Part 2: Electrical Transformer

Gomaa Fahmey Osman

Lecturer of Electrical Engineering Department
Benha Faculty of Engineering
Introduction
 Transformer is considered to be a backbone of a power system.
 Used for generation, transmission and distribution of electric
power, because voltage level can be changed by using a
transformer.
 For economic reasons, high voltages are required for
transmission whereas, for safety reasons, low voltages are
required for utilization.
 Transformer is an essential part of power system. Hence, it is
rightly said that transformer is a backbone of a power system. In
this lecture, we shall discuss the general features and principle of
operation of single-phase transformers.

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Introduction

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 Transformer
 It is an electrical device that
transfers electrical power from
one circuit to another by
magnetic coupling.
 It does so without change of
frequency and without any
moving parts.
 Transformer works only with
AC.

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Transformer

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Basic Construction of Transformer
 The transformer is very simple in construction.
 It consists of magnetic circuit linking with two
windings.
 For core construction sheets of alloy steels are used. The main constituents of
alloy steel are silicon and carbon in small quantities which increases the
permeability at low flux densities and reduces the hysteresis loss to large
extent.

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Basic Construction of Transformer
 Core is made up of laminations to reduce the eddy
current losses The thickness of laminations is usually
0.4mm.
 The coil windings are wound on the limbs and are
insulated from each other.

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Basic Construction of Transformer

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 Working Principle of a Transformer
 The basic principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction.
 When current in the primary coil changes being alternating in nature, a
changing magnetic field is produced.
 This changing magnetic field gets associated with the secondary through
the soft iron core.
 Hence magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes.
 Which induces e.m.f. in the secondary.

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 Working Principle of a Transformer
 In accordance with Lenz's law, the voltage generated in each coil will be
induced in a direction to oppose the action that caused it.

 The rms value of the induced voltages are

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Transformer Rating

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

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Classification of transformers

4- Auto Transformer- Tapped Transformer

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No-Load Conditions
 With no load connected to the secondary, the current in the primary is
just enough to establish the magnetic flux needed for transformer
action and to supply the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the iron.
 This no-load current, called the exciting current, varies between 1 and
2 percent of rated current in large power transformers, and may be as
high as 6 percent of rated current in very small distribution
transformers.

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No-Load Conditions

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Leakage Flux
 The magnetic flux which does not follow the intended path in a
magnetic circuit is called leakage flux.

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Ideal Transformer
 The assumption made for an ideal transformer:
 The transformer windings made from perfect conductors with zero
winding resistance.
 The core permeability is infinite (the reluctance of the core is zero).
 All magnetic flux is within the transformer core with no leakage flux.
 Zero core losses.

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Ideal Transformer

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Ideal Transformer

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The Equivalent Circuit of A Real Transformer
 In real practical of
transformer
 Finite permeability
 Eddy current and
hysteresis are included
in the losses
 Leakage fluxes
 Finite resistances of
winding

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The Equivalent Circuit of A Real Transformer

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The Equivalent Circuit of A Real Transformer

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Voltage Regulation
 The effects of leakage flux and winding resistance in a transformer
cause internal voltage drops that result in different output voltages for
different loads.
 The difference between the output voltage at no load and the output
voltage at rated load, divided by the output voltage at rated load, is
called the voltage regulation of the transformer.

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Per-Unit Impedance
 Information regarding the impedance of transformer windings is
generally available from the manufacturer, or from the transformer
nameplate as per-unit (PU) impedance or percent impedance.
 Per-unit impedance is the ratio of the voltage drop within the
transformer caused by transformer impedance, to the rated voltage of
the transformer, when operating at rated current.

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Transformer Losses and Efficiency
 Transformer losses includes:
 The copper losses in the primary and secondary windings.
 The hysteresis and eddy-current losses (core losses) in the iron. These
losses are the same whether operating in the step-up mode or step-
down mode.
 The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of the power out to the
power in.

 The combined conductor losses of both primary and secondary

windings may be expressed in terms of the equivalent resistance
referred to the high side or referred to the low side. That is,

 Per-unit Efficiency
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Determination of Transformer Parameters
 If transformer parameters are not readily available from the

nameplate or from the manufacturer, they can be approximated

by obtained.

 Open-circuit test (also called a no-load test).

 Short-circuit test.

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Determination of Transformer Parameters
 Open-circuit test

 The open-circuit test is used to determine the magnetizing reactance

Xm and the equivalent core-loss resistance Rfe.

 For safety in testing and instrumentation, the open-circuit test is

generally made on the low-voltage side.

 The test is performed at rated frequency and rated low-side voltage;

the high-side terminals should be covered with insulating material to

prevent accidental contact.

 Since no load is connected to the secondary, the wattmeter reading

(for the open-circuit test) is essentially core losses.

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Determination of Transformer Parameters
 Open-circuit test

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Determination of Transformer Parameters
 Short-circuit test

 The short-circuit test is used to determine the equivalent resistance,

equivalent leakage reactance, and-equivalent impedance of the

transformer windings.

 The high side of the transformer under test is supply line through an
adjustable-voltage autotransformer.

 This test is obtained at voltage level gives approximately rated high-

side current.

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Determination of Transformer Parameters
 Short-circuit test

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Transformer Rating and Name Plate

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Parallel Operation of Transformers
 When the primaries and secondary's of the two or more transformers are

connected separately to the same incoming and outgoing lines to share the load,
the transformers are said to be connected in parallel.
 The two single-phase transformers A and B are placed in parallel as

shown in Fig.

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Parallel Operation of Transformers
 Necessity of Parallel Operation
 The following are the reasons for which transformers are put in parallel.
 (i) When the load on the transmission lines increases beyond the capacity
of the installed transformer. To overcome this problem one way is to
replace the existing transformer with the new one having larger capacity.
Hence, it is desirable to place another transformer is parallel when the
electrical load on the existing transformer increases beyond its rated
capacity.
 (ii) Sometimes, the amount of power to be transformed is so high that it is
not possible to build a single unit of that capacity, then we have to place
two or more transformers in parallel.
 (iii) At the grid sub stations, spare transformers are always necessary to
insure the continuity of supply in case of breakdown. The size of spare
transformer depends upon the size of transformers placed at the grid sub-
station.
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Parallel Operation of Transformers
 Conditions for Parallel Operation of One-phase Transformers

 Both the transformers should have same transformation ratio.

 Both the transformers should have the same percentage impedance.

 Both the transformers must have the same polarity i.e., both the

transformers must be properly connected with regard to their polarities.

 In case of 3-phase transformers, the two transformers must have the same

phase-sequence.

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Parallel Operation of Transformers
 Effect of Different Turns
Ratios on Parallel Operation
 Assuming different turns ratios,
the output voltages EA and EB
will not be equal, and a current
will circulate in the closed loop
formed by the two secondary's.
 The circulating current is
indicated by broken arrows in
Figure. The phasor sum of the
voltages around the loop is EA -
EB , and the ; impedance of the
loop is ZA + ZB.
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Polarity Test
 Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals with same instantaneous
polarity of the two windings when terminals are not being marked.
 The relative polarities of the primary and secondary terminals are required to be
known for.
 (i) interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel.
 (ii) connecting three single-phase transformers while doing poly-phase
transformation of power.
 (iii) connecting windings of the same transformer in parallel or series.

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Load Division between Transformers in Parallel
 The load sharing between two transformers connected in parallel depends

upon the two transformers have the same voltage ratios and their
impedance voltage triangles are identical in size and shape.

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Transformer Inrush Current
 When a transformer is initially energized, there is a sudden inrush of
primary current.
 The core is driven far into saturation with the result that the magnetizing
current has a very high peak value.
 The inrush current exceed 25 times the full-load rating during the first
half-cycle.
 This high inrush must be taken into consideration when selecting fuses
and/or circuit breakers.
 The magnitude of the inrush depends on the magnitude and phase angle of
the voltage wave at the instant the switch is closed, and the magnitude and
direction of the residual flux in the iron.

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Three-Phase Connections of Single-Phase Transformers
 Most AC power is generated and distributed as 3-phase. The voltage is
raised or lowered with 3-phase transformers, or with a bank of single-
phase transformers connected in 3-phase arrangements.

45 For delta connection

For wye connection
Three-Phase Connections of Single-Phase Transformers

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Three-Phase Connections of Single-Phase Transformers
 Delta-Delta and V-V Banks
 The delta-delta bank, has advantage of being able to operate continuously
with one of the three transformers disconnected from the circuit.
 This open-delta connection, also called a V-V connection, provides a
convenient means for inspection, maintenance, testing and replacing of
transformers one at a time, with only a brief power interruption.
 The open-delta connection is also used to provide 3-phase service in
applications.

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Three-Phase Transformers
 Three-phase transformers have all three phases wound on a single magnetic core.
 Merits of Three-phase Transformer over Bank of Three Single phase Transformers
 The voltage level in three-phase system at the generating stations and at the
receiving stations can be changed either by employing a bank of three single-
phase transformers (inter connecting them in star or delta) or by employing one
three phase transformer.
 Generally, one three phase transformer is preferred over a bank of three single
phase transformers because of the following reasons.
 (i) It requires smaller quantity of iron and copper. Hence, its cost is nearly 15%
lesser than a bank of three single phase transformers of equal rating.
 (ii) It has smaller size and can be accommodated in smaller tank and hence needs
smaller quantity of oil for cooling.
 (iii) Because of smaller size, it occupies less space; moreover it has less weight.
 (iv) It needs less number of bushings.
 (v) It operates at slightly better efficiency and regulation.

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Three-Phase Transformers
 These transformers suffer from the following disadvantage.

 (i) It is more difficult and costly to repair three-phase transformers.

 (ii) It is difficult to transport single large unit of three-phase transformer

than to transport three single phase transformers individually.

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