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Electrochemistry

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31 views3 pages

Electrochemistry

Uploaded by

varnikaramesh2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMISTRY PROJECT

TOPIC: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
BATTERIES
NAME: VARNIKA RAMESHKUMAR
CLASS: XII B
ELECTROCHEMISTRY – CELLS AND BATTERIES
A battery is a collection of electrochemical cells used as a power source. An oxidation-
reduction reaction forms the basis of an electrochemical cell. In general, every battery is a
galvanic cell that generates chemical energy through redox reactions between two
electrodes. Batteries are globally used in several electronic devices as a source of power.

Different Types of Battery


There are primarily two types of batteries or functional cells used commercially.
• Primary Batteries or Cells
• Secondary Batteries or Cells

Primary Batteries or Cells


They are known by the name of non-rechargeable batteries. These are the batteries that are
only useful when used once. These batteries are not rechargeable or reusable. Alkaline
batteries and coin cell batteries are typical examples of primary batteries. Typically, watches,
clocks, torches, and other inexpensive electronic gadgets use these types of batteries. These
batteries only allow one direction for redox reactions.

Dry Cell
The dry cell, a type of household battery commonly used to power clocks, TV remotes, and
other gadgets, is an example of a primary battery. In these cells, a carbon rod serves as the
cathode and a zinc container serves as the anode. The cathode is surrounded by a powdered
manganese dioxide and carbon combination. A moist paste made of ammonium chloride
and zinc chloride is used to fill the area between the container and the rod.
These cells undergo the following redox reaction:
At anode:
Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–
At cathode:
MnO2 + NH4+ + e– → MnO(OH) + NH3
In the area between the cathode and the anode, there is a mixture of MnO2 and a viscous
paste of charcoal, zinc chloride, and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The porous paper’s lining
keeps the paste and zinc container from contacting each other directly. It serves as a bridge
for salt. Pitch or wax is used to seal the cell from the top.

Mercury Cell
The mercury cell is a new type of cell that is used in small electrical circuits such as those
hearing aids, watches, and cameras. A zinc anode and a mercury (II) oxide cathode make up
this component. The electrolyte is a KOH and ZnO paste.
The overall cell equation is as follows:
Zn + HgO (s) → ZnO (s) + Hg(l)
It has the benefit that its potential stays constant during its existence. The mercury cell has a
voltage of about 1.35 V.

Secondary Batteries or Cells


These batteries are also called Rechargeable batteries. These batteries are long-lasting,
reusable, and excellent for a variety of uses. They are a little more expensive than primary
batteries, but when used carefully, safely, and with caution, they last the users longer. Lead-
acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries are a few common examples of secondary batteries.
The primary applications for these batteries are robots, solar lighting, luxury toys, etc.

Lead Storage Battery


A lead storage battery used in cars and inverters can only be recharged a select number
of times. A lead anode and a lead grid filled with lead dioxide make up the cathode of a lead
storage battery. As an electrolyte, a 38% concentration of sulfuric acid is utilized.
These batteries can be recharged by transferring the charge in the other direction and
reversing the process, which turns PbSO4 back into Pb and PbO2.
Overall reaction can be written as:
Pb(s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) →2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
It functions as a voltaic cell and generates electricity when used to start the car’s engine. It
functions as an electrolytic cell while being recharged.

Nickel Cadmium Storage Cell


Another rechargeable cell is the nickel-cadmium storage cell. Although it costs more than
lead storage batteries, it lasts longer than lead storage cells. However, because it is lighter
and smaller, there are certain benefits. Appliances that are portable and cordless can use it.
• It has a cadmium anode and a metal grid acting as a cathode that contains NiO 2.
• The electrolyte used in this cell is KOH.
The overall cell equation is as follows:
Cd (s) + 2Ni(OH3) (s) → CdO (s) + 2Ni(OH)2 (s) + H2O (l)
The reaction byproducts typically attach to the electrodes and can be changed back into
something else by charging the cell. Similar to how a lead storage battery is charged.

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