Measurement and Control

(ME36003)

 Force measurement
 Torque measurement
 Power measurement
 Velocity measurement
 Force Measurement
Force/Stress measurement is important in many engineering applications
such as:

• Weighing of an object

• Dynamics of vehicles

• Control applications such as deployment of air bag in a vehicle

• Study of behavior of materials under different types of loads

• Vibration studies

• Seismology or monitoring of earthquakes

 Torque Measurement
Torque measurement is important in many engineering applications such
as:

• Measurement of brake power of an engine

• Measurement of torque produced by an electric motor

• Studies on a structural member under torsion

Power Measurement
Power measurement is important in many engineering applications such
as:

• Measurement of brake horse power of an engine

• Measurement of power produced by an electric generator

 Force Measurement
Force may be measured by mechanical balancing using simple elements
such as the lever
• A platform balance is an example of course mass is the measured quantity since
acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to gravity.

Simplest method is to use a transducer that transforms force to

displacement:
• Example: Spring Element

• Spring element may be an actual spring or an elastic member that undergoes

a strain.

• Strain is measured using a strain gauge that was discussed during our
discussion on pressure measurement.
Force measurement by converting it to hydraulic pressure in
a piston cylinder device

• The pressure itself is measured using a pressure transducer

Force measurement using a piezoelectric transducer.

 Force Measurement
Spring Balance
Extension of spring from its initial position when Force/Weight is applied

FK x
Where:
F is Force, K is Spring Constant
and x is displacement.

Es Dw4
K
8 Dm3 N
Where:
K is spring constant, Dm is mean coil diameter
Dw is wire diameter, Es is Shear Modulus
N is No. of coils/turns
 Force Measurement
Structural Member
Structural member used as a spring Balance

FK y
Where:
F is Force, K is Spring Constant
and y is elongation.

K
AE F
L
Where:
A is Area of cross section,
E is Young's Modulus,
L is Length of Rod,
 Force Measurement
Cantilever Beam

FK 

Where:
F is Force, K is Spring Constant
and  is deflection.

3EI
K
L3
Where:
I is Moment of Inertia,
E is Young's Modulus,
L is Length of Beam,
 Force Measurement
Ring under Compression or Tension

FK x

Where:
F is Force, K is Spring Constant
and x is deflection.
16 EI
K
  4  D3
  
2 
Where:
I is Moment of Inertia,
E is Young's Modulus,
D is Diameter of Ring,
Force creates a Displacement

Therefore:
Force is Informed quantity
and Displacement is Measured quantity
 Example 01
A cantilever beam made of spring steel (E = 200 GPa) is 25 mm long has a
width of 2 mm and thickness of 0.8 mm. Determine spring constant.
What is the force if the deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam under
a force acting there is 3 mm.
 Example 01
A cantilever beam made of spring steel (E = 200 GPa) is 25 mm long has a
width of 2 mm and thickness of 0.8 mm. Determine spring constant.
What is the force if the deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam under
a force acting there is 3 mm.
3EI
FK  K 3
L
Given data: E = 200 109 Pa, L = 25 mm = 0.025 m,
b = 2 mm = 0.002 m, h = 0.8 mm = 0.0008 m,  = 3 mm = 0.003 m,
bh3
I is Moment of Inertia = ,
12
0.002  .00083
I= = 8.5333 1014 m 4
12
3EI 3  200 109  8.533 1014
K 3 = 3
= 3277 N/m
L 0.025
F  K   3277  0.003  9.83 N
 Piezoelectric transducer/ Load cell
• Certain materials that generate electric potential or voltage when mechanical strain is
applied to them or conversely when the voltage is applied to them, they tend to change the
dimensions along certain plane. This effect is called as the piezoelectric effect.

• Some of the materials that exhibit piezoelectric effect are quartz, Rochelle salt,
polarized barium titanate, ammonium dihydrogen, ordinary sugar etc.

• The voltage output obtained from these materials due to piezoelectric effect is
proportional to the applied stress or force.

• The piezoelectric transducers work

on the principle of piezoelectric
effect. When mechanical stress or
forces are applied to some materials
along certain planes, they produce
electric voltage.
Hydraulic Load cell
 Force Measurement
Force may be measured by mechanical balancing using simple elements such as
the lever

• A platform balance is an example of course mass is the measured quantity since

acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to gravity.
 Platform balance
1) T  b  ws  a
f e
2) T  c  w2  h  w1 
d
e h f
or T   w2   w1   b
c e d
h f
where  Tension
e d
T
e h
or T    w1  w2 
c e
h
or T   w
c
w h
3) T  s  a   w
b c
a c
w  ws 
b h
 Power Measurement
Rope Brake Dynamometer

 DN (W  S )
Brake Power (BP) 
60

• Cheap
• Can be constructed quickly
• Friction coefficient varies with
temperature
• Needs cooling
 Power Measurement
Prony Brake Dynamometer

2 NT 2 N (W  l ) • Simplest
Brake Power (BP)  
60 60
• Large heat generation
Torque Measurement
 Velocity Measurement
Hot Wire Anemometer
The Hot Wire Anemometer is a device used for measuring the
velocity and direction of the fluid. This can be done by measuring the
heat loss of the wire which is placed in the fluid stream. The wire is
heated by electrical current.
The hot wire when placed in the stream of the fluid, in that case, the
heat is transferred from wire to fluid, and hence the temperature of
wire reduces. The resistance of wire measures the flow rate of the
fluid.
Power Dissipated by wire  I 2 R
Power removed by convction from the surface   DL(Tw  To )h

By Kings (Imperical Relation): h  A  B v Where: I is Current

R is resistsnce
h is heat transfer coefficient
I 2 R   DL(Tw  To )( A  B v )
v is velocity
 Constant Current Method

In the constant current method, the anemometer is placed in the

stream of the fluid whose flow rate needs to be measured. The current
of constant magnitude is passed through the wire. The Wheatstone
bridge is also kept on the constant voltage.

When the wire is kept in the stream

of fluid, in that case, the heat is
transferred from the wire to the
fluid. The heat is directly
proportional to the resistance of the
wire. If heat reduces, that means
the resistance of wire also reduces.
The Wheatstone bridge measures
the variation in resistance which is
equal to the flow rate of the liquid.
 Constant Temperature Method
In this arrangement, the wire is heated by the electric current. The
hot wire when placed in the fluid stream, the heat transfer from
wire to the fluid. Thus, the temperature of the wire changes which
also changes their resistance. It works on the principle that the
temperature of the wire remains constant. The total current requires
to bring the wire in the initial condition is equal to the flow rate of
the gas.
Thank you