SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KUNIAMUTHUR, COIMBATORE - 641 008

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
QUESTION BANK

UNIT – I PROBABILITY

Hours Problems to be covered in class

Introduction and applications of probability and statistics
I
Definition of probability, Classical probability, Frequency probability, Axiomatic probability,
Experiment, Sample space, Event, Mutually exclusive, Equally likely, Exhaustive event,
II Independent and dependent event.
1. What is the probability of drawing an ace from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing
III cards?
2. A coin is tossed thrice. What is the probability of getting all heads?
3. Two dice are thrown, what is the probability of getting difference between the number
is 4?
4. If an experiment has the three possible and mutually exclusive outcomes A,B and C,
check in each case whether the assignment of probabilities is permissible:

1 1 1
a) P( A) = , P( B) = and P(C ) =
3 3 3

b) P( A) = 0.64, P( B) = 0.38 and P(C) = −0.02

c) P( A) = 0.35, P( B) = 0.52 and P(C) = 0.26

5. What is the chance that (a) a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays (b) a
non-leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays?
Practice problems:
1. From a pack of 52 cards, 1 card is drawn at random. Find the probability of getting
a queen.

IV Combinatorial probability-Permutation, Combinations:

A B C D E
1. How many ways can we choose 2 letters from the above 5, without replacement
when the order in which we choose the letters is important?
2. How many ways can we choose 2 letters from the above 5, without replacement
when the order in which we choose the letters is not important?
3. Find the number of different permutations of the word MISSISSIPPI.
 4. A bag contains 3 red, 6 white and 7 blue balls. What is the probability that two
balls drawn are white and blue?
5. Find the number of ways in which 3 cards can be selected from a total of 8 different
cards.

6. If 3 of 20 tires in storage are defective and four of them are randomly chosen for
inspection (that is each tire has the same chance of being selected), what is the
probability that only one of the defective tires will be included?

Addition theorem (Mutually exclusive and Not Mutually exclusive ):

7. One card is drawn out of 52 cards. What is the chance of getting it is either a king
or queen?
8. A bag contains 30 balls numbered from 1 to 30. One ball is drawn at random. What
is the probability that the number of ball will be multiple of i) 5 or 9 ii) 5 or 6.
9. The probability that a consumer testing service will rate a new antipollution device
for cars very poor, poor, fair, good, very good or excellent are
0.07,0.12,0.17,0.32,0.21 and 0.11. What are the probabilities that it will rate the
device

10. Very poor, poor, fair or good

11. Good, very good or excellent

Practice problems:
12. If we draw a card from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. What is the probability
that the card is either an ace or king?

13. If the probabilities are 0.87, 0.36 and 0.29 that, while under warranty, a new car
will require repairs on the engine, drive train, or both, what is the probability that a
car will require one or the other or both kinds of repairs under the warranty?

V Multiplication theorem:

1. What is the probability of getting two heads in two flips of a balanced coin?
2. If P(C) = 0.65, P( D) = 0.40 and P(C  D) = 0.24 , are the events C and D
independent?
3. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. What is
the probability of getting two aces if
4. the first card is replaced before the second card is drawn;
5. the first card is not replaced before the second card is drawn?
6. What is the probability of not rolling any 6’s in four rolls of a balance die?.
 7. Suppose an urn contains 7 black balls and 5 white balls. We draw two balls from the
urn without replacement. Assuming that each ball in the urn is equally likely to be
drawn, what is the probability that both drawn balls are black?
8. A lot consists of 10 good articles, 4 which minor defects and 2 with major defects.
Two articles are chosen from the lot at random (without replacement). Find the
probability that i) both are good ii) both have major effects iii)atleast 1 is good
iv)atmost 1 is good v) exactly 1 is good vi) neither has major defects vii) neither is
good.
9. A is known to hit the target in 2 out of 5 shots whereas B is known to hit the target
in 3 out of 4 shots. Find the probability that the target being hit when they both try.
1 2 3
10. In a shooting test, the probability of hitting the target is for A, for B and for C.
2 3 4
If all of them fire at the target, find the probability that (i) none of them hits the
target and (ii) at least one of them hits the target.

VI Conditional probability:

1. A family has two children. What is the conditional probability that both are boys given
that at least one of them is a boy?
2. If the probability that a communication system has high selectivity is 0.84 and
probability that it will have high fidelity is 0.81 and the probability that is will have
both is 0.18. Find the probability that a system with high fidelity will have high
selectivity.

VII Total probability theorem and Bayes’ Theorem:

1. In a bolt factory machine A,B,C produce 25%,35% and 40% of the total output
respectively. Of their outputs 5%,4% and 2% respectively are defective bolts. If a bolt
is chosen at random from the combined output,
i) What is the probability that it is defective? ii) What is the probability that it was
produced by A,B and C?
2. A bolts is manufactured by 3 machines A,B,C. A turns out twice as many items as B
and machine B and C produce equal number of items. 2% of bolts produced by A and
B are defective and 4% of bolts produced by C are defective. All bolts are put into one
pile and one is chosen from this. What is the probability that i) it is defective? ii) it is
produced by machines A,B and C.
3. For a certain binary communication channel, the probability that a transmitted ‘0’ is
received as a ‘0’ is 0.95 and the probability that a transmitted ‘1’ is received as ‘1’ is
0.90. If the probability that a ‘0’ is transmitted is 0.4, then find the probability that i) a
‘1’ is Received
ii) a ‘1’ was transmitted given that a ‘1’ was received.
 4. An urn contains 10 white and 3 black balls. Another urn contains 3 white and 5 black
balls. Two balls are drawn at random from the first urn and placed in the second urn
and one ball is taken at random from the latter. What is the probability that it is a white
ball?

5. A bag contains 5 balls and it is not known how many of them are white. Two balls are
drawn at random from the bag and they are noted to be white. What is the chance that
all the balls are in the bag are white?

Practice problems:

1. A factory produces its entire output with three machines. Machine I,II and III produce
50%,30% and 20% of the output, but 4%,2% and 4% of the outputs are defective
respectively. What fraction of the total output is defective?
2. The contents of urn 1,2,3 are as follows.
Urn 1: 2 white,3 black,4red
Urn 2: 3 white,2 black,2 red
Urn 3: 4 white,1 black,3 red An urn is chosen at random and 2 balls are drawn. They
happen to be white and red. What is the probability that they come from urn 1,urn
2,urn3?.

3. The chances of A,B and C being a manager of a certain company are in the ratio 4:2:3.
The probability that the bonus scheme will be introduced in the company if A,B & C
become manager are 0.3,0.7 & 0.8 respectively. If the bonus scheme has been
introduced, what is the probability that A has been appointed as a manager?.

4. In a test an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer in a multiple choice
1
question with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 3 and the
1
probability that he copies the answer is 6. The probability that his answer is correct
1
given that he copied it is 8. Find the probability that he knew the answer to the question
given that he correctly answered it.

VIII Random variable:

Discrete random variable, PMF – Binomial Distribution:

1. X is a RV following binomial distribution with mean 2.4 and variance 1.44. Find
P( X  5) and P(1  x  4).
2. Six dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect atleast 3 dice show a
number of 5 or 6?
 3. Out of 800 families with 4 children each, how many families would be expected to
have (a) 2 boys and 2 girls (b) atleast 1 boy (c) atmost 2 girls and (d) children of both
genders. Assume equal probabilities for boys and girls. Assume that birth of a boy is a
success.
4. If 10 percentage of the screws produced by an automatic machine are defective, find the
probability that of 20 screws selected at random there (i) exactly two defective (ii) atmost 3
defective (iii) atleast 2 defectives and (iv) b/w 1 and 3 defective (inclusive)

Practice problems:
1. In a large consignment of electric bulbs 10 % are defective. A random sample of 20 is
taken for inspection. Find the probability that (a) All are good bulbs (b) Atmost there
are 3 defective bulbs (c) Exactly there are 3 defective bulbs.
IX Poisson Distribution:

1. The number of accidents in a year involving taxi drivers in a city follows P.D with
mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers, find approximate number of taxi driver
i) No accidents
ii) More than 3 accidents in a year.
2. If X is a Poisson variate such that 𝑃[𝑋 = 2] = 9𝑃[𝑋 = 4] + 90𝑃[𝑋 = 6]. Find
i) Mean and 𝐸[𝑋 2 ] .
ii) Also find 𝑃[𝑋 ≥ 2]
3. A car hire firm has 2 cars which it hires out. The number of demands for car on each
day is distributed as a Poisson variate with parameter 1.5. Obtain the proportion of
days on which
i) There was no demand
ii) The demand was refused.
Practice problems:
1
1. In a factory of turning razor blades, there is a small proportion of 500 of any blade to be
defective. When the blades are supplied in packets of 10, find approximate number of
packets containing i) No defective
ii) 1 defective iii) More than 2 defective in a consignments of 10000 packets.
2. The average number of traffic accidents on a certain section of a highway is 2 per
week. Assume that the number of accidents follows PD. Find the probability of i) No
accident in a week ii) Atmost 2 accidents in a 2 week period .
X Geometric distribution:

1. If the probability that a target is destroyed on any one shot is 0.5, what is the
probability that it would be destroyed on 6thattempt?
2. If the probability that an applicant for a driver’s license will pass road test on a given
trial is 0.8 , what is the probability that he will finally pass the test
i) on 4th trial
ii) fewer than 4 trials.

Practice problems:

1. If the probability of success on each trial is 0.25 after how many trials can we expect
1stsuccess?
2. A die is cast until 6 appears, what is the probability that it must cast more than 5 times?
3. 40% of assembled bubble jet printers are rejected at the inspection station. Find the
probability that the 1st acceptable bubble jet printer is the third one inspected.

XI Continuous Distributions- Uniform distribution:

1. Electric trains in a particular route ran every ½ hour between 12 midnight and 6am.
Find the probability that a passenger entering the station at any time during this period
will have to wait at least 20 minutes.
2. Buses arrive at a specified stop at 15 min. intervals starting at 7 A.M., that is, they arrive
at 7, 7.15, 7.30, 7.45am and so on. If a passenger arrives at the stop at a random time
that is uniformly distributed between 7 and 7.30A.M., find the probability that he waits
a) less than 5 min b) more than ten minutes
Practice problems:
1. Let X be a uniformly distributed random variable in the interval (a, 9) and
2
𝑃(3 < 𝑥 < 5) = 7. Find a and 𝑃(X − 5 < 2).

XII Exponential distribution:

1. The length of time(in minutes) that a lady speaks on a telephone is the R.V given by
−𝑥
the pdf 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 5 , 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 . Evaluate A also find the probability
that the number of minutes that she talks on a telephone is
i) More than 10 mins ii) less than 5 mins iii) between5 and 10 mins.
 2. Suppose the life of an industrial lamp in 1000’s of hours is exponential distribution
with mean life of 3000 hours.
Find the probability that
(i) lamp will last more than its mean life
(ii) (ii) lamp will last between 2000 and 3000 hours.
(iii) (iii) Lamp will last another 1000 hours, given that it has already lasted for 2500
hours.
3. A component has an exponential time to failure distribution with mean of 10,000
hours.
a) The component has already been in operation for the mean life. What is the
probability that it will fail by 15,000 hours?
b) At 15,000 hours the component is still in operation. What is the probability that it
will operate for another 5000 hours?
Practice problems:
1. The time in hours required to repair a machine is exponentially distributed with
1
parameter =2. What is the probability that the repair time exceeds 2 hours? What is
the conditional probability that the repair time takes atleast 10 hours, given that its
duration exceeds 9 hours?

XIII & Normal distribution or Gaussian Distribution :

XIV
1. If X is a normal variate with mean 30 and S.D 5. Find the probabilities that
(i )26  x  40(ii ) x  45(iii ) X − 30  5
2. The weekly wages of 1000 workmen are normally distributed around a mean of Rs.70
with a S.D of Rs.5. Estimate the number of workers whose weekly wages will be
i) Between Rs.69 and Rs.72
ii) Less than Rs.69
iii) More than Rs.72.
3. The marks obtained by the number of student in certain subject is assumed to be
approximately normally distributed with 𝜇 = 65 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 3. If 3 students are selected
at random what is the probability that exactly 2 of them will have marks over 70. What
is the probability that atleast one of them will have marks over 75 with 𝜎 = 3.
4. In a ND, 31% are under 45 and 8% are over 64 .find 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 of the distribution.

Practice problems:

1. In a distribution exactly normal 7 percentage of the items are under 35 and 39

percentage are under 63.What are the mean and SD?
2. The local corporation authorities in a certain city install 10,000 electric lamps in the
street of the city with the assumption that the life of the lamp is normally distributed. If
 these lamps have an average life of 1000 burning hours with SD 200 hrs, then how
many lamps might be expected
a) To fail in the first 800 burning hours?
b) To fail between 800 and 1200 burning hours?

XV Chi square distribution:

1. An optical firm purchases glass to be ground into lenses, and it is known from past
experience that the variance of the refractive index of this kind of glass is
1.26. 10−4. As it is important that the various pieces of glass have nearly the same
index of refraction, the firm rejects such a shipment if the sample variance of 20
pieces selected at random exceeds 2.00. 10−4 . Assuming that the sample values
may be looked upon as a random sample from a normal population, what is the
probability that a shipment will be rejected even though 𝜎 2 = 1.26. 10−4 ?
2. The claim that the variance of a normal population is 𝜎 2 = 21.3 is rejected if the
variance of a random sample of size 15 exceeds 39.74.What is the probability that
the claim will be rejected even though 𝜎 2 = 21.3?

XVI t- distribution
1. A manufacturer of fuses claims that with a 20% overload, the fuses will blow in 12.40
minutes on the average. To test this claim, a sample of 20 of the fuses was subjected to
a 20% overload, and the times it took them to blow had a mean of 10.63 minutes and a
standard deviation of 2.48 minutes. If it can be assumed that the data constitute a
random sample from a normal population, do they tend to support or refute the
manufacturer’s claim?
2. A random sample of size 25 from a normal population has the mean 𝑥̅ = 47.5 and the
standard deviation s = 8.4. Does this information tend to support or refute the claim
that the mean of the population is µ = 42.1?

XVII F distribution

1. If two independent random samples of size 𝑛1 = 7 and 𝑛2 = 13 are taken from a

normal population, what is the probability that the variance of the first sample will
be at least three times as large as that of the second sample?

XVIII Mathematical expectation and its properties:

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number of heads obtained in 3 flips
of a balanced coin.
2. What is our mathematical expectation if we stand to win $8 if and only if a balanced
coin comes up heads?
3. What is our mathematical expectation if we are given one of 1000 raffle tickets for a
grand prize of $500?
 4. The probability that a man fishing at a particular place will catch 1,2,3 and 4 fish are
0.4,0.3,0.2 and 0.1respectively.What is the expected number of fish caught?
Practice problems:
1. A petrol pump proprietor sells on an average Rs.80, 000 worth of petrol on rainy
days and an average of Rs.95, 000 on clear days. Statistics from the meteorological
department show that the probability is 0.76 for clear weather and 0.24 for rainy
weather on coming Monday. Find the expected value of petrol sale on coming
Monday.

XIX Moments:
1. The random variable X can assume the values 1 and -1 with probability 1/2 each. Find
the first four moments about the origin.
2. Calculate the first four moment about the mean
x 2 3 4 5 6

f 1 3 7 3 1

3. Calculate the first four moment about origin and the mean
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No of students 8 12 20 30 15 10 5

ce− ax , x  0
4. The pdf of a random variable defined by f ( x) =  find the first four
0, x  0
moments about origin and mean and variance of X.

XX Moment generating function:

1
1. Find the MGF of the random variable whose probability function P( X = x) =
2x
where x = 1,2,3... find its mean and variance.
ae − ax , x  0
2. The pdf of a random variable defined by f ( x) =  find the moments
0, x  0
generating function.
1 1
3. Show that a rectangular distribution 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑎 , −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 the MGF is 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡
.Also show that the raw moment of odd order vanish and the raw moment of an even
′ 𝑎2𝑛
order are given by 𝜇2𝑛 = 2𝑛+1.
 UNIT – II INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Hours Problems to be covered in class

Definition of statistics, Basic objectives, Applications in various branches of science with
I examples.

Collection of data: Internal and External data, Primary and secondary data.
II
Population and sample, Representative sample.
III
IV Descriptive statistics: Classification and tabulation of univariate data

1. Draw table to show the distribution of personnel in a manufacturing concern according to:

a) Sex: Males and females

b) Three grades of salary: below Rs.20,000, Rs.20,000 – 40,000, Rs.40,000 and above.

c) Two periods:2014 and 2015

d) Three age groups: below 25, 25 and under 40, 40 and above.

2. Present the following information in a suitable tabular form:

In 2000 out of a total of 1,750 workers of a factory, 1200 were members of a trade union. The
number of women employees was 200 of which 175 did not belong to a trade union. In 2005, the
number of union workers increased to 1,580 of which 1,290 were men. On the other hand, the
number of non -union workers fell down to 208 of which 180 were men.

In 2010, there were 1800 employees who belonged to a trade union and 50 who did not belong
to a trade union. Of all the employees in 2010, 300 were women of whom only 8 did not belong to
a trade union.
V Frequency table

1. Present the following data of the percentage marks of 60 students in the form of a
frequency table with 10 classes of equal width, one class being 50 – 59.

41 17 33 63 54 92 60 58 70 06 67 82

33 44 57 49 34 73 54 63 36 52 32 75

60 33 09 79 28 30 42 93 43 80 03 32

57 67 24 64 63 11 35 82 10 23 00 41

60 32 72 53 92 88 62 55 60 33 40 57

VI Graphical Representation:

1. Represent the following by a simple bar diagram:

Year Service tax

2007 – 08 51,301

2008 – 09 60,941

2009 – 10 58,422

2010 – 11 71,016

2011 – 12 97,507

2012 – 13 1,32,697

2013 - 14 1,80,141

2. Following table gives the percentage of people who report paying bribe in the previous 12
months, by service:

Services Percentage

Police 29

Registry & Permit 20

Judiciary 14
 Customs 10

Utilities 8

Medical services 8

Education system 6

Land system 6

Tax authorities 4

Represent the above data by a suitable bar diagram.

Practice problem:

1. The following data relates to road deaths in Delhi on the day of Holi from 2003 to
2014:

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

No of 10 16 9 22 17 13 17 15 13 7 8 6
death
s

Represent the above data by a suitable bar diagram.

VII Pie diagram:

1. Draw a pie diagram for the following data of sixth five year plan public sector out lays:

Agriculture and Rural 12.9%

Development

Irrigation, etc 12.5%

Energy 27.2%

Industry and minerals 15.4%

Transport, Communication, etc 15.9%

Social Services and others 16.1%

 2. The following data relate to how the rupee comes and goes:

Rupee comes Paise Rupee Goes Paise

Excise 22 Central plan 25

Customs 18 Interest 15

Internal 18 Defence 13
borrowing

Non tax 14 Share of taxes 14

revenue

Deficit 7 Other non plan 12

expenditure

Other capital 7 State and UT 12

receipts plan assistance

Corporation tax 6 Subsidies 5

Income tax 3 Non plan 4

assistance

External 3
assistance

Other taxes 2

Practice problem:

1. A survey shows the following results:

Who Bribes Whom

Sectors Percentage

Companies to tax authorities 10.5

Employees to employees 4.8

Company to employees 12.3

 Company to Government 40.0

Company to company 19.7

Company to Customers 12.7

Represent the data by a suitable Pie diagram.

VIII Pareto diagram:

1. A computer – controlled lathe whose performance was given below, workers recorded the
following causes and their frequencies. Represent the following data in a Pareto diagram.

Power fluctuations 6

Controller not stable 22

Operator error 13

Worn stool not replaced 2

Other 5

2. Represent the following data by a Pareto diagram:

Source of manufacturing error No.of defects

Bad weld 34

Poor alignment 223

Missing part 25

Paint flaw 78

Electrical short 19

Cracked case 21

Total 400
IX Frequency curves:

1. Represent the following data by a histogram:

Marks 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

No.of 8 12 22 35 40 60 52 40 30 5
students

2. Represent the following data by a histogram:

Monthly 3000- 3500- 4000- 4500- 5000- 6000- 8000-

income 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 8000 10,000

No.of 7 19 27 15 12 12 8
workers

Practice problems:
1. Draw a histogram for the data:

Variable 100- 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160-

110 120 130 140 150 160 170

Frequency 11 28 36 49 33 20 8
X 1. Draw a histogram and frequency polygon from the data:

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-90 90-

100

No.of 4 6 14 16 14 8 16 5
students

2. Represent the following frequency distribution by means of a histogram and superimpose

thereon the corresponding frequency polygon and frequency curve.

Salary(Rs) 3000- 4000- 5000- 6000- 7000- 8000- 9000- 10000-

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000

No.of 20 30 60 75 115 100 60 40

employees

3. Represent the following frequency distribution by means of a histogram and superimpose

thereon the corresponding frequency polygon and frequency curve.

Interval 10 but less 20 but 30 but 40 but 50 but

than 20 less than less than less than less than
30 40 50 60

Frequency 3 6 5 4 2

XI 1. Draw less than and more than O gives:

Profits(Rs.lakhs) 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

No.of companies 6 8 12 18 25 16 8 5 2

2. With the data shown below form a frequency distribution table with 6 classes. Show the
frequencies, the relative frequencies and the cumulative frequencies (of both the less than
and the greater than types). Finally represent the distribution by means of suitable
diagrams.

Life (in hours) of 100 electric bulbs

511 991 1177 1016 600 777 895 749 1067 980

923 1314 1108 1137 906 1230 1099 1242 803 1131

918 1240 1057 980 992 763 759 1394 1111 1117
 1143 808 948 857 962 922 817 1057 665 1171

936 1068 750 873 1139 1127 1163 934 515 907

1061 1198 1027 1081 991 1155 1199 806 950 1262

848 1293 956 1140 885 1330 1166 1333 1146 933

820 880 982 912 1100 1293 1192 1371 1023 1298

1059 1092 1091 1182 699 803 1069 922 1245 706

1053 1001 939 1248 850 985 1219 945 1012 846

XII Mean – Individual series:

1. The following table gives the monthly income of 10 employees in an office.
1780 1760 1690 1750 1840 1920 1100 1810 1050 1950

Mean – Discrete series:

2. From the following data of marks obtained by 60 students of class. Calculate the arithmetic
mean
Marks(X) 20 30 40 50 60 70

No.of 8 12 20 10 6 4
students
(f)
Mean – Continues series:
3. From the following data compute the arithmetic mean

Marks(X) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of students 5 10 25 30 20 10
(f)
Combined Arithmetic mean:

4. The mean height of 25 male workers in a factory is 61 c.m and the mean height of 35
female workers in the same factory is 58 c.m. Find the combined mean height of 60
workers in the factory.

XIII 1. From the following data of wages of 7 workers. Compute the median wages.
 Wages 1100 1150 1080 1120 1200 1160 1400
(in Rs)

2. Obtain the value of median from the following data

391 384 591 407 672 522 777 753 2488 1490

MEDIAN DISCRETE OBSERVATION:

3. From the following data find the value of median

Income 1000 1500 800 2000 2500 1800

No of 24 26 16 20 6 30
person’s

4. Calculate the median from the following data

marks 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-
50

No of 7 15 24 31 42 30 26 15 10
students
5. Calculate the median from the following data
x 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160- 170- 180- 190-
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

frequen 6 25 48 72 116 60 38 22 3
cy
6. An incomplete distribution is given below
variable 0-10 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
20 30 40 50 60 70

frequency 10 20 𝑓1 40 𝑓2 25 15

Given that the median values 35 and total frequencies 170. Find the missing frequency.
Practice problems:
1. Calculate median from the following data
Weight(ingms) 410-419 420-429 430-439 440-449 450-459 460-469 470-479

No.of.apples 14 20 42 54 45 18 7
XIV MODE
6. Calculate the value of mode from the following data
10 27 24 12 27 27 20 18 15 30

7. Calculate the value of mode from the following data

Marks 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

No.of 8 12 36 25 28 18 9
students
8. Calculate the mode from the following data
Weight 100- 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160- 170-
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

No.of 4 6 20 32 33 17 8 2
persons
9. Find the mean , median and mode
X 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45

f 7 10 16 30 24 17 10 5 1

10. The median and mode of the following distribution are known to be Rs 33.50 and Rs 34.
Find the values of . Also given that total frequency is 230.
Wages(in 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Rs)
frequency 4 16 6 4

Practice problems:
1. Calculate the mode from the following data
Central 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
size
frequency 5 9 13 21 20 15 8 3
XV RANGE

1. Calculate the range and its co efficient from the following data
Items 200 210 208 160 220 250

2. Calculate the range and its co efficient from the data’s

marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No of 8 10 12 8 4
students

MEAN DEVIATION: Individual observation:

3. Calculate mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation of two income groups of 5 and
7 members given below.
I(Rs) 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800

II(Rs) 3000 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5800

Discrete series:

4. Calculate the mean deviation from the following data

x 10 11 12 13 14

f 3 12 18 12 3

Continuous series:

5. Calculate mean deviation and its co efficient from the following data
size 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

frequency 7 12 18 25 16 4 8
XVI QUARTILE DEVIATION

1. Find the values of quartile deviation and its co efficient from the following data
20 28 40 12 30 15 50

2. Calculate the quartile deviation and its co efficient from the following data
marks 10 20 30 40 50 60

No of 4 7 15 8 7 2
students
3. Calculate the quartile deviation and its co efficient from the following data
midpoint 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5

No of 4 19 30 63 66 29 18 1 1
students
XVII STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Calculate the standard deviation

X 240 260 290 245 255 288 272 263 277 261

Discrete series:
2. Calculate the standard deviation
x 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

f 3 5 8 7 9 7 4 7

Continuous series:

3. Calculate the standard deviation

marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

f 5 12 30 45 50 37 21

Practice problems:
1. Calculate the standard deviation
Mid 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16
value
f 2 16 36 60 76 37 18 3 2

2. Calculate the standard deviation

Weight(in 81- 91- 101- 111- 121- 131- 141- 151- 161- 171- 181-
kg) 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

f 2 5 13 20 30 49 37 29 11 3 1
XVIII 1. The joint probability mass function (X,Y) is given by P(x,y)=k(2x+3y), x=0,1,2;y=1,2,3.
Find all themarginal and conditional probability distributions. Also find the probability
distribution of (X+Y).
2. For the bivariate probability distribution of(X,Y) given below, find P(X≤1), P(Y≤3),
P(X≤1,Y≤3), P(X≤1/Y≤3),P(Y≤3/X≤1) and P(X+Y≤4).

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 1/32 2/32 2/32 3/32
1 1/16 1/16 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
2 1/32 1/32 1/64 1/64 0 2/64

XIX CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

1. Given the following pairs of values of the variables X and Y

x 2 3 5 6 8 9

y 6 5 7 8 12 11

a) Make a scatter diagram

b) Is there any correlation between the variables X and Y.
2. A sample of 10 plots are obtained and the rain fall(in inches per year) and the yield of
corn(in bushels) are measured. The data is below.
Rainfall 24.2 27.2 33.7 35.5 39.6 40.9 45.0 50.7 52.5 54.6

Corn 80 84 90 95 97 102 105 112 115 115

yield
Draw a scatter plot and comment on the association.
3. Calculate the Karl pearson’s co efficient of correlation:
x 48 35 17 23 47

y 45 20 40 25 45

Practice problems:
1. Draw a scatter plot to represent the following data
x 1 3 2 4 7 6 5

y 4 2 5 6 9 8 7

2. Calculate the Karl pearson’s co efficient of correlation:

x 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 72

y 67 68 65 68 72 72 69 71
 3. The following table gives the indices of industrial production of registered unemployed.
Calculate the correlation co efficient.
year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Index of 100 102 104 107 105 112 103 99

production
No.of 15 12 13 11 12 12 19 26
unemployed

XX 1. Calculate the co efficient of correlation

x 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

y 61 63 63 63 64 65 67

2. The ranking of 10 students in two subjects are as follows calculate the rank correlation co-
efficient.

RA 6 5 3 10 2 4 9 7 8 1

RB 3 8 4 9 1 6 10 7 5 2

3. 10 competitors in a musical contest are ranked by 3 judges, using correlation co-efficient

to find which pair of judges have common liking’s in music.

R1 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8

R2 3 5 8 4 7 10 2 1 6 9

R3 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7

4. Calculate Spearman’s Rank correlation between marks assigned to 10 students by the

judges in a test.

Judge X 52 53 42 60 45 41 37 38 25 27

Judge Y 65 68 43 38 77 48 35 30 25 50
 5. Calculate the rank correlation between the variables X and Y.

X 50 55 65 50 55 60 50 65 70 75

Y 110 110 115 125 140 115 130 120 115 160

Practice problems:

1. Calculate the rank correlation between the variables X and Y.

X 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71

Y 68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70

2. Calculate the co efficient of correlation between the variables X and Y. Assume 69 & 112
as the mean value for X & Y respectively.
x 78 89 94 60 59 79 68 61

y 125 137 156 112 107 136 123 108

XXI 1. From the following data calculate the two regression equations.

X 6 2 10 4 8

Y 9 11 5 8 7

2. Obtain the regression equations and estimate Y when X=55

X 40 50 38 60 65 50 35

Y 88 60 55 70 60 48 30

Practice problems:

Height of the father’s and son’s are given below. Find the height of the son when the
height of father 70 inches

X 71 68 66 67 70 71 70 73 72 65 66

Y 69 64 65 63 65 62 65 64 66 59 62
 For 50 students of a class the regression equation of marks in statistics (X) on marks in
mathematics (Y) is 3 y − 5x + 180 = 0 . The mean marks in mathematics is 44 and variance of
th
9
marks in statistics is   of the variance of mark in mathematics. Find the mean marks in
 16 
statistics and the co efficient of correlation between the two subjects.

UNIT III

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Hours Problems to be covered in class

Random sampling – sampling from finite populations
I
sampling from infinite populations
II
III Estimates and standard error [Sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement]

IV Sampling distribution of sample mean

V Stratified random sampling