AC Electrical Machines

Transformers II
Lecture No. 1
A.L. Mohammed Dyhia Ali
2017-2018
 Lecture Topics
Transformer tests Open circuit and short
circuit test
Voltage regulation
Transformer Losses
Transformer Efficiency
Auto transformer
Parallel operation of single phase transformer
 Transformer Tests
The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of
equivalent circuit
The four main parameters of equivalent circuit are:
- R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02)
- the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary (or
secondary X02)
- Magnetising susceptance B0 ( or reactance X0)
- core loss conductance G0 (or resistance R0)
The above constants can be easily determined by two tests
- Open circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)
These tests are economical and convenient
- these tests furnish the result without actually loading the
transformer
 Transformer Tests
Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformers secondary winding is open-circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.

The value of I0 is small (usually 2 to 10% of

rated load current), then Cu loss is
negligibly small in primary and nil in
secondary (it being open).
Core loss Woc V0 I 0 cos 0 V0
R0
Iw
Woc
Usually conducted on cos 0 V0
V0 I 0 X0
H.V side I
I c or I w I 0 cos 0
To find I
G0 w
I m or I I 0 sin 0 I 02 -I w2 V0
(i) No load loss or core
loss. I 0 V0 Y0 ; Yo
I0 I
B0
V0 V0
(ii) No load current Io
Woc
which is helpful in Woc V02G 0 ; Exciting conductanc e G 0
V02
finding Go(or Ro ) and Bo
(or Xo ) & Exciting susceptanc e B0 Y02 G02
 Transformer Tests
Short-circuit Test
In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited windings
is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and power is
measured.
Since the applied voltage is
small, the induced mutual flux
is also small, so core loss are
very small
The wattmeter reading
represent the full load cu loss
Usually conducted on L.V side for the whole transformer.
To find
(i) Full load copper loss to pre determine the efficiency
(ii) Z01 or Z02; X01 or X02; R01 or R02 - to predetermine the voltage regulation
Transformer Tests
Short-circuit Test
Full load cu loss Wsc I sc2 R01
Wsc
R 01
I sc2
Vsc
Z 01
I sc
X 01 Z 012 R012
 Voltage Regulation
It is defined as the variation of secondary
voltage between no- load and full load at a
constant input voltage source V1, always
expressed as either p.u or percentage of no
load.
 Voltage Regulation
Regulation in terms of primary values:

If the angle between V1 and V'2, is neglected,

then the numerical difference V1-V2' is given by (I1
R01 cos + I1 X01 sin ).
 Voltage Regulation
In terms of secondary values
V2 at no load V2 atload I 2 R02 cos 2 I 2 X 02 sin 2
% regulation
V2 at no load V2 at no load
 Voltage Regulation
Ignoring the excitation of
the branch (since the
current flow through the
branch is considered to
be small)

Fig. (a) equivalent cct. wrt primary, (b) Lag. PF, (c) UN PF, (d) Lead PF
 Transformer Losses
(Core + CU) Losses
The core losses of transformer depends upon the
frequency and the maximum flux density of
source when the volume and the thickness of the
core laminations are given. The core losses Wi is
made of two parts:
Hysteresis loss

Eddy current loss

 Transformer Efficiency
Transformer efficiency is defined as (applies to motors, generators
and transformers):
Types of losses incurred in a
Pout
transformer:
2
100%
Copper I R losses Pin
Hysteresis losses
Pout
Eddy current losses 100%
Therefore, for a transformer, Pout Ploss
efficiency may be calculated using VS I S cos
x100%
the following: PCu Pcore VS I S cos
Pin Ploss Ploss
1 100%
Pin Pin
PCu Pcore
1 100%
V1 I1 cos
 Transformer Efficiency
Condition of Maximum Efficiency
 Transformer Efficiency
All day efficiency

Where x = ratio of actual to full load KVA.

out put in watts

ordinary commercial efficiency
input in watts
output in kWh
all day ( for 24 hours)
Input in kWh

All day efficiency is always less than the

commercial efficiency
 Auto Transformers
It is a transformer with one winding only, part of this
being common to both primary and secondary.
in this transformer the primary and secondary are not
electrically isolated from each other.
Because of one winding, it uses less copper, it is
cheaper. It is used where transformation ratio differs
little from unity,
higher efficiency, but
smaller size. Moreover,
its voltage regulation is
also superior
Fig. Auto transformer (a) step down
(b)step up
 Auto Transformers
AB, is primary winding having N1 turns and BC
is secondary winding having N2 turns.
Neglecting iron losses and no-load current.

IS = (I2 I1)

Fig. Step up
 Auto Transformers
Saving Cu in Auto-Transformers

Wt. of Cu in auto-Tr.(Wa) = (1 K) (Wt. of Cu in ordinary Tr.W0)

Saving = W0 Wa = W0 (1 K) W0 = KW0
Saving = K (Wt. of Cu in ordinary transformer)
Hence, saving will increase as K approaches unity.
 Auto Transformers
Power transfer and uses
The power transferred from the source to the load is:
power transformed inductively is [ input* (1 K)].
power transferred conductively = [K input].

Uses of Auto Transformers:

used when K is nearly equal to unity.
there is no objection to electrical connection
between primary and secondary.
 Conversion 2-Winding Transformer
into Auto Transformer
If we employ additive polarity between the high-
voltage and low-voltage sides, we get a step-up
auto-transformer.
If, however, we use the subtractive polarity, we
get a step-down auto-transformer.

2-winding/Auto transformer step-up 2-winding/Auto transformer step-down

 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Phase Transformers
Q/ Why we need to connect transformers in parallel?
Answer: To supplying a load in excess of the rating of an
existing transformer.
To connect two or more transformers
in parallel to share single load, the
primary windings are connected to
the supply bus bars and secondary
windings are connected to the load
bus-bars. terminals of similar
polarities are joined to the same bus-
bars as in Fig.
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Conditions
Primary windings of the transformers should be
suitable for the supply system voltage and frequency.
The transformers should be properly connected with
regard to polarity.
Voltage ratings of both primaries and secondaries
should be identical (K1 = K2).
Impedances should be equal in magnitude and have
the same X/R ratio.
If transformers having different kVA ratings, the
equivalent impedances should be inversely
proportional to the individual kVA rating.
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Conditions
Condition (1) is easily comprehended
Condition (2) is absolutely essential (paralleling with incorrect
polarities will result in dead short-circuit).
conditions (3) and (4) There is some latitude possible with
these conditions
[ K1K2, there will be circulating current IC, so, it is impossible
to take full kVA output from the parallel connected group
without one of the transformers over-heated]
If Condition (4) is not satisfied impedance triangles are not
identical, parallel operation will still be possible, but the
power factors of two transformers will be different from the
power factor of the load. So, there is no equal sharing for load
in proportion to their kVA ratings.
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Case (1) Ideal Case
ideal case of two transformers having the same voltage
ratio and having impedance voltage triangles identical
in size and shape.
E = no-load secondary
voltage of each
transformer
V2 = terminal voltage
IA and IB = currents
supplied by two
transformers
I = the total current,
lagging behind V2 by an
angle
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Case (2) Equal Voltage Ration
ZA, ZB = impedances of the transformers There is no circulating current
IA, IB = their respective currents between them on no-load
V2 = common terminal voltage
I = combined current
It is seen that IAZA = IBZB = IZAB ...(i)
where ZAB is the combined impedance of ZA and
ZB in parallel.
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Case (3) unequal Voltage Rating
In this case, the voltage ratios (or transformation
ratios) of the two transformers are different.
There is cross-current in two
secondaries because of inequality
in their induced e.m.fs. This
circulating current IC is given by

the induced e.m.fs. of the two

transformers are equal to the total
drops in their respective circuits.
Parallel Operation of Two Single
Case (3) unequal Voltage Rating
 Parallel Operation of Two Single
Case (3) unequal Voltage Rating
If ZA,ZB << ZL [at near short-circuit conditions], Neglecting
ZAZB in comparison with the expression ZL(ZA + ZB), we have