39. How to delete a file using Python?

40. What is slicing in Python?

41. What is a namespace in Python?
Advanced Python Interview Questions & Answers
42. What is PIP?
43. What is a zip function?
44. What are Pickling and Unpickling?
45. What is monkey patching in Python?
46. What is __init__() in Python?
47. Write a code to display the current time?
48. What are Access Specifiers in Python?
49. What are unit tests in Python?
50. Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?
51. What are Function Annotations in Python?
52. What are Exception Groups in Python?
53. What is Python Switch Statement
54. What is Walrus Operator?

Basic Python Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is Python? List some popular applications of
Python in the world of technology.
Python is a widely-used general-purpose, high-level programming
language. It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further
developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was designed with an
emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express
their concepts in fewer lines of code.
It is used for:

System Scripting
Web Development
Game Development
Software Development
Complex Mathematics

2. What are the benefits of using Python language as a

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The following are the benefits of using Python language:
Policy
 Object-Oriented Language
High-Level Language
Dynamically Typed language
Extensive support Libraries
Presence of third-party modules
Open source and community development
Portable and Interactive
Portable across Operating systems

3. Is Python a compiled language or an interpreted

language?
Actually, Python is a partially compiled language and partially interpreted
language. The compilation part is done first when we execute our code and
this will generate byte code internally this byte code gets converted by the
Python virtual machine(p.v.m) according to the underlying
platform(machine+operating system).
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‘#’ is used to comment onPolicy everything that comes after on the line.
 5. What is the difference between a Mutable datatype
and an Immutable data type?
Mutable data types can be edited i.e., they can change at runtime. Eg – List,
Dictionary, etc.
Immutable data types can not be edited i.e., they can not change at runtime.
Eg – String, Tuple, etc.

6. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in

Python?
Everything in Python is an object and all variables hold references to the
objects. The reference values are according to the functions; as a result, you
cannot change the value of the references. However, you can change the
objects if it is mutable.

7. What is the difference between a Set and Dictionary?

The set is an unordered collection of data types that is iterable, mutable and
has no duplicate elements.
A dictionary in Python is an ordered collection of data values, used to store
data values like a map.

8. What is List Comprehension? Give an Example.

List comprehension is a syntax construction to ease the creation of a list
based on existing iterable.

For Example:

my_list = [i for i in range(1, 10)]

9. What is a lambda function?

A lambda function is an anonymous function. This function can have any
number of parameters but, can have just one statement. For Example:

a = lambda x, y : x*y
print(a(7, 19))

10. What is a pass in Python?

Pass means performing no operation or in other words, it is a placeholder in
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 11. What is the difference between / and // in Python?
/ represents precise division (result is a floating point number) whereas //
represents floor division (result is an integer). For Example:

5//2 = 2
5/2 = 2.5

12. How is Exceptional handling done in Python?

There are 3 main keywords i.e. try, except, and finally which are used to
catch exceptions and handle the recovering mechanism accordingly. Try is
the block of a code that is monitored for errors. Except block gets executed
when an error occurs.

The beauty of the final block is to execute the code after trying for an error.
This block gets executed irrespective of whether an error occurred or not.
Finally, block is used to do the required cleanup activities of
objects/variables.

13. What is swapcase function in Python?

It is a string’s function that converts all uppercase characters into lowercase
and vice versa. It is used to alter the existing case of the string. This method
creates a copy of the string which contains all the characters in the swap
case. For Example:

string = "GeeksforGeeks"
string.swapcase() ---> "gEEKSFORgEEKS"

14. Difference between for loop and while loop in Python

The “for” Loop is generally used to iterate through the elements of various
collection types such as List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary. Developers use a
“for” loop where they have both the conditions start and the end. Whereas,
the “while” loop is the actual looping feature that is used in any other
programming language. Programmers use a Python while loop where they
just have the end conditions.
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 Yes, Several arguments can be passed to a function, including objects,
variables (of the same or distinct data types), and functions. Functions can
be passed as parameters to other functions because they are objects.
Higher-order functions are functions that can take other functions as
arguments.

To read more, refer to the article: Passing function as an argument in Python

16. What are *args and *kwargs?

To pass a variable number of arguments to a function in Python, use the
special syntax *args and **kwargs in the function specification. It is used to
pass a variable-length, keyword-free argument list. By using the *, the
variable we associate with the * becomes iterable, allowing you to do
operations on it such as iterating over it and using higher-order operations
like map and filter.

17. Is Indentation Required in Python?

Yes, indentation is required in Python. A Python interpreter can be informed
that a group of statements belongs to a specific block of code by using
Python indentation. Indentations make the code easy to read for developers
in all programming languages but in Python, it is very important to indent
the code in a specific order.

18. What is Scope in Python?

The location where we can find a variable and also access it if required is
called the scope of a variable.

Python Local variable: Local variables are those that are initialized within
a function and are unique to that function. It cannot be accessed outside
of the function.
Python Global variables: Global variables are the ones that are defined
and declared outside any function and are not specified to any function.
Module-level scope: It refers to the global objects of the current module
accessible in the program.
Outermost scope: It refers to any built-in names that the program can
call. The name referenced is located last among the objects in this scope.

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 Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a convenient way of
associating documentation with Python modules, functions, classes, and
methods.

Declaring Docstrings: The docstrings are declared using ”’triple single

quotes”’ or “””triple double quotes””” just below the class, method, or
function declaration. All functions should have a docstring.
Accessing Docstrings: The docstrings can be accessed using the __doc__
method of the object or using the help function.

20. What is a dynamically typed language?

Typed languages are the languages in which we define the type of data type
and it will be known by the machine at the compile-time or at runtime.
Typed languages can be classified into two categories:

Statically typed languages: In this type of language, the data type of a

variable is known at the compile time which means the programmer has
to specify the data type of a variable at the time of its declaration.
Dynamically typed languages: These are the languages that do not
require any pre-defined data type for any variable as it is interpreted at
runtime by the machine itself. In these languages, interpreters assign the
data type to a variable at runtime depending on its value.

21. What is a break, continue, and pass in Python?

The break statement is used to terminate the loop or statement in which it is
present. After that, the control will pass to the statements that are present
after the break statement, if available.

Continue is also a loop control statement just like the break statement.
continue statement is opposite to that of the break statement, instead of
terminating the loop, it forces to execute the next iteration of the loop.

Pass means performing no operation or in other words, it is a placeholder in

the compound statement, where there should be a blank left and nothing
has to be written there.

22. What are Built-in data types in Python?

The following are the standard or built-in data types in Python:
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understood our Cookierepresents
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numeric value. A numeric Policyvalue can be an integer, a floating number, a
 Boolean, or even a complex number.
Sequence Type: The sequence Data Type in Python is the ordered
collection of similar or different data types. There are several sequence
types in Python:
Python String
Python List
Python Tuple
Python range
Mapping Types: In Python, hashable data can be mapped to random
objects using a mapping object. There is currently only one common
mapping type, the dictionary, and mapping objects are mutable.
Python Dictionary
Set Types: In Python, a Set is an unordered collection of data types that is
iterable, mutable, and has no duplicate elements. The order of elements
in a set is undefined though it may consist of various elements.

23. How do you floor a number in Python?

The Python math module includes a method that can be used to calculate
the floor of a number.

floor() method in Python returns the floor of x i.e., the largest integer not
greater than x.
Also, The method ceil(x) in Python returns a ceiling value of x i.e., the
smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Intermediate Python Interview Questions

24. What is the difference between xrange and range
functions?
range() and xrange() are two functions that could be used to iterate a certain
number of times in for loops in Python. In Python 3, there is no xrange, but
the range function behaves like xrange in Python 2.

range() – This returns a list of numbers created using the range() function.
xrange() – This function returns the generator object that can be used to
display numbers only by looping. The only particular range is displayed
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 25. What is Dictionary Comprehension? Give an Example
Dictionary Comprehension is a syntax construction to ease the creation of a
dictionary based on the existing iterable.

For Example: my_dict = {i:1+7 for i in range(1, 10)}

26. Is Tuple Comprehension? If yes, how, and if not why?

(i for i in (1, 2, 3))

Tuple comprehension is not possible in Python because it will end up in a

generator, not a tuple comprehension.

27. Differentiate between List and Tuple?

Let’s analyze the differences between List and Tuple:

List

Lists are Mutable datatype.

Lists consume more memory
The list is better for performing operations, such as insertion and deletion.
The implication of iterations is Time-consuming

Tuple

Tuples are Immutable datatype.

Tuple consumes less memory as compared to the list
A Tuple data type is appropriate for accessing the elements
The implication of iterations is comparatively Faster

28. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a

deep copy?
Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it keeps
values that are copied whereas deep copy stores values that are already
copied.

A shallow copy has faster program execution whereas a deep copy makes it
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 29. Which sorting technique is used by sort() and
sorted() functions of python?
Python uses the Tim Sort algorithm for sorting. It’s a stable sorting whose
worst case is O(N log N). It’s a hybrid sorting algorithm, derived from merge
sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of real-
world data.

30. What are Decorators?

Decorators are a very powerful and useful tool in Python as they are the
specific change that we make in Python syntax to alter functions easily.

31. How do you debug a Python program?

By using this command we can debug a Python program:

$ python -m pdb python-script.py

32. What are Iterators in Python?

In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like a
list. Iterators are collections of items, and they can be a list, tuples, or a
dictionary. Python iterator implements __itr__ and the next() method to
iterate the stored elements. We generally use loops to iterate over the
collections (list, tuple) in Python.

33. What are Generators in Python?

In Python, the generator is a way that specifies how to implement iterators.
It is a normal function except that it yields expression in the function. It does
not implement __itr__ and next() method and reduces other overheads as
well.

If a function contains at least a yield statement, it becomes a generator. The

yield keyword pauses the current execution by saving its states and then
resumes from the same when required.

34. Does Python supports multiple Inheritance?

Python does support multiple inheritances, unlike Java. Multiple inheritances
mean that a class can be derived from more than one parent class.

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 Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for instance, if
the parent class has a method named ABC then the child class also can
have a method with the same name ABC having its own parameters and
variables. Python allows polymorphism.

36. Define encapsulation in Python?

Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python
class is an example of encapsulation.

37. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hides the
implementation from the world. It can be achieved in Python by using
interfaces and abstract classes.

38. How is memory management done in Python?

Python Basics Interview Questions Python Quiz Popular Packages Python Projects Practice Python AI
Python uses its private heap space to manage the memory. Basically, all the
objects and data structures are stored in the private heap space. Even the
programmer can not access this private space as the interpreter takes care of
this space. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all
the unused memory and frees the memory and makes it available to the
heap space.

39. How to delete a file using Python?

We can delete a file using Python by following approaches:

os.remove()
os.unlink()

40. What is slicing in Python?

Python Slicing is a string operation for extracting a part of the string, or
some part of a list. With this operator, one can specify where to start the
slicing, where to end, and specify the step. List slicing returns a new list
from the existing list.

Syntax: Lst[ Initial : End : IndexJump ]

41. What is a namespace in Python?

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 Advanced Python Interview Questions & Answers
42. What is PIP?
PIP is an acronym for Python Installer Package which provides a seamless
interface to install various Python modules. It is a command-line tool that
can search for packages over the internet and install them without any user
interaction.

43. What is a zip function?

Python zip() function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of
multiple containers. It takes an iterable, converts it into an iterator and
aggregates the elements based on iterables passed. It returns an iterator of
tuples.

44. What are Pickling and Unpickling?

The Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using the dump function, this
process is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python
objects from the stored string representation is called unpickling.

45. What is monkey patching in Python?

In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a
class or module at run-time.

# g.py
class GeeksClass:
def function(self):
print "function()"

import m
def monkey_function(self):
print "monkey_function()"

m.GeeksClass.function = monkey_function
obj = m.GeeksClass()
obj.function()

46. What is __init__() in Python?

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in Python classes. The __init__ Policy method is called automatically whenever a
 new object is initiated. This method allocates memory to the new object as
soon as it is created. This method can also be used to initialize variables.

47. Write a code to display the current time?

currenttime= time.localtime(time.time())
print (“Current time is”, currenttime)

48. What are Access Specifiers in Python?

Python uses the ‘_’ symbol to determine the access control for a specific data
member or a member function of a class. A Class in Python has three types
of Python access modifiers:

Public Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared public
are easily accessible from any part of the program. All data members and
member functions of a class are public by default.
Protected Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared
protected are only accessible to a class derived from it. All data members
of a class are declared protected by adding a single underscore ‘_’ symbol
before the data members of that class.
Private Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared
private are accessible within the class only, the private access modifier is
the most secure access modifier. Data members of a class are declared
private by adding a double underscore ‘__’ symbol before the data
member of that class.

49. What are unit tests in Python?

Unit Testing is the first level of software testing where the smallest testable
parts of the software are tested. This is used to validate that each unit of the
software performs as designed. The unit test framework is Python’s xUnit
style framework. The White Box Testing method is used for Unit testing.

50. Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?

Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a type of process lock that is used by
Python whenever it deals with processes. Generally, Python only uses only
one thread to execute the set of written statements. The performance of the
single-threaded process and the multi-threaded process will be the same in
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 multithreading in Python because we have a global interpreter lock that
restricts the threads and works as a single thread.

51. What are Function Annotations in Python?

Function Annotation is a feature that allows you to add metadata to function
parameters and return values. This way you can specify the input type of the
function parameters and the return type of the value the function returns.

Function annotations are arbitrary Python expressions that are associated

with various parts of functions. These expressions are evaluated at compile
time and have no life in Python’s runtime environment. Python does not
attach any meaning to these annotations. They take life when interpreted by
third-party libraries, for example, mypy.

52. What are Exception Groups in Python?

The latest feature of Python 3.11, Exception Groups. The ExceptionGroup
can be handled using a new except* syntax. The * symbol indicates that
multiple exceptions can be handled by each except* clause.

ExceptionGroup is a collection/group of different kinds of Exception. Without

creating Multiple Exceptions we can group together different Exceptions
which we can later fetch one by one whenever necessary, the order in which
the Exceptions are stored in the Exception Group doesn’t matter while
calling them.

Python3

try:
raise ExceptionGroup('Example ExceptionGroup', (
TypeError('Example TypeError'),
ValueError('Example ValueError'),
KeyError('Example KeyError'),
AttributeError('Example AttributeError')
))
except* TypeError:
...
except* ValueError as e:
...
except* (KeyError, AttributeError) as e:
...

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 From version 3.10 upward, Python has implemented a switch case feature
called “structural pattern matching”. You can implement this feature with the
match and case keywords. Note that the underscore symbol is what you use
to define a default case for the switch statement in Python.

Note: Before Python 3.10 Python doesn’t support match Statements.

Python3

match term:
case pattern-1:
action-1
case pattern-2:
action-2
case pattern-3:
action-3
case _:
action-default

54. What is Walrus Operator?

The Walrus Operator allows you to assign a value to a variable within an
expression. This can be useful when you need to use a value multiple times
in a loop, but don’t want to repeat the calculation.

The Walrus Operator is represented by the `:=` syntax and can be used in a
variety of contexts including while loops and if statements.

Note: Python versions before 3.8 doesn’t support Walrus Operator.

Python3

names = ["Jacob", "Joe", "Jim"]

if (name := input("Enter a name: ")) in names:

print(f"Hello, {name}!")
else:
print("Name not found.")

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