that

is sometimes thought of as dance. When an individual moves in response to a
particular rhythm or music we call the movements as rhythmic movements or
rhythms. Structured forms which start creative rhythmic movements are called
rhythms.

Rhythmic activities---- are the physical manifestations of the mental and

emotional response of the individual to rhythm. They are activities which a child
responds to physically, socially, and mentally to regular patterns of sound.
They are also a source of enjoyment for people of all ages. Through
these activities, skills and the sense of rhythm are acquired and developed, feelings
are expressed, basic principles of time, space and force can be experienced.

Everyone reacts to music or rhythm in one form or another. A head swaying, a

foot tapping, fingers snapping, shoulders and body moving while a musical piece is
played are physical reactions.

Dance ---------- refers to movement set to music where there emerges

organization, structure and pattern. It is a composition that implies arrangement of
parts into a form.

Dancing ------- is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement

disciplined by rhythm. It is an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an
accompaniment. The word dancing came from an old German word “ danson” which
means to “ stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.

Rhythmic fundamentals

In the field of dance, there are certain fundamental knowledge and rhythmic
skills considered important for proficiency and efficiency in bodily movements
.
Elements of Rhythm:
1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a rhythm.
2. Tempo—rate of speed of a movement.
3. Intensity—variation of stress of movement.
4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a tone.
5. Accent—emphasis on certain beats.
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6. Meter—the regular recurrence of beats which divides a musical design
into measure.
7. Phrase—measures grouped together.
8. Bar—in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into equal measures
of time.
9. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit.
10. Note—a printed symbol of a musical tone.
11. Measure—a group of pulse beats.
12. Note pattern—refers to a note or set of notes with or without rest used for
a certain dance step.
13. Step pattern—refers to the movement or movements done for each of the
dance steps.

Elements of movement Space:

1. Direction—is the line of movement taken which maybe forward, backward,

sideward, diagonal, upward, or a combination of those mentioned.
2. Level—is movement through space that maybe done at a high, low, or
medium level.
3. Range—refers to the area covered as the body moves. It maybe small as
when the movement is done in one’s place; or large when movement
covers a wide area as when getting away from one’s place.
4. Floor Pattern—the path or design that is made while moving in space is
what is termed as floor pattern. It may take a form of a circle, square,
straight line or zigzag.

Movement Qualities:

Movement expression is attained through the elements of time, force and

space
.
Time qualities:

1. Movements which is fast

Examples: galloping horse
Jet plane
2. Movement which is slow
Examples: turtle
Flower growing

Force Qualities:

1. Soft light movement

Examples: Fairies
Birds and butterflies
2. Strong, heavy movement
Examples: Elephant
Bulldozer
3. Strong, jerky movement
Examples: Frog
A jumping jack
4. Smooth, sustained movement
Examples: Airplane
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Fish swimming
Space Qualities:

1. Movement up and down

Examples: Bouncing ball
Yo-yo
2. Movement across, back and forth or around
Examples: Rowing boat
A merry-go-round
3. Movement which is low
Examples: Ants
Turtles
4. Movement which is high
Examples: Kites
Clouds

PHASES OF THE DANCE PROGRAM

1. Creative Rhythms
sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. A creative
rhythm is an end product of exploration and improvisation of movements
as children learn to move the parts of their body and to use them as
instruments of expression.

2. Folk/ Ethnic dance

Is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generations. It
communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the people
of a region or country. Folk dancing belongs to the people. It emanates
from them. Ethnic tribes have their specific tribal art forms originated and
danced by the people of the tribe.
Examples of folk dances are the rural and country dances, jotas,
mazurkas, pandanGgos, among others with foreign influence.
Examples of ethnic dances are the dances of the mountain peoples of
the Cordilleras, dances of the ethnic groups in the Cagayan Valley Region
and the ethnic dances in the Mindanao Regions.

3. Social and Ballroom Dance

The setting of the social and ballroom dance is a social gathering with the
more formal atmosphere than the simple and informal parties in which the
recreational dances are the usual forms. Social and ballroom dancing are
generally held in the evenings. The participants are usually in formal attire.

4. Recreational Dance
Includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances. Many of
these dances have simple patterns and combinations of walking steps,
polka step and the waltz step. The setting is usually informal gatherings
and parties, reunions etc.
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5. Creative Dance
Is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration and
improvisation of movements as the dancer or the choreographer
expresses his feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. This is a
dance with a definite form, a beginning and an ending. The principles of art
form are all observed in the composition of the dance.
Examples of creative dance are ballet, jazz, and modern or contemporary
dance.

FORMATIONS commonly used in RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES:

1. Single circle, facing clockwise

2. Single circle partners facing
3. Single circle, facing counterclockwise
4. Single circle, facing center
5. Double circle, partners facing
6. Double circle, facing clockwise
7. Double circle, couples facing
8. Square or quadrille formation
9. Semi-circle or half moon
10. Double lines, facing front
11. Double lines, partners facing
12. Long open formation

OBJECTIVE OF RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

1. Develop skills necessary for recreational enjoyment.
2. Maintain good posture and physical efficiency.
3. Promote emotional freedom.
4. Develop a balanced and well-coordinated body.

FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS

There are five fundamental or basic positions in dance that are commonly
termed as 1st position, 2nd position, 3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of the
feet and arms.

1st position
Feet: Heels close together, toes apart with an angle of about 45
degrees.
Arms: Both arms raised in a circle in front of chest with the finger tips
About an inch apart.

2nd position
Feet: Feet apart sideward of about a pace distance.
Arms: Both raised sideward with a graceful curve at shoulder level.

3rd position
Feet: Heel of one foot close to in-step of other foot.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 2nd position; other arm raised
upward
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4th position
Feet: One foot in front of other foot of a pace distance.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 1st position; other arm raised
overhead.

5th position
Feet: Heel of front foot close to big toe of rear foot.
Arms: Both arms raised overhead.

The Basic Natural Movements:

1. Loco motor movements
Are those that move the body in space in any direction with the feet as the
moving base.
Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping,
galloping and sliding

2. Non-loco motor
Are those in which various parts of the body move in space with a fixed
base. The base may be standing, kneeling, sitting or lying.

Non-locomotor movements:
1. Flexion--- Bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint.
2. Extension—Turning, twisting or circling
3. Pendular---- Swinging/ swaying arms forward, backward or
sideward.
4. Percussive—Striking and hitting: pushing and pulling.
5. Vibratory----- Shaking and beating.
6. Sustained---- A slow, smooth flowing movement with a balance of
movement throughout the entire series.
7. Suspended--- A sharp movement followed by a series of slow or
prolonged movements until a peak is reached.

Values of dancing
1. Physical fitness
2. Cultural
3. Social
4. Recreational

FOLK DANCES

Are traditional dances of a country which were evolved naturally and

spontaneously in connection with everyday activities and experiences of the people
who developed them.
Folk dancing is the heartbeat of the people.

Types of Folk dances:

1. National – traditional dances of a given country.
2. Regional – local.
3. Character – created by individual or group.
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OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES
1. To foster patriotism and nationalism through the study of our dance.
2. To arouse better appreciation of Philippine music and folk dances.
3. To provide through dancing, a healthful form of relaxation and recreation.
4. To develop a graceful and rhythmic coordination of body movements that will
improve posture.
5. To preserve for posterity, folk dances and music indigenous to the different
regions of the Philippines.
6. To demonstrate the growth of Filipino culture through the evolution of
Philippine dances.

Characteristics of Philippine Folk dances:

1. In general, dancers stand apart.

2. There is little, if any, bodily contact.
3. Most of the dances are done by pairs or couples.
4. Hand movements play an important part.
5. Most dances are in long formation.
6. Most dances begin and end with “saludo.”
7. Dances from the lowlands have more foreign elements those found in the
uplands.
8. War dances are found among non-Christian tribes.

Classification of Philippine Dances

I. General Classification

A. Geographical extent of origin

1. National dances-found throughout the islands with little or no
modification.
Examples: Rigodon, Carinosa, Jota, Balitaw, Pandanggo.
2. Local dances-found in a certain locality.
Examples: Tinikling-Leyte
Maglalatik-Binyang
Esperanza-Nabua
Subli-Batangas
Biniganbigat-Abra

B. Nature
1. Occupational-depicting action of certain occupation, industry, or human
labor.
Examples: Planting, Harvesting, Pounding, Winnowing, Pabirik,
Mananguete, etc.

2. Religious or Ceremonial – performed in connection with religious

vows and ceremonies.
Examples: Dugsu, Sua – sua, Putong, Sta. Clarang Pinong-pino, etc.

3. Comic dances – depicting funny movements for entertainment.

Examples: Kimbo – kimbo Makonggo, Kinoton
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4. Game dances – with play elements (dance mixers)
Examples: Lubi – lubi, Pavo

5. Wedding dances – performed during wedding feast.

Panasahan, etc.

6. Courtship dances – depicting love making.

Examples: Hele – hele, Bago Quiere
Maramion
Tadek
Daling – daling

7. Festival dances – suitable for special occasion or any social

gathering.
Examples: Pandanggo, Habanera, Jota, Surtido.

8. War dances: showing imaginary combat or duel.

Examples: Sagayan, Palu-palo, etc.

C. Movements
1. Active – with fast energetic movements.
Examples: Tinikling, Maglalatik
Sakuting, Polkabal, etc.
2. Moderate -
Examples: Cariñosa, Tagala
Habanera, Purpuri, etc.
3. Slow -
Examples: Pasakat, Amorosa
Tiliday, Kundiman, etc.
4. Slow and Fast –
Examples: Putritos, Ba-Ingles
Habanera Botoleña
Alcamfor, etc.

D. Formation
1. Square or Quadrille
Examples: Rigodon, Los Bailes de Ayer, etc.
2. Long formation (two or more parallel lines)
Examples: Lulay, Sakuting
3. Set – consisting of two or more pairs as a unit, partners facing each other
or standing side by side.
Examples: Binadyong, Haplik, Kakawati, etc.

II. Special Classification-Group dances having special distinctive features.

A. Dances with Songs
Examples: Aburaray, Manang Biday, Lulay, Rogelia, Lawiswis
Kawayan, etc.
B. Old Ballroom Dances
Examples: Polka, Mazurka Chotis, Valse, etc.
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C. Dances with Implements
Examples: Maglalatik
Sakuting
Jota Moncadena
Tinikling
Salakot,
D. Dances of Combined Rhythm
Examples: Surtido, Pantomina, Los Bailes de Ayer

Factors Affecting Folk Dances

1. Geographical location
2. Economic conditions
3. Climatic conditions
4. Customs and traditions.

Do’s in Folk Dancing

1. Dance in a natural, simple and direct manner.
2. Dance with ease and smoothness.
3. Use the proper costume for the dance.
4. Follow directions and dance instructions as closely as possible.
5. Dance with feeling and expression.

Don’t’s in Folk Dancing

1. Do not exaggerate the dance steps.
2. Do not make the dances too dainty and graceful like ballet.
3. Don’t make entrance and exit long.
4. Don’t make steps too elaborate and complicated.
5. Don’t call a dance a folk dance unless steps come from traditional
dances.

COMMON DANCE TERMS

1. Arms in lateral position – Both arms are at one side either right or left, at
shoulder, chest or waist level.
2. Brush – Weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of the other
foot and lift that foot from the floor to any direction.
3. Crossed Arms – Partners facing each other or standing side by side join
their left hands together and the right hands together; either right over left
or left over right hands.
4. Cut – To displace quickly one foot with the other.
5. Do-si-do – Partners advance forward, pass each other’s right ( left ) side,
step across to the right move backwards without turning around, pass
each other left side to proper places.
6. Hayon-hayon – To place one forearm in front and the other at he back of
the waist.
7. Hop – A spring from one foot landing on the same foot in place or in any
direction.
8. Jaleo – Partners turn around clockwise ( with right elbows almost
touching ) or counterclockwise ( with left elbows almost touching ) using
walking or any kind of dance step.
9. Jump – A spring on one foot or both feet landing on both feet in any
direction.
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10. Kumintang – moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise or
counterclockwise direction.
11. Leap – A spring from one foot landing on the other foot in any direction.
12. Place – To put foot in a certain position without putting weight on it.
13. Pivot – To turn with the ball, heel or whole foot on a fixed place or point.
14. Point – Touch the floor lightly with the toes of one foot, weight of the body
on the other foot.
15. Masiwak – To turn the hand from the wrist half-way clockwise then raise
and lower wrist once or twice. This is an Ibanag term.
16. Panadyak – To stamp in front or at the side with the right foot and tap with
same foot close to the left foot. This is a Tagalog term.
17. Patay – To bend the head downward and to support the forehead with the
forearm or with the crook of the R elbow while the left hand supports
lightly the palm of the right hand. This is usually done with the left foot
pointing in rear and knees slightly bent. This is an Ilocano term and the
movement is commonly found in Ilocano dances.
18. Salok – T o swing the arm downward-upward passing in front of the body
as if scooping, the trunk is bent following the movement of the arm doing
the salok. This is a Tagalog term.
19. Saludo – Partners bow to each other, to the audience, opposite dancers,
or to the neighbors with feet together. This is of Spanish origin and is
used in almost all Philippine dances.
20. Sarok – Cross the R foot in front of the L , bend the body slightly forward
and cross the hands down in front of the R hand over the L. This is a
Visayan term.
21. Slide – To glide foot smoothly along the floor. The movement may be
finished with or without transfer of weight.
22. Stamp – To bring the foot forcibly and noisily on the floor with or without
transfer of weight.
23. Tap – To rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot, flexing the ankle
joint keeping weight of the body on the other foot. There is no change or
transfer of weight.
24. Whirl – To make fast turns by executing small steps in place to right or
left.

BASIC DANCE STEPS

2/4 time dance steps

Dance Steps Step Pattern Counting
1. Bleking step heel-place, close 1,2
2. Touch step point, close 1,2
3. Close step step, close 1,2
4. Hop step step, hop 1,2
5. Cross step step, cross or cross, step 1,2
6. Change step step, close, step 1 and 2
7. Changing step jump ( one ft. in front and
The other in rear) there are two
Changing steps in a measure 1,2
8. Contraganza step leap, cross-step, step 1 and 2
9. Habanera step step, close, step 1 and 2
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10. Heel and toe
Change step heel-place, toe-point, step, close, step 1, 2/ 1 and 2

11. Shuffling step with both feet flat on floor, take tiny
Slide steps 1 and 2 and ¾ time dance steps

1. Native waltz step, close, step 1, 2, 3

2. Cross waltz cross-step, close, step 1, 2, 3

3. Waltz balance step, close-heels raise, heels down 1, 2, 3

4. Mazurka step slide, cut, hop 1, 2, 3

5. Redoba step slide, cut, cut 1, 2, 3

6. Sway balance w/ A pointstep, cross-step, step point 12, 3/ 1, 23

7. Sway balance w/ A hop step, cross-step, step, hop 12, 3/ 1, 23

8. Sway balance w/ A waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/ 1,

2, 3

9. Engano w/ a waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/ 1, 2, 3 4/4

time dance steps

1. Schottische step step, close, step hop( raise foot

In front) 1, 2, 3, 4
2. Escotis step step, close, step, hop( raise foot
In rear) 1, 2, 3, 4
3. Chotis step brush, raise, brush, raise/
Step, step, step, close 1, 2, 3, 4/
1, 2, 3, 4

TIKLOS

A Peasant dance from Leyte. Having made a previous arrangement, farmers or

workers get together to work on a project. While resting at noon, before or after
lunch, they play tiklos music and dance. There are only four figures to the dance so it
maybe repeated with a slight change in formation. Patadiong for women and barong
tagalog with white pants for men is the usual attire.

Figure I
A. Dancers take 2 heel and toe change step forward………………………………
2change steps sideward right and left…………………………………………..
C. 3 steps and a close moving backward………………………………………
D. Repeat all

Figure II
A. 4 cut steps backward and forward……………………………………………
B. 3 gallops and a step sideward right……………………………………………..
C. 4 cut steps backward and forward………………………………………………
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D. 3 gallops and a step sideward left………………………………………………
E. Repeat all………………………………………………………………………..

Figure III
A. 1 change step sideward right and 2 hops on right………………………………
B. Repeat change step left and hops……………………………………………….
C. 3 steps turn right and point close with left foot………………………………...
D. Repeat 3 steps turn left and point close with right foot………………………..
E. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………….

Figure IV
A. 2 touch steps with right and left foot……………………………………...........
B. 4 changing steps turning to face right about ……………………………...........
C. Repeat touch steps with the left and right foot………………………………....
D. 4 changing steps turning left about to face front……………………………….
E. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………….

Social and ballroom dances

Popular couple dances without set patterns are classified as social

and ballroom dances. Most social dances are characterized by the man
leading and the woman partner following whatever steps, styling, and
rhythmic variations he chooses and indicates.
Social dances are usually done to introduce people with one another
during a formal social gathering or to welcome guests to a social
gathering. Many of the social dances like polka and mazurka started as
folk dances while some were deliberately designed for its social purpose,
such as the waltz, regoudon and polonaise (Nimor, 2006). Social dancing
is believed to had existed since the beginning of human society in some
forms.
Ballroom dancing has lots of benefits for young people. It is less
threatening to their young developing bodies compared to many sports
such as football, basketball and hockey that endanger forming cartilage,
break bones and in some cases disfigurement cause by various swinging
sticks and equipments. Ballroom dancing provides general conditioning for
the body. Mentally, it stretches the thinking and the “do – it” abilities of
the young. The sense of achievement is a confidence builder. Teamwork
of couples is more stimulating to concentration and learning. For older
groups, competitive dancing is an excellent learning achievement and
self-confidence. Socially, the young people have an opportunity to
interrelate with others, especially the opposite sex, in a setting that
includes discipline and emphasis on courtesy and consideration for others.
Ballroom dancing provides lesson on social skills that will be beneficial to
the youth for the rest of their lives.
Ballroom dance training offers unique advantages. It is not only a
rhythmical exercise that adds life, graceful muscular movements but it is
also a group recreation. A child who has learned ballroom dancing gains
not only improved posture and coordination but ease in relationships with
companions. Dancing is one means of instilling graceful body
coordination, it is also a muscular activity that brings social ease. A girl
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who has learned to be a good ballroom dancer never fades into a wall
flower. A Boy who can dance is spared from many agonies of a teenage
self – consciousness. Children who dance well are popular, ones instilled,
those ingredients of a good manners are never forgotten. Ballroom
dancing offers more than mere steps it includes charm of manners and
consideration of others.

COMMON DANCE TERMS

1. To Address Partner is to bow to partner. Facing partner, boys bow by

bending slightly from the waist as girls do curtsy.
Curtsy is to bend knees and body slightly with a bow of the head;
the weight of the body is on one foot. One foot crosses the other in rear.

2. An Amalgamation is a combination of two or more patterns or

movements.

3. An Amateur Dancers is a person who is dancing as a hobby and who

does not seek financial gain from teaching or dancing.

4. A Ball change is a transfer of weight from the ball of one foot to the
other foot.

5. A Basic figure is a standardized step pattern, which together with

other constitute the basics of a dance.

6. To Brush is to lightly touch the inside edge of the supporting foot with
the inside edge of the free foot between changes of weight.

7. A Chasse is composed of three changes of weight with a close on the

second and may be performed sideward or forward.

8. A Choreography is a creation or compilation of steps, patterns and

movements, which make up the dance or a dance routine.
9. To Close is to move the free foot next to supporting foot with one
change of weight.

10. A Commando is a forward or backward rock and close.

11. A Combination is a group of consecutive patterns and choreography.

It is similar to amalgamation but it sometimes involves a slightly more
advanced set of patterns.

12. A Continuity Movement is the continuous passing of the step from

one step to the next.

13. The Contrary body movement is the action of turning the opposite
hip and shoulder toward direction of the moving leg. It is used to begin all
turning movements.
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14. A Conversation is a position when partners stand side by side,
right hand of the gentleman holds the lady’s waist; L arm of the lady
placed at the gentleman’s, outside arm at the side.

15. A Corte, in tango, is a stop and change of direction either forward or

backward.

16. A Cuban motion is a discreet but expressive hip movement achieve

by bending and straightening the knees with carefully timed weight
transfer.

17. Dance Sports is the official name given to competitive Ballroom

Dancing.

18. The Floor chart is the ability of the leader to maneuver around the
dance floor in a skilled and controlled manner as to avoid colliding with
the other dancers.

19. A Drop is a theatrical movement in which the follower’s body remains

in contact with the floor.

20. A Fan is a half a turn done on the ball of one foot while the free foot is
kept directly behind the foot on which the turn is made.

21. A Figure is a standardized step pattern that, together with the other
patterns, constitute the dance.

22. A Hip motion is a very general term to mean any type of hip
movement used in Latin dancing.

23. A Pivot is a turning movement during which the free foot is kept
either in front or directly behind the foot on which the turn is made.

24. A Spin is a turn done in place using both feet, usually done as a
couple.

25. Variation is a varied or more advanced pattern than the

corresponding basic figure, which still contains the same main elements.

DANCE POSITION

Ballroom or Social Dance Position – partners stand face to face,

shoulders and hips parallel. Boys R hand is placed around Girl’s waist.
Girl’s L hand rests lightly against his R shoulders. Boy’s L hand is raised to
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the side holding the Girl’s R hand. The fingers of her R hand rest lightly
in the palm of the Boy’s L.

Open or Conversation Position – partners stand side by side, both

facing the same direction. Girl R of partner. Boy’s R is around Girl’s waist
in back. Girl’s L hand rest lightly on Boy’s R shoulder. Outside hands may
be joined with arms extended forward or the outside hands maybe on hips
or side.

Shoulder – Waist Position – partners face each other. Boy’s places

hands on Girl’s waist. Girl’s hands are on the Boy’s shoulders.

Cross – Hold Position – partners stand face to face, R hand joined

over L hands, extended about waist level.

Promenade Position – partners stand side by side, both facing on the

same direction. Girl at R of partner. The hand crossed in front, R hands
joined over L.

Schottische Position – partners stand side by side, Girl to R of Boy

both facing the same direction. Boy’s R arm around Girl’s waist, her L arm
shoulder behind his R shoulder, her L hand resting lightly on that
shoulder, free hands on waist.

Varsovienne Position – partners stand side by side, girls stands to

the R and slightly in front of Boy. Boy reaches R arm over the girl’s R
shoulder and takes her R hand in his, his L holds her L a little above his L
shoulder.

Swing is a rhythmic rotation of a couple performed with a walking step or

shift steps.

Elbow Swing – hook designated elbows firmly of the hand carried at

the height of the locked elbows. While swinging, pull away from partner at
shoulders.

One Hand Swing – with the elbow bent and down , join the
designated hands at shoulder height. In balancing “pull against pull” while
swinging, apply pressure against the thumbs and heels of hands, pulling
away at shoulders.

Two – Hand Swing – Boy present hands at shoulder height with

palms up, elbows close to sides and should support while balancing “pull
against pull” leaning away at shoulders.

Waist Swing – In a modified closed ballroom dance positions with R

foot and hips adjacent the support weight of the body on the R foot swing,
balance “pull against pull”, leaning away from partners at shoulder.

Hungarian or Russian Swing – dancers stand facing in opposite

direction with R(L) hips adjacent, each R(L) arm around each others waist
 17
in front, on partners hip, L(R) arm curved over head, both lean slightly
away from each other when turning.

Star post – Partners are in opposite directions, their right hands

holding each other, lady facing away from audience ; while gentleman
faces the audience.

Challenge position- Partners face each other about a step apart

without touching.

Cuddle or skating position – Woman is at man’s left or right side, both

facing the same direction; one arm of man is across woman’s back.

SOCIAL DANCE GUIDELINES

1. Practice correct dancing position even without a partner.

2. Maintain a good standing position. Bring out the best in your look.
3. Keep your weight over the balls of your feet to make you feel
quicker and lighter, and place your weight even on the soles of your
shoes. No weight on the heel.
4. Maintain the habit of keeping feet close together unless you are
taking a definite step. Feet apart are not a pretty sight.
5. For a graceful dancing, always turn your toes out, not in.
6. When dancing with a partner, adapt a comfortable position for both
of you; not too close and not too far.
7. Don’t lean forward or backward. Just assume a natural comfortable
dancing companion.
8. When facing the audience, the lady is at the right side of the male.

SOCIAL DANCE ETIQUETTE

1. Do not teach your partner on the dance floor.

2. Anticipate the next step.
3. Be confident strive to become a proficient dancer.
4. Don’t show off.
5. Find mutual topics of interest for conversation, never gossip.

Dancing Personalities

Dancing is an expression of one’s personality. We can read

one’s personality and character by the way he dances. Traits such
as timidity, aggressiveness, and consideration for others, arrogance,
and other characteristics are revealed when people dance.
 18
1. Dancers who loves themselves--- point their toes too
gracefully.
2. The cuddly couples--- are fun to watch if they are not related to
you.
3. The bully type--- meanders around the dance floor, pushing his
partner into everything that comes his way.
4. The casual dancers--- girl show that sloppy I don’t care posture
and the man just shuffling along.
5. The possessive man--- holds tightly on his partner’s back. His
posture is crouching as though ready for a springing pounce.
6. The jealous girl--- clings to her partner like a glue, looks up in
his eyes and is always tremendously attentive.
7. The timid souls--- could almost sink to the floor if you stare at
them. Males have an apologetic manner and takes faltering
steps, barely touches his partner. He is hard to follow because he
is too shy to lead. The girls of this type take uncertain steps,
droop their arms and get an until-death-do-us part grip on their
partner.

In common usage, Ballroom dance refers to the ten dances of International Standard
and International Latin, though the term is also often used interchangeably with
International standard dances.

International Style
International Standard dances are normally performed with Western
Music. A couple dances counter clockwise around a rectangular floor
following the line of dance.

Costume
Women – full gown Men - bow tie and tail coats or tuxedos, vest

Dances :
1. Slow Waltz 2. Tango 3. Viennese Waltz
4. Slow Foxtrot 5. Quick step

International Latin Dances are performed with contemporary Latin American Music
and with the exception of a few traveling dances.

Costume
Women – Short skirted Latin outfits Men - outfitted in tight fitting shirts and pants
Dances :
1. Cha-cha 2. Samba 3. Rumba 4. Paso doble 5. Jive

RUMBA
The name Rumba was originally applied specifically to the dancing style with
lascivious movement of the hip, bosom and other flexible parts. The Rumba
influence came in the 16th century from the black slaves from Africa. The native
Rumba folk dance is essentially a sex pantomime danced extremely fast with
 19
exaggerated hip movements and with a sensually aggressive attitude of men and
a defensive attitude on the part of women.

The music is written in 4/4 time, which gives 4 counts to each bar of music, 1,
2, 3, 4. The beat values are 2, 3, 4-1 or quick, quick, slow.

Cha-cha-cha
There are various theories as of the origin of Cha-cha. It could derived from
the Spanish chacha meaning nursemaid, or chachar meaning to chew coca leaves,
or from char meaning tea. This dance evolved from the Mambo and has its origins in
the religious ritual dances of West Africa. The music is usually in 4/4 time,
sometimes 2/4. The Cha-cha-cha is a Cuban dance, based on the Rumba. Counting
is 1,2, 3 and 4

Reggae

First developed in Jamaica in the late 1960’s. The term reggae more properly
denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska
and rocksteady. It is based on rhythmic style characterized by accents on the off-
beat known as the skank. It usually accents the second and fourth beat in each
bar.The music is 4/4 time and counting is 1, 2, 3,4.

Samba
Comes from Brazil. It differs from other Latin- American dances because it is
lively and vigorous and the feet is constantly leaving the floor. It is literally a bouncing
step. It involves much knee action with the dancers bodies resembling a swinging
pendulum as they sway and turn. 2/4 time 1 ah 2

Waltz
It is the first dance to use closed dance position. The waltz was to be
performed solely for the demonstration of elegance and not pleasure. The name
comes from the German word to revolve, turning with smooth gliding steps. Music is
¾ time 1, 2, 3.

Paso Doble
It finds its roots in the Spanish style music of the 1930’s. It is popularly known
as the man’s dance, portraying the story of the matador with ( the female being ) his
cape where the matador is to weild his cape according to the anger and intensity of
the roaring boar.

Jive
The origin of the word jive is unknown but it may refer to jivetalk, or bad
mouthing. This word reflects the character of the dance for it is sassy and loud. It
came from the African American slaves. It is known by many names, sometimes
called Swing, Jitterbug, Lindy hop, or Charleston, although it is completely different
dance. Music is 4/4 time 1,2,3 and 4/ 1 and 2, 3 and 4.

Swing
An outgrowth of the jitterbug, it is marked by quick, strenuous movements
sometimes accompanied by acrobatics in its present form; it maybe a lively smooth
dance. Benny Goodman is the band leader credited with the developing the rhythm
 20
of Swing. It is named after Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across the Atlantic
ocean in 1927 Music is 4/4 time sometimes 3/4 1,2,3,4/ 1,2 ah 3

Tango
Originated in the lower class of Buenos Aires especially in the Bario de Las
Ranas. It was first known as baile con corte- the dance with a stop. It is
characterized by sudden changes of direction and its many flaring and dipping steps.
Music is 2/4 time 1,2/ 12

Foxtrot
An American dance evolving from trotting dance in 1913. Dancers gliding
around the dance floor with little up and down motion. It is known as the first truly
American ballroom dance, was named after Harry Fox. Music is in 2/4 time 12/ 1,2

BASIC DANCE STEPS

2/4 time dance steps

Dance Steps Step Pattern Counting
1. Bleking step heel-place, close 1,2
2. Touch step point, close 1,2
3. Close step step, close 1,2
4. Hop step step, hop 1,2
5. Cross step step, cross or cross, step 1,2
6. Change step step, close, step 1 and 2
7. Changing step jump ( one ft. in front and
The other in rear) there are two
Changing steps in a measure 1,2
8. Contraganza step leap, cross-step, step 1 and 2
9. Habanera step step, close, step 1, 2 and
10. Heel and toe
Change step heel-place, toe-point, step, close, step 1, 2/ 1
and 2
11. Shuffling step with both feet flat on floor, take tiny
Slide steps 1 and 2
and
¾ time dance steps

1. Native waltz step, close, step 1, 2, 3

2. Cross waltz cross-step, close, step 1, 2, 3
3. Waltz balance step, close-heels raise, heels down 1, 2, 3
4. Mazurka step slide, cut, hop 1, 2, 3
5. Redoba step slide, cut, cut 1, 2, 3
6. Sway balance w/
A point step, cross-step, step point 12, 3/ 1,
23
7. Sway balance w/
A hop step, cross-step, step, hop 12, 3/ 1,
23
8. Sway balance w/
A waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/ 1,
2, 3
 21
9. Engano w/ a waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/
1, 2, 3

4/4 time dance steps

1. Schottische step step, close, step hop( raise foot

In front) 1, 2, 3, 4
2. Escotis step step, close, step, hop( raise foot
In rear) 1, 2, 3, 4
3. Chotis step brush, raise, brush, raise/
Step, step, step, close 1, 2, 3, 4/
1, 2, 3, 4

TIKLOS

A Peasant dance from Leyte. Having made a previous arrangement, farmers or

workers get together to work on a project. While resting at noon, before or after
lunch, they play tiklos music and dance. There are only four figures to the dance so it
maybe repeated with a slight change in formation. Patadiong for women and barong
tagalog with white pants for men is the usual attire.

Figure I
A. Dancers take 2 heel and toe change step forward……………………………… 4 M
B. 2 change steps sideward right and left…………………………………………..2 M
C. 3 steps and a close moving backward…………………………………………...2 M
D. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………….8 M

Figure II
A. 4 cut steps backward and forward………………………………………………2 M
B. 3 gallops and a step sideward right……………………………………………..2 M
C. 4 cut steps backward and forward………………………………………………2 M
D. 3 gallops and a step sideward left………………………………………………2 M
E. Repeat all………………………………………………………………………..8 M

Figure III
A. 1 change step sideward right and 2 hops on right………………………………2 M
B. Repeat change step left and hops……………………………………………….2 M
C. 3 steps turn right and point close with left foot………………………………...2 M
D. Repeat 3 steps turn left and point close with right foot………………………..2 M
E. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………….8 M

Figure IV
A. 2 touch steps with right and left foot……………………………………...........2 M
B. 4 changing steps turning to face right about ……………………………...........2 M
C. Repeat touch steps with the left and right foot………………………………....2 M
D. 4 changing steps turning left about to face front……………………………….2 M
E. Repeat all……………………………………………………………………….8 M

Social and ballroom dances

 22
Popular couple dances without set patterns are classified as
social and ballroom dances. Most social dances are characterized by the
man leading and the woman partner following whatever steps, styling,
and rhythmic variations he chooses and indicates.
Social dances are usually done to introduce people with one another
during a formal social gathering or to welcome guests to a social
gathering. Many of the social dances like polka and mazurka started as
folk dances while some were deliberately designed for its social purpose,
such as the waltz, regoudon and polonaise (Nimor, 2006). Social dancing
is believed to had existed since the beginning of human society in some
forms.
Ballroom dancing has lots of benefits for young people. It is less
threatening to their young developing bodies compared to many sports
such as football, basketball and hockey that endanger forming cartilage,
break bones and in some cases disfigurement cause by various swinging
sticks and equipments. Ballroom dancing provides general conditioning for
the body. Mentally, it stretches the thinking and the “do – it” abilities of
the young. The sense of achievement is a confidence builder. Teamwork
of couples is more stimulating to concentration and learning. For older
groups, competitive dancing is an excellent learning achievement and
self-confidence. Socially, the young people have an opportunity to
interrelate with others, especially the opposite sex, in a setting that
includes discipline and emphasis on courtesy and consideration for others.
Ballroom dancing provides lesson on social skills that will be beneficial to
the youth for the rest of their lives.
Ballroom dance training offers unique advantages. It is not only a
rhythmical exercise that adds life, graceful muscular movements but it is
also a group recreation. A child who has learned ballroom dancing gains
not only improved posture and coordination but ease in relationships with
companions. Dancing is one means of instilling graceful body
coordination, it is also a muscular activity that brings social ease. A girl
who has learned to be a good ballroom dancer never fades into a wall
flower. A Boy who can dance is spared from many agonies of a teenage
self – consciousness. Children who dance well are popular, ones instilled,
those ingredients of a good manners are never forgotten. Ballroom
dancing offers more than mere steps it includes charm of manners and
consideration of others.

COMMON DANCE TERMS

1. To Address Partner is to bow to partner. Facing partner, boys bow by

bending slightly from the waist as girls do curtsy.
Curtsy is to bend knees and body slightly with a bow of the head;
the weight of the body is on one foot. One foot crosses the other in rear.

2. An Amalgamation is a combination of two or more patterns or

movements.
 23
3. An Amateur Dancers is a person who is dancing as a hobby and
who does not seek financial gain from teaching or dancing.

4. A Ball change is a transfer of weight from the ball of one foot to the
other foot.

5. A Basic figure is a standardized step pattern, which together with

other constitute the basics of a dance.

6. To Brush is to lightly touch the inside edge of the supporting foot with
the inside edge of the free foot between changes of weight.

7. A Chasse is composed of three changes of weight with a close on the

second and may be performed sideward or forward.

8. A Choreography is a creation or compilation of steps, patterns and

movements, which make up the dance or a dance routine.

9. To Close is to move the free foot next to supporting foot with one
change of weight.

10. A Commando is a forward or backward rock and close.

11. A Combination is a group of consecutive patterns and choreography.

It is similar to amalgamation but it sometimes involves a slightly more
advanced set of patterns.

12. A Continuity Movement is the continuous passing of the step from

one step to the next.

13. The Contrary body movement is the action of turning the opposite
hip and shoulder toward direction of the moving leg. It is used to begin all
turning movements.

14. A Conversation is a position when partners stand side by side, right

hand of the gentleman holds the lady’s waist; L arm of the lady placed at
the gentleman’s, outside arm at the side.

15. A Corte, in tango, is a stop and change of direction either forward or

backward.
16. A Cuban motion is a discreet but expressive hip movement achieve
by bending and straightening the knees with carefully timed weight
transfer.

17. Dance Sports is the official name given to competitive Ballroom

Dancing.

18. The Floor chart is the ability of the leader to maneuver around the
dance floor in a skilled and controlled manner as to avoid colliding with
the other dancers.
 24
19. A Drop is a theatrical movement in which the follower’s body
remains in contact with the floor.

20. A Fan is a half a turn done on the ball of one foot while the free foot is
kept directly behind the foot on which the turn is made.

21. A Figure is a standardized step pattern that, together with the other
patterns, constitute the dance.

22. A Hip motion is a very general term to mean any type of hip
movement used in Latin dancing.

23. A Pivot is a turning movement during which the free foot is kept
either in front or directly behind the foot on which the turn is made.

24. A Spin is a turn done in place using both feet, usually done as a
couple.

25. Variation is a varied or more advanced pattern than the

corresponding basic figure, which still contains the same main elements.

DANCE POSITION

Ballroom or Social Dance Position – partners stand face to face,

shoulders and hips parallel. Boys R hand is placed around Girl’s waist.
Girl’s L hand rests lightly against his R shoulders. Boy’s L hand is raised to
the side holding the Girl’s R hand. The fingers of her R hand rest lightly in
the palm of the Boy’s L.

Open or Conversation Position – partners stand side by side, both

facing the same direction. Girl R of partner. Boy’s R is around Girl’s waist
in back. Girl’s L hand rest lightly on Boy’s R shoulder. Outside hands may
be joined with arms extended forward or the outside hands maybe on hips
or side.

Shoulder – Waist Position – partners face each other. Boy’s places

hands on Girl’s waist. Girl’s hands are on the Boy’s shoulders.

Cross – Hold Position – partners stand face to face, R hand joined

over L hands, extended about waist level.

Promenade Position – partners stand side by side, both facing on the

same direction. Girl at R of partner. The hand crossed in front, R hands
joined over L.

Schottische Position – partners stand side by side, Girl to R of Boy

both facing the same direction. Boy’s R arm around Girl’s waist, her L arm
shoulder behind his R shoulder, her L hand resting lightly on that
shoulder, free hands on waist.

Varsovienne Position – partners stand side by side, girls stands to

the R and slightly in front of Boy. Boy reaches R arm over the girl’s R
 25
shoulder and takes her R hand in his, his L holds her L a little above his
L shoulder.

Swing is a rhythmic rotation of a couple performed with a walking step or

shift steps.

Elbow Swing – hook designated elbows firmly of the hand carried at

the height of the locked elbows. While swinging, pull away from partner at
shoulders.

One Hand Swing – with the elbow bent and down , join the
designated hands at shoulder height. In balancing “pull against pull” while
swinging, apply pressure against the thumbs and heels of hands, pulling
away at shoulders.

Two – Hand Swing – Boy present hands at shoulder height with

palms up, elbows close to sides and should support while balancing “pull
against pull” leaning away at shoulders.

Waist Swing – In a modified closed ballroom dance positions with R

foot and hips adjacent the support weight of the body on the R foot swing,
balance “pull against pull”, leaning away from partners at shoulder.

Hungarian or Russian Swing – dancers stand facing in opposite

direction with R(L) hips adjacent, each R(L) arm around each others waist
in front, on partners hip, L(R) arm curved over head, both lean slightly
away from each other when turning.

Star post – Partners are in opposite directions, their right hands

holding each other, lady facing away from audience ; while gentleman
faces the audience.

Challenge position- Partners face each other about a step apart

without touching.

Cuddle or skating position – Woman is at man’s left or right side, both

facing the same direction; one arm of man is across woman’s back.

SOCIAL DANCE GUIDELINES

9. Practice correct dancing position even without a partner.

10. Maintain a good standing position. Bring out the best in your
look.
11. Keep your weight over the balls of your feet to make you feel
quicker and lighter, and place your weight even on the soles of your
shoes. No weight on the heel.
12. Maintain the habit of keeping feet close together unless you
are taking a definite step. Feet apart are not a pretty sight.
13. For a graceful dancing, always turn your toes out, not in.
14. When dancing with a partner, adapt a comfortable position for
both of you; not too close and not too far.
 26
15. Don’t lean forward or backward. Just assume a natural
comfortable dancing companion.
16. When facing the audience, the lady is at the right side of the
male.

SOCIAL DANCE ETIQUETTE

6. Do not teach your partner on the dance floor.

7. Anticipate the next step.
8. Be confident strive to become a proficient dancer.
9. Don’t show off.
10. Find mutual topics of interest for conversation, never gossip.

Dancing Personalities

Dancing is an expression of one’s personality. We can read

one’s personality and character by the way he dances. Traits such
as timidity, aggressiveness, and consideration for others, arrogance,
and other characteristics are revealed when people dance.

8. Dancers who loves themselves--- point their toes too

gracefully.
9. The cuddly couples--- are fun to watch if they are not related to
you.
10. The bully type--- meanders around the dance floor, pushing
his partner into everything that comes his way.
11. The casual dancers--- girl show that sloppy I don’t care
posture and the man just shuffling along.
12. The possessive man--- holds tightly on his partner’s back.
His posture is crouching as though ready for a springing pounce.
13. The jealous girl--- clings to her partner like a glue, looks up
in his eyes and is always tremendously attentive.
14. The timid souls--- could almost sink to the floor if you stare
at them. Males have an apologetic manner and takes faltering
steps, barely touches his partner. He is hard to follow because he
is too shy to lead. The girls of this type take uncertain steps,
droop their arms and get an until-death-do-us part grip on their
partner.

In common usage, Ballroom dance refers to the ten dances of International Standard
and International Latin, though the term is also often used interchangeably with
International standard dances.

International Style
International Standard dances are normally performed with Western
Music. A couple dances counter clockwise around a rectangular floor
following the line of dance.
 27
Costume
Women – full gown Men - bow tie and tail coats or tuxedos, vest

Dances :
1. Slow Waltz 2. Tango 3. Viennese Waltz
4. Slow Foxtrot 5. Quick step

International Latin Dances are performed with contemporary Latin American Music
and with the exception of a few traveling dances.

Costume
Women – Short skirted Latin outfits Men - outfitted in tight fitting shirts and pants

Dances :
2. Cha-cha 2. Samba 3. Rumba 4. Paso doble 5. Jive

RUMBA
The name Rumba was originally applied specifically to the dancing style with
lascivious movement of the hip, bosom and other flexible parts. The Rumba
influence came in the 16th century from the black slaves from Africa. The native
Rumba folk dance is essentially a sex pantomime danced extremely fast with
exaggerated hip movements and with a sensually aggressive attitude of men and a
defensive attitude on the part of women.

The music is written in 4/4 time, which gives 4 counts to each bar of music, 1,
2, 3, 4. The beat values are 2, 3, 4-1 or quick, quick, slow.

Cha-cha-cha
There are various theories as of the origin of Cha-cha. It could derived from
the Spanish chacha meaning nursemaid, or chachar meaning to chew coca leaves,
or from char meaning tea. This dance evolved from the Mambo and has its origins in
the religious ritual dances of West Africa. The music is usually in 4/4 time,
sometimes 2/4. The Cha-cha-cha is a Cuban dance, based on the Rumba. Counting
is 1,2, 3 and 4

Reggae

First developed in Jamaica in the late 1960’s. The term reggae more properly
denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska
and rocksteady. It is based on rhythmic style characterized by accents on the off-
beat known as the skank. It usually accents the second and fourth beat in each
bar.The music is 4/4 time and counting is 1, 2, 3,4.

Samba
Comes from Brazil. It differs from other Latin- American dances because it is
lively and vigorous and the feet is constantly leaving the floor. It is literally a bouncing
step. It involves much knee action with the dancers bodies resembling a swinging
pendulum as they sway and turn. 2/4 time 1 ah 2

Waltz
 28
It is the first dance to use closed dance position. The waltz was to be
performed solely for the demonstration of elegance and not pleasure. The name
comes from the German word to revolve, turning with smooth gliding steps. Music is
¾ time 1, 2, 3.

Paso Doble
It finds its roots in the Spanish style music of the 1930’s. It is popularly known
as the man’s dance, portraying the story of the matador with ( the female being ) his
cape where the matador is to weild his cape according to the anger and intensity of
the roaring boar.

Jive
The origin of the word jive is unknown but it may refer to jivetalk, or bad
mouthing. This word reflects the character of the dance for it is sassy and loud. It
came from the African American slaves. It is known by many names, sometimes
called Swing, Jitterbug, Lindy hop, or Charleston, although it is completely different
dance. Music is 4/4 time 1,2,3 and 4/ 1 and 2, 3 and 4.

Swing
An outgrowth of the jitterbug, it is marked by quick, strenuous movements
sometimes accompanied by acrobatics in its present form; it maybe a lively smooth
dance. Benny Goodman is the band leader credited with the developing the rhythm
of Swing. It is named after Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across the Atlantic ocean
in 1927 Music is 4/4 time sometimes 3/4 1,2,3,4/ 1,2 ah 3

Tango
Originated in the lower class of Buenos Aires especially in the Bario de Las
Ranas. It was first known as baile con corte- the dance with a stop. It is
characterized by sudden changes of direction and its many flaring and dipping steps.
Music is 2/4 time 1,2/ 12

Foxtrot
An American dance evolving from trotting dance in 1913. Dancers gliding
around the dance floor with little up and down motion. It is known as the first truly
American ballroom dance, was named after Harry Fox. Music is in 2/4 time 12/ 1.

ACTIVITY
Single, Duo or by Group
1. Choose one(1) of the ff: Rhythmic Dance
 RUMBA
 CHACHACHA
 REGGAE
 SAMBA
 JIVE
 SWING
 TANGO
29