EXPERIMENT 1

AIM- To develop a clear and concise problem statement for a specified software project.

Problem Statement: Hospital Management System

Current Situation:
In many hospitals, managing patient data, appointments, medical records, billing, and inventory is
still a manual or semi-automated process. This often leads to inefficiencies, errors, and a lack of
streamlined communication among various departments. The existing systems may not integrate
well, making it difficult for staff to access or share information. Patients also experience long
waiting times, confusion regarding their appointments, and difficulty in accessing their medical
history.

Key Problems:

1. Inefficient Data Management:

• Patient information is often stored in physical files or disparate software systems, making
data retrieval slow and prone to errors.
• Inadequate integration between departments leads to duplication of efforts and inconsistent
patient records.
2. Poor Appointment Scheduling:
• Manual scheduling can result in double bookings, missed appointments, and extended wait
times for patients.
• Staff often struggle to find available time slots, leading to inefficient use of physician
resources.
3. Billing Errors:
• Manual billing processes can lead to inaccuracies in patient invoices, delayed payments,
and increased administrative overhead.
• Lack of transparency in billing processes can frustrate patients and lead to disputes.
4. Inadequate Communication:
• Poor communication between departments can lead to delays in patient care and
inadequate responses to patient inquiries.
• Staff may not have timely access to critical patient information, impacting decision-
making.
5. Limited Patient Engagement:
• Patients may have difficulty accessing their health records, lab results, and other important
information.
• Lack of a user-friendly portal can hinder patient engagement and adherence to treatment
plans.

Impact:
 On Patients:
• Increased wait times and frustration can lead to a negative experience and may deter
patients from seeking care.
• Poor access to medical records can result in confusion regarding treatment plans and
medication adherence.
 On Healthcare Providers:
• Increased administrative burden on healthcare staff can lead to burnout and decreased job
satisfaction.
• Inaccurate patient records can affect the quality of care provided, leading to potential
health risks.
  On Hospital Operations:
• Inefficiencies in scheduling and billing can lead to financial losses and underutilization of
resources.
• Poor data management can hinder the hospital's ability to analyze performance and make
informed decisions.

Proposed Solution:

Develop a Comprehensive Hospital Management System (HMS) that addresses the

identified problems through the following features:
1. Centralized Database:
• Implement a centralized electronic health record (EHR) system that allows for secure
storage and easy access to patient data across departments.
• Utilize cloud-based technology to ensure data is accessible to authorized personnel
anytime and anywhere.
2. Automated Appointment Scheduling:
• Introduce an online appointment booking system that allows patients to view available
slots and book appointments with healthcare providers.
• Implement automated reminders via SMS or email to reduce missed appointments.
3. Integrated Billing System:
• Develop an automated billing system that ensures accurate invoicing and transparency
in charges.
• Include features for insurance claims processing to streamline the payment process.
4. Enhanced Communication Tools:
• Create a messaging system that allows seamless communication between healthcare
providers and departments.
• Implement patient portals that enable secure messaging, appointment scheduling, and
access to medical records.
5. Patient Engagement Features:
• Provide a user-friendly patient portal where patients can view their medical history, lab
results, and treatment plans.
• Incorporate educational resources to help patients understand their health conditions
and treatment options.
6. Data Analytics:
• Integrate analytics tools to help the hospital analyze patient data, track performance
metrics, and identify areas for improvement.
• Use data to inform decision-making and improve the quality of care.
 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM- To create a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document for a designated

software project.

Software Requirements Specification for Hospital Management System

1. Introduction:

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this SRS document is to provide a detailed description of the Hospital Management
System (HMS) intended for use by hospitals to manage patient data, appointments, billing, inventory,
and medical records efficiently.
1.2 Scope
The Hospital Management System will facilitate:
 Patient registration and management
 Appointment scheduling and management
 Electronic Health Records (EHR) management
 Billing and invoicing
 Inventory management
 Reporting and analytics
 Communication tools for staff and patients
1.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
 HMS: Hospital Management System
 EHR: Electronic Health Record
 API: Application Programming Interface
1.4 References
 IEEE Standards for Software Requirements Specifications
 Hospital Management System Use Case Documentation
1.5 Overview
This document outlines the requirements for the HMS, including functional and non-functional
requirements, user interfaces, and use cases.

2. Overall Description:

2.1 Product Perspective

The HMS is a web-based application that will be used by hospital staff, including administrators,
doctors, nurses, and support staff. It will replace the current manual and semi-automated systems to
improve efficiency and data accuracy.
2.2 Product Features
 Patient Registration and Management
 Appointment Scheduling
 EHR Management
 Billing and Payment Processing
 Inventory Management
 Reporting and Analytics
 Communication Portal
2.3 User Classes and Characteristics
 Administrators: Manage users, roles, and permissions.
 Doctors: Access patient records, update medical histories, schedule appointments.
 Nurses: Assist with patient care, update records, and manage appointments.
 Patients: Access their records, schedule appointments, communicate with staff.
2.4 Operating Environment
 The HMS will be a web-based application accessible through modern web browsers (Chrome,
Firefox, Safari).
 The system will be hosted on cloud infrastructure.
2.5 Design and Implementation Constraints
 Compliance with healthcare regulations
 Data encryption for sensitive patient information
 User-friendly interface design

3. Specific Requirements:

3.1 Functional Requirements

1. User Registration and Authentication:
• The system shall allow users to register and log in securely.
• The system shall manage user roles and permissions.
2. Patient Management:
• The system shall allow the registration of new patients.
• The system shall allow staff to update patient information.
3. Appointment Management:
• The system shall enable patients to schedule appointments.
• The system shall send automated appointment reminders to patients.
4. EHR Management:
• The system shall allow doctors to create and update electronic health records.
• The system shall maintain a history of patient records.
5. Billing and Payment Processing:
• The system shall generate invoices for services rendered.
• The system shall allow for online payment processing.
6. Inventory Management:
• The system shall track medical supplies and equipment.
• The system shall notify staff of low inventory levels.
7. Reporting and Analytics:
• The system shall provide reports on patient visits, billing, and inventory usage.
8. Communication Portal:
• The system shall provide a messaging feature for communication between patients and
healthcare providers.
3.2 Non-Functional Requirements
• Performance: The system shall handle up to 1000 concurrent users without performance
degradation.
• Security: The system shall implement role-based access control and data encryption.
• Usability: The system shall provide a user-friendly interface that is easy to navigate.
• Availability: The system shall be available 99.9% of the time, excluding scheduled
maintenance.
3.3 System Interfaces
 The system shall provide a RESTful API for third-party integration (e.g., billing systems,
laboratory systems).
3.4 User Interfaces
 The system shall include web-based user interfaces for all user roles (administrators, doctors,
nurses, patients).
3.5 Hardware Interfaces
 The system will not require any specific hardware beyond standard web servers and client
machines.
3.6 Software Interfaces
 The system shall use a relational database (e.g., MySQL) for data storage.
 The system shall be developed using a web framework (e.g., Django, Flask).
4. Use Cases:

4.1 Use Case Diagram

4.2 Use Case Descriptions
1. Use Case: Patient Registration
• Actors: Administrator, Patient
• Description: The administrator or patient registers a new patient in the system.
• Preconditions: The user must be logged in.
• Postconditions: The patient is successfully registered.
2. Use Case: Schedule Appointment
• Actors: Patient, Doctor
• Description: The patient schedules an appointment with a doctor.
• Preconditions: The patient must be registered in the system.
• Postconditions: The appointment is confirmed and recorded in the system.

5. Appendix:

5.1 Glossary
 User Role: The role assigned to a user that defines their permissions in the system.
5.2 Analysis Models
Include any relevant diagrams or models such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, etc.
5.3 Issues List
 Identify and document any unresolved issues or questions regarding the system requirements.
 EXPERIMENT 3

AIM- To create a Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for a specified software project.

Hospital Management System - Data Flow Diagram

1. Introduction

This document presents a Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for the Hospital Management System
(HMS) as specified in the Software Requirements Specification (SRS). The DFD illustrates the
flow of data between various components of the system and external entities.

2. Data Flow Diagram

 0-Level DFD:
  1-Level DFD:

3. DFD Components Explanation

 Processes: Individual processes within the system that perform specific functions.
 Patient Management: Handles patient registration and information.
 Appointment Management: Manages scheduling and tracking of appointments.
 Medical Records Management: Stores and updates patient health records.
 Billing and Payment Management: Manages billing and payment processing.
 Inventory Management: Manages medical supplies and equipment.
 Data Stores: Repositories where data is stored for later use.
 Patient Database: Stores all patient information.
 Appointment Database: Keeps track of appointments.
 Medical Records Database: Contains patient medical histories and treatments.
 Billing Database: Manages billing and payment records.
 Inventory Database: Tracks medical supplies and inventory levels.
 Data Flows: Arrows indicating the flow of data between processes, data stores, and
external entities.

4. Key Data Flows

 From Patients to Patient Management:
 Register, Book Appointment, Access Records: Patients provide data for registration and
access their medical records.
 From Patient Management to Appointment Management:
 Update Patient Info: Patient Management updates the Appointment Management process
with patient information.
 From Appointment Management to Medical Records Management:
  Schedule Appointments: Appointment Management sends scheduled appointment
details to the Medical Records Management process.
 From Medical Records Management to Billing & Payment Management:
 Update Medical Records: Medical Records Management updates billing information for
patient treatments.
 From Billing & Payment Management to Administrators:
 Generate Invoices: The system generates invoices based on patient treatments and
services rendered.
 From Inventory Management to Administrators:
 Manage Medical Supplies: Inventory Management provides data regarding stock levels
to administrators.

5. Conclusion

These DFDs provide a clear visual representation of how data flows through the Hospital
Management System, illustrating the interaction between external entities, internal processes,
and data stores. They serve as a foundational tool for system analysis and design, ensuring that
all stakeholders have a shared understanding of the system's functionality.