Dianna Rose H.

Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

Humanities
▪ It came from the Latin word “humanus” Mona Lisa Madonna and child
Banaue Rice Terraces
which means refined, culture and human
Refined - Norms, being civilize, and
socialize
Cultured - Adaptation to environment (social
interaction,norms).
Human - Having the nature of people, being Importance of Art
a person • Driven our existence
▪ The expression of ourselves without using of • Satisfies the needs for personal expression
words (painting, sculptures, dancing, • Develop our skills to express ourselves
mosaic, cross stitch, collage, paper and • Challenge us to see things differently
folding) • It unleashes our hidden desires and passion
▪ The study of man’s expression feelings, • It can change our ways in life
thought, intuition, values, and ideas • To see the truth that we might understand
▪ The study of man’s experience, goals, and before
aspirations • It gives pleasure, satisfaction and
▪ It is used to dramatize individual expressions. gratification
Aim of Humanities Functions of Art
▪ During Medieval Age • To express beauty .
o The humanities dealt with the • It gives man moment of relaxation and
Spolarium
metaphysics of the religious philosopher. spiritual happiness.
▪ During Renaissance Period • It serves as a channel of man’s passion
o To make man richer because during that • Arts reformed man.
time only the rich people can make art • Overcomes the feelings of restlessness and
like paintings, sculpture and etc. loneliness.
▪ During 19th and 20th century Categories of work of art considered to be great
o Is to appreciate and understand the • Best selling - it is very popular in its day, or is
importance of human being, his ideas produced by an artist who has done other
and aspirations. very popular piece.
Other Related fields in Humanities • Ground breaking- that it does not follow
• Anthropology regular convention or already tried artistic
• History methods real closely. It is not, in short, just
• Literature one more soap opera following an old, old
• Philosophy formula, no matter how well done.
• Religion • Inherently beautiful - means just as the art
• Sociology critics do require and demand that a work of
• Visual and Performing Arts art have an inner harmony, beauty, and
ART emotional/intuitive meaning that are unified,
▪ It came from the Latin word “ars/artis” which strong and intense, and deeply moving to us.
means to do or man made Something that appeals to your senses and
▪ It is a medium of expression because through emotions.
arts we express our ideas, emotions, Different classifications of Art
feelings, without using words. I. By the Audience
▪ Creative activity which involves skill or - focus on how audience classified arts
expertness in handling materials and 1. Performing Arts- something an artist used
organizing them into a new. body as a medium. An art form that is
WORK OF ART moving from one place to another.
– A thing of beauty having aesthetic value. Example: play, movies, live music, movies/TV,
Obra maestra, provides aesthetic values to operas, mime, puppetry, acrobatic, dance, and
the viewers. ballet
– It must have an artistic merit and literary 2. Visual Arts- usually exist in two dimensional
merit. form and stay in one place. Something that we
– It is a symbolic state of meaning rather see and hear.
having a practical function. Example: painting, photography, drawing, films,
Spolarium The Last Supper sculpture, engraving, wooden materials, silk
screen, cartoon, stained glass, mosaic, and stage
setting.
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

3. Literature- talks about language that affects Green - Nature, Freshness, Prosperity, Hope,
our imagination and make us think Money
Example: non fiction, fiction, stage play, poetry, Orange - Sweetness, Cheerfulness,
screenplay and song Pink - Feminist, love,
4. Sculptural- a three dimensional form that we Red - Bravery, Energy, Passion, War, Warm
can touch, see, and climb. It stays in one Violet - Royalty, Dull
place. White - Purity, Clarity, Simplicity, Virginity, Peace
Example: Monument, Architectural Designs, Rice Yellow- Joyful, Life, Vibrant, Sunshine, Happiness
terraces, Rock Garden, Eiffel Tower, Statue of Properties of colors
Liberty, flower gardens, water fountain, and a. Value- lightness, brightness, darkness of
buildings. color
II. By Critics b. Saturation- degree of quality, purity, and
- Focus on how people judge art strength such as scarlet and indigo. 2 to 3
1. Major Arts or Fine Arts- those that includes colors in things.
music, literature, sculpture, painting, dance, Classification of colors
theater, photography, and architecture. a. Primary colors- colors that cannot be formed
2. Minor Arts or Applied Arts- those that from mixtures because they are pure colors.
includes ceramics, furniture, weaving, Example: red, blue and yellow.
photography, and letterings. b. Secondary colors- colors form out of
a. Pure Art- created and performed for other combination of two primary colors.
sake and to satisfies the audience Example:
Example: Watching movie Blue + Yellow = Green
b. Practical Art- with a purpose, for Red + Blue = Violet
practical use that Red + Yellow = Orange
something is useful c. Intermediate colors- colors form out of mixing
Example: Chair and Table one primary and one secondary.
III. By an Artist Example:
- Characterize by special sensing, physical and Yellow + Green = Yellow green
special senses Red + Violet = Red violet
1. Sight art- something that you can see, Red + Orange = Red orange
imagine, and create d. Tertiary colors- form out of combination of
Example: painting, drawing, mosaic, drafting two secondary colors.
design, stage design, light displays and graphic Example:
design Orange + purple = russet
2. Sound Art- something that you can hear Orange + green = citron
Example: Literature, Poetry, plays and Music. Purple + green = olives
3. Touch Art- something that you can feel or II. Line - one or two dimensional art that
touch. indicates direction, orientation, movement,
Example: Sculpture, Curving, Wood Craft, and energy. It is considered as the oldest,
Pottery, Dance Movement, and building. simplest, universal element.
IV. Other Classification Direction of Line
1. Real Art- something that is understandable a. Vertical line- basic framework of all forms,
“what you see is what you get”, objective power & delimination, strength, stability,
and representational. simplicity, and efficiency.
Example: photography, stage play, dance, b. Horizontal line- creates an impression of
sculpture, and architecture serenity and perfect stability. Rest, calmness,
2. Abstract Art- non subject matter, peace, and reposed.
nonrepresentational that we cannot understand c. Diagonal line- it shows movement and
on the part of the listener. instability. Portrays movement action.
Example: Grey Tree by Piet Mondrian d. Jog line- it shows violence, zigzag, confusion,
Elements of Art and conflict.
I. Color (Hue) - gives meaning, value, intensity e. Curve line- it shows a gradual change of
and saturation to an object. It has series of wave direction and fluidity. It signifies subtle form.
lengths which strikes our retina. III. Medium - it denotes the means of artists to
Color Meaning express his ideas, it pertains to materials used
Black - Death, despair, gloom, sorrow, to express feelings through art.
Blue - Infinity, Freedom, Calmness, IV. Rhythm- pattern, arrangement of lines, color,
Brown - Humility synchronization or connection of path that
suggest gracefulness.
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

V. Style- the typical expressing and training of Example: Figura by Arturo Luz
artist and outlook in life.
VI. Structure- surface and quality of object either
real or made to be appeared real. It gives variety 3. Distortion - usually done to dramatize the
and beauty on art. shape of a figure or to create an emotional
VII. Shape - the enclosed space defined by other effect. Measurement is not proportioned.
elements of art. shapes may take on the Example: Caricature
appearance of two-d or three- objects.
Principles of Art
• Emphasis – the composition refers to
developing points of interest to pull the Artist and His Medium
viewer's eye to important parts of the body - As the materials, the artist way of expressing
of the work. his emotion in order to communicate his ideas.
• Balance – it is a sense of stability in the body 1. Visual - that can be seen and can occupy
of work. It can be created by repeating same space.
shapes and by creating a feeling of equal Example: painting and drawing
weight. 2 Auditory/time - that can be heard.
• Harmony – achieved in a body of work by Example: music and literature
using similar elements throughout the work, Performance art- That can be seen and heard.
harmony gives an uncomplicated look to Example: opera, dance, drama and movies
your work. Artist and His Technique
• Variety – refers to the differences in the How to control his medium to achieve
work, you can achieve variety by using his desire in the work of art. It also pertains to
differences shapes, textures, colors and technical requirement of the particular work of
values in your work. art. It is how he manipulates his medium
• Movement – adds excitement to your work
by showing action and directing the viewers Painting
eye throughout the picture plane. – The practice of applying paint, pigment, color
• Rhythm – a type of movement in drawing or other medium to a surface (support base).
and painting. It is seen in repeating of shapes In art, the term describes both the act and
and colors. Alternating lights and darks also the result, which is called a painting.
give a sense of rhythm. – Paintings may have for their support such
• Proportion or scale – refers to the surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass,
relationships of the size of objects in a body lacquer, clay or concrete.
of work. Proportions give a sense of size seen – Paintings may be decorated with gold leaf,
as a relationship of objects. such as and some modern paintings incorporate
smallness or largeness. other materials including sand, clay, and
• Unity – is seen in a painting or drawing scraps of paper.
when all the parts equal a whole. Your work – Tangible canvass that we see through the
should not appear disjointed or confusing. use of his hands.
Different subject of work of art – It is the most widely practiced and
1. Nature 8. churches appreciated.
2. Woman 9. Child Example: canvass, paper, wood, plaster
3. Emotion 10. Fruits History of Painting
4. Places 11. Toys It is originated in France and was
5. Animals 12. Landscapes introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards
6. Events 13. Seascapes during 17th century.
7. Saints 14. Religion The history of painting reaches back in
time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and
Different ways of presenting the subject spans all cultures, that represent a continuous,
1. Realism - the artists portrays the subject as though disrupted, tradition from Antiquity.
ease. Across cultures, and spanning continents and
Example: Bonjour, Monsieur millennia, the history of painting is an ongoing
Courbet by Gustave Courbet river of creativity that continues into the 21st
in 1854 century. Until the early 20th century it relied
primarily on representational, religious and
2. Abstraction - there is no subject but only his classical motifs, after which time more purely
feelings and ideas. You cannot figure out the abstract and conceptual approaches gained
subject/object. favor. Developments in Eastern painting
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

historically parallel those in Western painting, in Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho and Adios del
general, a few centuries earlier. Sol, won Silver Medals.
African art, Islamic art, Indian art, 3. International Recognition
Chinese art, and Japanese art each had - Hidalgo's paintings were recognized among
significant influence on Western art, and, thousands of entries from Europe and America,
eventually, vice-versa. marking him as a painter of international
The oldest known paintings are at the distinction.
Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some 4. Notable Works
historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are - La Barca de Aqueronte: Major painting that
engraved and painted using red ochre and black won a Gold Medal.
pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, - Jovenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho:
buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. Earned Silver Medal.
However the earliest evidence of painting has - Adios del Sol: Another Silver Medal winner,
been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem known for its seascape with figures, which
Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of deviated from the traditional style.
material at these sites there are used pieces of - Assassination of Governor-General Fernando
ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Bustamante: Another well-known work by
Archaeologists have also found a fragment of Hidalgo.
rock painting preserved in a limestone rock- 5. Legacy in Art History
shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western - Through his grand manner of painting and
Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old. [1]There accomplishments in international exhibitions,
are examples of cave paintings all over the Hidalgo's reputation is cemented in both
world—in France, Spain, Portugal, China, Philippine Art history and the popular
Australia, India etc. consciousness.
In Western cultures oil painting and Purposes of Painting
watercolor painting are the best known 1. Painting commemorates historical events.
media, with rich and complex traditions in style 2. For recognition of religious activities.
and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink Elements of Painting
historically predominated the choice of media • Line – it is a man’s own invention; extension
with equally rich and complex traditions. of a point.
Filipino Painters • Vertical lines – power, stability, strength
Juan Luna’s famous • Horizontal lines – relaxation, calmness, at
works include the “The peace, laziness
Death of Cleopatra”, which • Diagonal lines – movement
won him a silver medal at the • Curve lines – graceful movements, fluidity,
National Exposition of Fine flexibility
Arts (1881) and “The • Shape – it is an area of flat surface enclosed
Spolarium”, his greatest by a line.
masterpiece that won him a gold medal at the • Texture – it refers to the feel or tactile
National Exposition of Fine Arts held in Madrid in quality of a surface of an object; the
1884. The “Battle of Lepanto” won him another roughness or smoothness of an object.
gold medal at the Barcelona Exposition in 1888. • Size – it is smallness or largeness of an
Among his last painting include “El Pacto de object.
Sangre” which won first prize in Paris and at the • Color – it a series of wave lengths which
St. Louis Exposition, USA in 1904. strike our retina. Spectrum consists of
different colors: red, orange, blue, indigo and
FELIX RESURRECTION violet.
1. Significant Figure in Philippine Art Paints
- Felix Resurrection Hidalgo secured his place in Pigment: natural or synthetic colored materials
Philippine Art during the late 19th century with finely ground into power clay, gemstones,
his large Neoclassical canvases. minerals, plants and insects.
2. Achievements in International Exhibitions Binder: holds the pigment together and adheres
- Hidalgo's works earned Gold and Silver the paint to a surface, egg yolks, oil and wax.
Medals in prestigious International Exhibitions Solvent: can be added to thin or thicken paint,
during a time when just being accepted into slow or speed up its drying time with oil or
these exhibitions was an achievement. water.
- His major painting La Barca de Aqueronte won Painting Styles
a Gold Medal, while two other works, Jovenes Fresco
• mixing pigments with plaster (walls, ceilings)
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

• Buon “true” Fresco: paint is bound in the • Also known as hot wax painting, involves
wet plaster using heated beeswax to which colored
• Fresco secco: paint is applied to dry plaster. pigments are added.
Tempera - water based, egg binder, used prior to • The liquid/paste is then applied to a
1400’s, colors cannot be mixed, narrow range, surface—usually prepared wood, though
fast-drying. canvas and other materials are often used.
Oil • Wax gives a clear luminous/shining effect.
• easily mixed, more permanent, used after OIL
1400, slow-drying. • Painting with pigments that are bound with
• painting with pigments that are bound with a a medium of drying oil.
medium of drying oil. It had a glossy and • Use of oil started with 15th century
varnish-like effect. Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck.
MURAL PAINTING – involved blowing colored • The presence of oil makes the painting shiny
pigments through tubes onto the canvas or walls. and varnished. It dries slowly.
GOUACHE
PAINTING MEDIA • Also known as water paint, splash or body
DRY MEDIA color.
• PENCIL – cheap, easily available, easy to • Gouache is a water based paint consisting of
work with and can be erased. Graphite pigment to be used in an opaque/cloudy
pencils or lead pencils have probably made painting method.
more drawings than any other medium. • Gouache differs from watercolor in that the
METALPOINT particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to
• A metal point drawing is made by dragging a water is much higher .
metal stylus over the surface of a prepared • This makes gouache heavier and more
paper, leaving a mark much like a graphite opaque, with greater reflective qualities.
pencil. WATERCOLOR - paints are made of pigments
• Many metals such as copper, brass, silver, suspended in a water soluble vehicle. The
gold and platinum can be used to create a traditional and most common support for
metal point drawing, each having unique watercolor paintings is paper; other supports
characteristics. include fabric/cloth, wood, and canvas.
• Metal point drawings are labor intensive SYNTHETIC MEDIA
and require great patience. • WATER-BASED ACRYLICS – most popular
CHARCOAL synthetic paint introduced in 1950s. Quick-
• Dark, soft and harsh lines. They are burned drying and intense colors.
sticks of wood. It is used greatly for sketches • THINNED DOWN ACRYLICS – synthetic paints
and portraits. that are shot through airbrushes and spray
CHALK AND CRAYON paint containers.
• The main difference between them is the
BINDER (the substance that holds the
pigment together). Chalk has nonfat binders Different Techniques
while crayons have greasy or oily, fat and – Ability which artist fulfill his work of art and
wax binders. manipulates ideas.
PASTEL 1. Realism - introduced by a French man named
• is a painting medium in the form of a stick, Gustave Courbet in 19th century. Adopted to
consisting of pure powdered pigment and a describe things represent figures and exactly
binder. how they look like in real life.
• Pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, Example: sunset, sunrise, and nature
its preservation requires protective 2. Surealism - invented from the word super
measures. naturalism. It is used to emphasize the
LIQUID MEDIA unconscious creative activity of the mind.
• PEN AND INK – Uses pens and ink to create Example: Dream and Dejavu
uninterrupted lines. A major variable in ink 3. Abstraction
drawings is the thickness or thinness of lines. • Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of
• BRUSH AND INK – When ink is diluted in the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as
water and applied with a brush, the result is well as for the viewer).
called a WASH. • It is the capability of the artist to use their
ENCAUSTIC imagination to look beyond what we can
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

physically see and translate intangible 8. Futurism - an art movement that

emotions onto the canvas. originated in Italy in the early 20th century.
Abstraction may be in these forms: Machine and motions is the main subject of
A. Distortion (Art pieces of this technique which try to show movement
Henrietta Harris) and speed. Rejected the traditional
• Distortion is the alteration perspectives and attempted to glorify a new
of the original shape (or other life.
characteristic) something. Example: The City Rises by Umberto Boccioni
• In the art world, a (1910)
distortion is any change made by an artist to 9. Minimalism - the form is reduced to
the size, shape or visual character of a form outmost simplicity geometrical shape which
to express an idea, convey a feeling or emphasizes space.
enhance visual impact Example: The reconstruction of German
B. Elongation (High Aspirations by Ernie Barnes) Pavillion in Barcelona, Spain
• Elongation is when the art 10. Fauvism - the painter try to paint picture
subject is lengthened, protracted or by using bright and extreme colors in order
extended. to assume positive characters.
Example: The portrait of Madame Matisse
C. Mangling (The Weeping Woman by Pablo (The green line) by Henry Matisse in
Picasso) 1905
• Artists show the subject as 11. Dadaism - a post-World War I cultural
cut, lacerated, mutilated or movement in visual art as well as literature
hacked with repeated blows. (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design.
It shows a movement that shock and
D. Cubism (Factory, Horta de Ebbo’ by Pablo provokes the viewers.
Picasso) Example: Hitler in Hell by George Grosz
• Cubism is the presentation of 12.Constructivism - derived from the word
abstract figures through the use of a “construction.” Construction of abstract
cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, pictures such as metal and wire.
square, cube and circle in place of Example: Model of the Monument to the
real pictorial elements. Third International by Tatlin Tower.

4. Expressionism - tries to express subjective SCULPTURE

feelings and emotions of the artists. It is how Etymology
the artist feels about the subject. The term of " sculpture" comes from
Example: The Scream by Edvard Munch in Latin word " sculpere" which means to cut or
1892 remove pieces with a stone.
5. Impressionism - the artist depicts what Definition
stimulates the eye. What we see is important – It is three-dimensional artwork created by
in an impressionist. When they create an art shaping or combining hard and/or plastic
they are more concerned with the effects of material, sound, and/or text and or light,
lights that would get the attention of the commonly stone (either rock or marble),
audience. metal, glass, or wood.
Example: Soleil Levant (Impression, sunrise) – Aesthetic art of modeling shaping single
by Claude Monet in 1872 block or mash materials into a 3 dimensional
6. Symbolism - the visible sign of something form out of rock, wood, and metal.
invisible such as ideas or quality. Something Example: Statue of David and U.P Oblation
that you can create in the mind such as ideas
that can be depicted through painting.
Example: La mort du fossoyeur ("The death
of the gravedigger") by Carlos Schwabe
7. Pointillism - a style of painting in which
the artists use small distinct dots of color
forming a figure and it has an item of
“luminosity” and create the impression of a History
wide selection of other colors and blending. • The sculpture prowess of the Philippines
Example: La Parade de Cirqu by Seurat occurred during Spanish regime.
(1889) • The sculpture started when people begun to
worship statues “anino.”
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

• People began to do something on clays, • Statues identified as kouros otherwise

loams then it evolves through technology. known a male standing sculpture.
• It is often use to form religious item like • Sculptures designed as ornaments for
catholic saints. specific positions.
• It is known to be the oldest art form.
• It varied and is illustrative of how sculpture Roman Sculpture
has changed extensively over the ages. The • Given the Etruscan descendant
art of sculpture continues as a vital art of naturalism, Roman portraiture
form worldwide. set an early standard of excellence
• From pre-historic and ancient civilizations that became the model for the
to the contemporary, from the utilitarian and whole Western tradition.
religious to modernist abstraction, and • It falls into two classes: portraits and
conceptual manifestations of both form and historical relief.
content, a continuous stream of creativity & • Both reflect the highly developed Roman
an extremely modest show of compassion. taste of realism.
• Sculpture has been central in religious Baroque Sculpture (Ecstasy of St. Therese)
devotion in many cultures, and until recent • A restless, dynamic style with
centuries large sculptures, too expensive for its diagonals and floating curved
private individuals to create, were usually an lines, and it’s sensuous textural
expression of religion or politics. effects.
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the
Historical Background of Sculpture Baroque artist par excellence.
Pre-Historic Sculpture • His known sculpture is the “Ecstasy of St.
• The primitive people produced the so Therese.”
called fertility statues. It has been Byzantine Sculpture
described as giving emphasis on the • Sculptured relief during the
female sexual attributes. It emphasizes Byzantine was used to adorn
the women’s wide hips and opulent magnificent palaces and churches.
breasts. • It is the richest expression of
• Primitive men made this for fear of Christian doctrine.
extinction and it will remind them to go Renaissance Sculpture (Pieta)
on and on to produce more offspring. • It showed some traces of classical
Egyptian Sculpture influence in the pulpits of the
• The sphinx is the most Cathedrals of Pisa and Sienna.
popular piece in Egypt. • The great master of this
• It is a huge sculpture period is Michaelangelo.
which is described as the • His masterpiece was the
human head with a body of “Pieta” today a treasure of St. Peter’s in
a croaching lion. Rome.
• The head of the Sphinx is symbolic of the
pharaoh, the mighty reler of Egypt, and Materials in Sculpture
the body of the croaching lion is 1. Plastic
symbolic of the mighty country Egypt. 2. Aluminum
• Therefore it symbolizes the mighty 3. Bronze
strengths and protective power of Egypt. 4. Rock
Greek Sculpture 5. Wood
• the Golden Age of Athens was the 6. Metal
complete fulfillment of the term Elements of Sculpture
classic for it was the culmination of 1. Form
the ideals of the time and of the 2. Color
ancient world as well. It falls into four 3. Line
classes: 4. Volume
• Sculptures created without 5. Perspective
regard to their ultimate location or method 6. Texture
of display. Free standing. 7. Style
• Free standing sculpture ,that is surrounded
on all sides by space, except the base. Types of Sculpture
• Statues identified as kore otherwise known Some common forms of sculpture are:
as female standing sculpture.
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

1. Free-standing sculpture, sculpture that cast sculpture, where a material, such as

is surrounded on all sides by space, bronze, begins as a clay form that is cast
except the base. It is also known as in a mould to produce a given shape;
sculpture "in the round", and is meant to there is also carved sculpture, such as
be viewed from any angle. wood or stone.
2. Sound sculpture - Sound sculpture • Two distinct methods have emerged; an
(related to sound art and sound additive process, where material is
installation) is an intermedia and time added again and again to build up the
based art form in which sculpture or any form, for example with clay, and the
kind of art object produces sound, or the subtractive process, where the artist
reverse (in the sense that sound is removes or subtracts materials to create
manipulated in such a way as to create a the form, as in marble or stone carving.
sculptural as opposed to temporal form • Sculpture may be free standing
or mass). (sometimes referred to as sculpture in
3. Light sculpture - is an intermedia and the round even if it is a square shape),
time based art form in which sculpture often on a pedestal or base where you
or any kind of art object produces light, can walk around it, or relief, where
or the reverse (in the sense that light is raised forms project from a background
manipulated in such a way as to create a or surface.
sculptural as opposed to temporal form • There is low relief, where the figure
or mass). emerges at a level closer to the surface;
4. Jewelry – objects of personal adornment and high relief, where the figure may
made of precious metals, gems, or almost be completely detached from the
imitation materials. surface or ground.
5. Relief - the sculpture is still attached to a • Types of representation and composition
background; types are bas-relief, alto- in relief are defined by their need for the
relievo, and sunken-relief. ground plane on which the forms are
6. Site-specific art - is artwork created to superimposed or from which they
exist in a certain place. emerge.
7. Kinetic sculpture - involves aspects of • Relief can be carved in wood or stone;
physical motion. molded in clay or wax; cast in metal,
8. Statue - representation list sculpture plaster or resin.
depicting a specific entity, usually a Music
person, event, animal or object Etymology
1. Bust - representation of a person The word music comes from the Greek
from the chest up “mousikê” (tekhnê) by way of the Latin musica. It
2. Equestrian statue - typically is ultimately derived from “mousa,” the Greek
showing a significant person on word for muse.
horseback Definition
9. Stacked art - a form of sculpture formed – Consist of sounds and silences in such a
by assembling objects and 'stacking' manner as to convey emotions and feelings
them. of the composer.
10. Architectural sculpture - Architectural – Combination of melodious tones, and sounds
sculpture is the term for the use of of varying pitch to produce harmony.
sculpture by an architect and/or sculptor Function of Music
in the design of a building, bridge, 1. Religious and ceremonial purpose
mausoleum or other such project. 2. Release the tensions and emotion
Function 3. To listen to music intelligently
• Sculpture functions as an integral part of 4. Therapeutic value
many ceremonies and events. 5. For entertainment
• Often unnoticed, it gives us a visual 6. Experience reflect music
reference for our emotional experiences 7. Learning is made easy to music
throughout the passages of life. Properties of Music
• Tombstones, for example, are a form of 1. Pitch - highness and lowness of tone.
sculpture commemorating death, a 2. Duration - the length of time over which
universal event. vibration is maintained.
Processes and Techniques 3. Volume - loudness and softness of voice.
• Processes in sculpting vary, and always 4. Timber/tone color - distinctive or individual
depend on the materials used. There is quality of the sound.
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

Elements of Music 2. Brass - instruments are the loudest members

1. Rhythm - the overall movement or swing of of the orchestra. They include French horn,
music, slow or fast movements. trumpet, trombone, and tuba. Brass instruments
2. Melody - emotional motions, sometimes are long tubes of metal which the player blows
called the memory element of music. It is what into through a mouth-piece at one end.
the listener remembers. 3. Woodwinds - instruments are most commonly
3. Harmony - it is the combination of different made of wood or metal, and are played by
tones and blending of voice. blowing air across an opening at one end or
4. Dynamics - the softness and loudness of voice. through a "reed", and by covering and
It is the force of music. uncovering holes along the instrument with
5. Style - the result of restraining, temperament. fingers or levers, keys, and pads.
Singers’ way of doing his music. 4. Percussion - instruments are the rhythm
Different Mediums of Music section of the orchestra. They make sounds
I. Vocal medium – refers to human voice. when they are struck, scraped, or rattled with
Vocal classes hands or special sticks. Some percussion
a. Soprano - highest register of voice for female instruments have a definite highness or lowness,
Example: Sylvia dela Torre and Armida Siguion- a quality called pitch, and some do not have a
Reyna, (coloratura soprano) Charlotte Church definite pitch.
b. Mezzo soprano - medium register of voice for Kinds of Music
female 1. Program music - any music which is connected
Example: Betty Allen (america) and Lea Salonga on poem or story more on literature.
c. Alto - lowest register of voice for female Example: An Alpine Symphony by Richard Strauss
Example: Claire dela Fuente and Isay Alvarez 2. Folk music - tradition music of people, race,
d. Tenor - highest register of voice for male generation which is past from one generation to
Example: Luciano Pavarotti was (this century's another generation.
most famous tenor) Carreras, Pavorotti, Example: Tinikling, Singkil, Itik-Itik
Placido Domingo, and Eric Caruso 3. Art music - normally accompanied by piano.
e. Baritone - medium register of voice for male The most sophisticated of all.
Example: Nonoy Zuñiga Example: Serenade by Franz Schubert
f. Bass - lowest register of voice for male 4. Jazz music - more on trumphets, violin,
Example: Tim Riley (performed in Gold City clarinet, trombone, drums, and saxophone.
Quartet) Example: Careless Whisper and Somewhere Over
the Rainbow
Solo - singing without accompaniment 5. Classical music - depicts love
Example: Oh ilaw, hating gabe, nasan ka irog
Duet - a group of two singers or a composition of 6. Opera - combination of song, dance, acting,
two voices ballet, Broadway.
Example: Miss Saigon, Chicago, les Misérables,
Acappella - is an all-male Contemporary New York
Christian vocal group founded in 1982 by Keith
Lancaster, who has variously played the role of Composer - a person who create musical or
singer, songwriter and producer throughout the literary work
group's history. Chorus or choir - a musical Best Composers
ensemble of singers. Vennie Saturno = Be my Lady
Ogie Alcasid = Kung mawawala ka
Choir/chorus - a body of singers who perform Danny Tan = Close to where you are
together. Often applied to groups affiliated with Lito Camo = Para Sa’yo
a church. Ryan Cayabyab = Kailangan Kita
Jose Marie Chan = Christmas in our hearts
Quartet- a method of instrumentation (or a Louie Ocampo = Say that you love me
medium), used to perform a musical George Canseco = Kastilyong Buhangin
composition, and consisting of four parts. Dance
Etymology
II. Instrumental medium - with the use of The word “Dance” comes from an old
musical instruments. German word, “Danson”, which means “to
1. Strings - They consist of the violin, viola, cello, stretch.”
and double bass. They all have the same basic Definition
shape, but are very different in size. - a sport and art form that generally refers to
movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

music used as a form of expression, social on contract as the resident choreographer for a
interaction or presented in a spiritual or specific dance company. Joy Cancho, Geleen
performance setting. Eugenio, Leonides D. Arpon, Gerald Casel, and
- It is an art performed by individuals or groups Max Luna III Filipino
of human beings, existing in time and space, in DIFFERENT KINDS OF DANCES
which the human body is the instrument and 1. Folk Dance - it pertains to traditional dance
movement is the medium Example: Tinikling, Cariñosa,
- Rhythmic movement of the body to create 2. Social Dance - it is a kind of dance that we
emotions with music perform in small gatherings
- Succession or arrangement of steps performed Example: Ballroom Dance, Cha Cha, Rumba,
for purposes such as rituals or expression of Waltz, and Sway
inner thoughts 3. Modern Dance - based on the natural
History expressive movements by which means the
Dance has certainly been an important dancer expresses a wide range of emotions
part of ceremony, rituals, celebrations and Example: Solo, Group Dance, and Interpretative
entertainment since before the birth of the Dance
earliest human civilizations. Archeology delivers 4. Ethnic Dance - used to perform their rituals
traces of dance from prehistoric times such as Example: Pagdiwata of the Tagbanwa of Palawan
the 9,000 year old Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka 5. Indian Dance - highly exaggerated facial
paintings in India and Egyptian tomb paintings expression and extensive vocabulary of hand
depicting dancing figures from circa 3300 gestures
BC.Dance does not leave behind clearly Example: Kathakali, Bhangra, and Punjab
identifiable physical artifacts such as stone tools, 6.Ballet - a stage entertainment which enacts a
hunting implements or cave paintings. It is not story of expresses a dramatic idea through dance
possible to say when dance became part of or theatrical story telling. It is a combined with
human culture. music, drama, poetry, song, costumes and dance.
One of the earliest structured uses of Example: The Swan
dances may have been in the performance and in 7. Court Dance - a street dance.
the telling of myths. It was alsosometimes used Example: Panagbenga and Ati-atihan
to show feelings for one of the opposite gender. 8. Theatrical Dance - perform in order to convey
It is also linked to the origin of "love drama or play.
making." Before the production of written Example: Opera, Myme, and Classical dance
languages, dance was one of the methods of
passing these stories down from generation to Photography
generation. Etymology
Elements of Dance The word "photography" comes from the
1. Choreography - creation of steps with music Greek (phos) "light" + (graphis) "stylus",
and movement with a rhythm of music "paintbrush" or (graphê) "representation by
2. Costumes- the style of dress that a dancer means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning
wears. It depends upon the color "drawing with light." Traditionally, the products
3. Dancer - a person who perform synchronize of photography have been called negatives and
movement. usually employed on contract or for photographs, commonly shortened to photos.
particular performances/productions such as Definition
Anna Pavlova Patrick Swayze Rudolf Nureyev. - It is the art or process of producing images
4. Decoration - it pertains to props, design and through the use of a light sensitive chemical
accessories. or film.
5. Movement - the action of the dancer as they - A photography is an actual likeness, that
move to create various and to communicate with production of which may not actually involve
audience. artists creativity. One only has to press a
6. Music - the mood and the plan based on the button on a camera to produce this actual
music likeness.
7. Technique - control of the muscles over the
body History
8. Theme - it is actually the main content of the 1. Early Concepts
dance. It tells us what the dance is trying to - Chinese philosopher Mo Ti described a
convey pinhole camera as early as the 5th century B.C.E.
9. Choreographer - Choreographers are generally 2. Development of Chemical Photography
university trained and are typically employed for
particular projects or, more rarely may work
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

- Nicéphore Niépce, a French inventor, which the photographer is paid for images rather
produced the first permanent photograph in than works of art.
1825. Advertising photography: photographs made to
- Due to the long exposure time required for his illustrate and usually sell a service or product.
photographs, Niépce collaborated with Louis Fashion and glamour photography: This type of
Daguerre to improve the process. photography usually incorporates models.
- They built on Johann Heinrich Schultz's 1724 Crime Scene Photography: This type of
discovery that a mixture of silver and chalk photography consists of photographing scenes of
darkens when exposed to light. crime such as robberies and murders.
3. Daguerreotype and Public Release Still life photography: it depicts inanimate
- Daguerre created the Daguerreotype process, subject matter, typically commonplace objects
and in 1839, France granted him a pension in which may be either natural or man-made.
exchange for sharing the discovery publicly as a Food photography: it can be used for editorial,
"gift of France." packaging or advertising use.
4. Other Early Innovations Editorial photography: photographs made to
- Hercules Florence independently created a illustrate a story or idea within the context of a
similar process in 1832, calling it "Photographie." magazine.
- William Fox Talbot developed another process Photojournalism: this can be considered a
to fix silver images. After learning about subset of editorial photography. Photographs
Daguerre’s work, Talbot refined his process, and made in this context are accepted as a
by 1840, he invented the calotype, which documentation of a news story.
produced negative images. Portrait and wedding photography: photographs
- John Herschel contributed significantly to made and sold directly to the end user of the
photography, inventing the cyanotype process images.
("blueprint") and coining terms like Landscape photography: photographs of
"photography," "negative," and "positive." different locations.
- Herschel also discovered that sodium Wildlife photography: it demonstrates life of the
thiosulphate could fix images and make them animals.
permanent. Photo sharing: publishing or transfer of a user's
5. Wet Plate Collodion Process digital photos online.
- In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer published his Steps in Photography
work on the wet plate collodion process, which Choosing the subject- requires the wise
became the dominant photographic process until judgment and artistic sense of the photographer.
the 1880s. Mechanical one- a light sensitized film contained
- Three subsets of the collodion process in a darken box is exposed to the light from the
include: object being photographed.
- Ambrotype: Positive image on glass. Chemical one- after the film has been exposed, it
- Ferrotype (Tintype): Positive image on metal. is treated with a series of chemical solutions to
- Negative: Printed on Albumen or Salt paper. develop the film and produce a permanent
6. Advances in Photographic Technology negative. A photographic paint is produced from
- Throughout the 19th century, innovations in the negative.
photographic glass plates and printing Award Giving Body
techniques emerged. Camera club of the Philippines
- In 1884, George Eastman developed film to Best Photographers for 2007
replace photographic plates, leading to the - Federico M. Ortiz-,Master Photographer
technology used in modern film cameras. - Philip Clayton S. Yu - 2nd Place
7. Nobel Prize for Photography - Raphael L. Santos - 3rd Place
- In 1908, Gabriel Lippmann won the Nobel - Gerardo M. Sabado - 4th Place
Prize in Physics for his method of reproducing - Francisco G. Balagtas - 5th Place
colors photographically, known as the Lippmann - Norlito S. Quimel - 6th Place
plate, which uses the phenomenon of - Rodolfo M. de Leon - 7th Place
interference to create color images. - E. Billy B. Mondonedo - 8th Place
Modes of production - Leonardo A. Riingen - 9th Place
Amateurism - An amateur photographer is one - Raoul E. Littaua - 10th Place
who practices photography as a hobby and not
for profit. CINEMA
Commerce - Commercial photography is Etymology
probably best defined as any photography for
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

Derived from the Greek word “kineo” (to stir 5. Documentary - present a fact without bias
literally or figuratively; to stir (transitively), judgment and comment. Movies that are about
literally or figuratively) real people and real events.
Definition 6. Animated - movies use childish images like
- It is a term that embraces many types of talking pigs to tell a story. These films used to be
film or movies: cartoons, newsreels, drawn by hand, one frame at a time, but are now
commercials, industrial film, educational made on computers.
films, social documentaries, and even 7. Fantasy - a movie of daydream or illusion
home movies. 8. Thrillers/Suspense - are usually about a
- It is an act of presentation in lights made mystery, strange event, or crime that needs to
picture possible to appear in a two be solved.
dimensional surface 9. Romance - are usually love stories about 2
- It is combination of frames and lights people from different worlds, who must
- It is a way of expressing ideas, attitudes, overcome obstacles to be together.
feelings, dreams, and fantasies to an 10. Buddy - movies involve 2 heroes, one must
audience through series of lights and save the other, both must overcome obstacles.
images.
AWARD GIVING BODIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
History - These are institutions, academies and
It was the time of Shakespeare when fellowships that are handing out awards,
drama became modern of play. The play came citations and recognitions to outstanding film
from Shakespeare story. It was Thomas Edison achievements for a certain calendar year.
who made cinema possible through his invention
called optic lights which gives rise to motion FAMAS - Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and
pictures. We cannot imagine life without cinema Sciences
because through this we appreciate the past. FAP - Film Academy of the Philippines
Elements of Cinema MMFF - Metro Manila Film Festival
1. Music - a movie is being remembered by its Gawad Urian- Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino
music and it is usually came out during the Star Awards for Movies (Philippine Movie Press
climax of the story Club)
2. Characters - those who act to portray the role Catholic Mass Media Awards (Archdiocese of
of the story that is being presented Manila)
3. Directors - the one who do and undo the film; Gawad Pasado (Film Desk Critics' Circle)
regarded as the captain of the ship Golden Screen Awards (Entertainment Press
4. Script - the subject of the film. It is the story Society)
itself UP Young Critics Circle Awards
5. Cinematography - anything you see in the Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival
screen it is the picture in motion that you see in
the cinema. ACADEMY OF MOTION PICTURE ARTS AND
6. Camera shots - gives the definite point of SCIENCES (AMPAS)
view, the focus, the angles, and the movement Oscars Awards
7. Value - to make a man a better person, Grammy Awards
cultured, and refined Nickelodeons Kids Choice Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Different Kinds of Film Emmy Awards
1. Action - a movie with a lot of exciting effects
like car chases and gun fights, involving
stuntmen.
2. Comedy - are funny movies about people
being silly or doing unusual things that make the
audience laugh.
3. Horror - films use fear to excite the audience.
Music, lighting and sets (man-made places in film
studios where the film is made) are all designed
to add to the feeling.
4. Drama - are serious and often about people
falling in love or people who have to make a big
decision in their life. They tell stories about
relationships between people.
Dianna Rose H. Luistro BSED - ENGLISH 2101

Soul Making, Art Fusion, and Transcreation and combines it with new ones, thus completely
transforming the original
SOUL MAKING - In the language that refers to all
TWO TYPES OF APPROPRIATION
activities concerning individual expression
through the arts, is the deeper process known as Traditional Appropriation - Involves artists using
“soul- making.” The “soul” here refers to the elements from existing artworks, styles, or
individual’s psyche. cultural symbols in physical forms, such as
painting, sculpture, or collage.
Art Fusion - Art fusion is a product of industry
and commercialism. It occurs when an artist of DIGITAL APPROPRIATION - Involves the use of
any art form collaborates with a brand/company digital tools to remix, alter, or incorporate
(a product, service, fashion, charity) to create a existing images, videos, and sounds in new
product that will benefit the artist, the company creations.
and society as a whole.
TRANSCREATION Lesson 3:
- Transcreation is a type of translation that also Improvisation in Various Art Forms
includes creation, or recreation. It means going a Improvisation is creating or performing
step further than simply adapting the text. something spontaneously or without
preparation, or making something functional
Hybrid art forms and Appropriation from whatever is available. The skill to improvise
can apply to many different areas, across all
Hybrid Art Forms artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic
• In the contemporary arts explore the and non- academic disciplines.
various media and techniques for
innovation and experimentation in art Photorealism - Photorealism is a term that was
creation. It may involve cross-breeding invented to refer to artist whose works
the art-making process with other depended for the most part on photographs.
disciplines like with the natural and Installation Art - Installation art is a modern
physical sciences, industrial and etc. movement characterized by immersive, larger-
• According to Levinson (1984) Hybrid art than-life works of art. Usually, installation artists
forms are not purely structural; they are create these pieces for specific locations,
primarily historical. enabling them to expertly transform any space
THREE IMPORTANT CATEGORIES OF HYBRID into a customized, interactive environment.
ART FORMS
1. Juxtaposition (or addition) Immersive - This unique characteristic entices
– simply joining two or more different products the viewers’ senses and invites them to
to present a larger, more complicated one; experience the art from new and different
2. Synthesis (or fusion) perspectives.
– all components modify each other so that each Large Scale - Most works are massive or large in
one loses some of its original identity; scale
3. Transformation (or alteration)
– one art is transformed is the direction of Site-Specific - Before artists create their massive
another; an unequal mixture of components so installations, they usually plan it with certain
that the resulting hybrid maintains the identity of sites already in mind. These areas may be rooms
the dominant art form. in galleries, museums or outdoor spaces.

Applied Arts - Applied Arts refers to the

Two overall effects that Hybrid works of art
application of artistic designs and decorations to
achieve:
everyday utilitarian objects to make them
1. Integrative: the image of richness and
aesthetically pleasing.
complexity; parts cooperate towards common
end. Industrial design - Is a process of design applied
2. Disintegrative: rampant lack of coordination; to products that are to be manufactured through
cognitive overload. techniques of mass production

Appropriation Fashion - It is defined as popular way of dressing

at a particular time and place, and among a
- Appropriation is borrowing. It is the practice of
particular group of people.
creating a new work by taking a preexisting
image or material from another source like book Furniture Design - A specialized field where
function and aesthetics are brought together.