WACHEMO UNIVERESITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF PADM

THE IMPACT OF ORANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION (IN A CASE OF GOVREMENTAL ORGANIZATION
IN HOSSANA TOWN

A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO PUBLIC ADMINSTRTION AND

DEVLOPMENT MANAGMENT DEPARTMENT IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHLER ART OF
DEGREEIN PADM

BY: BEZAWIT ALEMU

ID: 1308082
ADVISOR: Mr.LAPISO.E

JUNE 2024
HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
 Acknowledgment

First and for most I would to thank the almighty God the source of every knowledge and wisdom
for He has given me peace of mind and help in me to accomplish my study beginning to the end.

Next to God, I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Mr
Lapiso. E for his genuine advice, critical comment, excellent guidance and continuous
encouragements through my study. His suggestion and comments were of great value in
conducting this study.

Thirdly I would like to thank my families for their great deal of financial and moral support in all
aspects of my study. And finally, I would like to thank my friend’s specially classmate for their
morale support.

I
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is the impact of organizational structure on effective communication (in
case of governmental organization in Hossana town.

The researcher adopted descriptive survey design. The researcher used both the primary and
secondary sources of Data in the course of the study. The primary data was sourced through the
instrument of questionnaire and interview while secondary data was sourced through texts books
magazines, journals and internet. The population of the study is sixty eight on effective
communications. The researcher recommended among others that organizations should have
well-structured organization order to achieve the set up objectives.

II
TABEL OF CONTENT page

Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………………………………I

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…II

Table of content…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..III

List of table…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….………V

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Background of the study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Statement of the problem ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Objective of the study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.3.1 General objective ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.3.2 Specific objective ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.4 Basic research question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.5 Significant of the study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.6 Scope of the study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.7 Limitation of the study--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.8 Organization of the study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

2.1 Definition of communication -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.2 Roll of communication in organization -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.3 Important of communication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2.4 The communication process --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2.4.1 Element of communication process -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2.5 Barriers of communication-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.6 Function of communication -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.7 Methods of communication --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.7.1 Verbal communication -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.7.2 Non-verbal communication--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.7.3 Channel of communication network ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.7.4 Formal communication channel ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
2.7.5 Informal communication channel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.7.6 Conceptual frame work --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.7.7 III
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 13

2.8 Research design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

2.9 Data type and source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.10 Data collection techniques ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.11 Sampling technique and sample size --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.12 Data analysis technique ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

IV
 LIST OF TABLE PAGE
Table 4.1 Time schedule for the study……………………………………………16

Table 5.1 Budget break down………………………………………………….. ….17

Reference …………………………………………………………………………..18

V
 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Backgrounder of the study

Communication is the art of that determining the survival and growth of individual organization
institution and countries at large. Communication is the process of sharing thought ideas and feeling with
each other in commonly understandable way the art of the communication which compasses all living
beings and provides animal words as well as old as mankind thousands years ago people use
communicate orally it has involves over the years even before they evolved fully in their present form
sounds grunts action signs gesture gesticulation to the spoken and word. Then after that the world reading
writing and modern sophisticated method of communication was started now a days the survival
performance and success predominantly depends on the type of communication it uses more effective
communication beside other rescores and factors determines the service provision or production despite
the rare vireos factors that determined effective communication organizational structure ore se affections
that effectiveness in an organization (madhukar 2001)

An organization is group of people working together to achieve common goal and communication is vital
part in that process organizational success in dynamic global market place so communication is life blood
of organization. No organization can develop in the absence of effective communication system.
Whatever site of the organization is big or small communication is essential to fulfill the organization
need and want according to bovee and till (200) effective communication occurs when individual achieve
a shared understanding situation other to take action and encourage thinking in a new way. Kiith Davis
(2003).

Communication is the process of passing the information and understanding from one person to another.
It essential a bridge of meaning between the people by using the bridge a person can safely across their
reverse of misunderstanding.

According to William Scott (2001).In this book organization theory communication is process which
involves the transmission and accomplish organizational goal. Communication is the vital part of very
organization as it is for individual we use oral and written communication to share knowledge message
with other at workplace and home communication is too important for organization because it is the
foundation of our personal group and structural as well as professionals relationship effective
communication skill are tools for archiving our goals an getting the result we want because both
employees and the organization benefit from effective communication any problem in the communication
part leads to fatal problems to the organization ad in certain circumstance even beyond ineffective
communication leads to repeated absents lack of focus on organization objective employee turnover
careless and decrease organizational competiveness such ineffective communication has something to do
with organizational structure logically organizational structure is the frame work that facilitate
communication and efficient work processes an ineffective communication emerging from organizational
structure has multidimensional repercussions .

1
Lack of effective communication result in multifaceted problem low productivity, unequal workload,
unclear chain of command, lack of team spirit slow decision making and poor innovation are signal of
poor communication to mention, such poor communication may source from organization structure.

Their for the above mentioned points the researcher to undertake this study in this study the researcher
would assess the impact of organization structure on effective communication flow in daily activity of
organization.

1.2 Statement the problem

Lack of effective communication and inability to identify reasons for infective communication temps
survival and growth of business organizational similarly ineffective communication in government or
other nonprofit organizations hampers efficiency and effectiveness in the service provision and objective
realization "information is might" is the adage and the mantra that prevalent indifferent literature since
the beginning of 21st century.

Information determines the survival and growth of business organizations and it is also the main platform
to offer public service efficiently and effectively in the absence of information, data cannot be translated
into knowledge and finally into episode which fundamentally deter mains the competitiveness and
transformation of organization however the main issues in the success of transformation from data to
knowledge and finally to wisdom dependence on the type of communication among parties
communication among parties indicates the exchange of ideas that service the mission and the vision of
the organization it is the bond between or among employers groups work units dependents and top
exclusive either formally or informally success of organization predominantly detrained by the
effectiveness of internal as well as external communication.

Every organizational works under the mercy of communication because the performance of ay
organizational depends on how its part are communicating the communication among deferent activities
in the organization enables to get and inter prêt information flowing within the organization or to get
vivid information from the outside. In the absences of effective communication other recourses cannot
make meaning and cannot bring change to the organization. Ineffective in the communication may result
in calamity that cannot easily amend once if occurs therefore, effective and may be the primary reason for
competitiveness locally as well globally.

Any break in the communication or ill communication leads to calamity that jeopardizes the survival or
the growth of the organization or hampers the service provision to the general public, as it determines the
survival and growth of the organization for the business sector. It also affects the service provision.
Efficiency and effectives of the public or governmental organization in more contemporary team it is the
root case for lack of good governance is in its climax, ineffective communication takes the lion share in
aggravating the good governance problem

2
Despite on literati indicates the leveled of effective communication in private or the public sector, it is
possible to infer that Ethiopia is suffering from lack of effective communication via indicate there
indicators such as good governance and employee satisfaction. The more resent mantra on private and
government Medias is lack of governance in the country.

Equivalently, government officials ask knowledge the existence of good governance in the country. In
the same token, Hossana town in the southern Ethiopia suffers from lack of good governance. The
residence in hossana town. pronounces lack of good governance in almost every meeting. Thus,
indirectly, it is possible to deduce that governmental organization in Zone and the tone have no effective
communication.

Many studies have been conducted on factors that affect the effectiveness communication under different
setting. Communication in general and effective communication under different setting. Communications
in general and effective communication in general and effective communication in particular are affected
by different internal and external factors an organization factor such as the means of communication. The
type of communication parties involved in the communication the place of the organization and other
affect the exchange of ideas and its productivity.

Nonetheless, on study has evaluated the impact of organization structure on effective communication
among other factors determines the effectiveness of communication in the organization.

Cognizant to the factor mentioned above, lack of effective communication is the main reason for lack of
good governance. Low productivity, unequal workload, unclear chain of command. Lack of team spirit,
slow decision making, and poor innovation in the governmental organization. One of the factored that
may affect effective communication is structure of the organization. This study, therefore investigate the
impact of organizational stretcher on effective communication with special emphases on internal
communication with a case study from governmental organization in hossana town, in centeral
Ethiopia.

1.3 Object of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The general objectivity of this study would be to investigate the impact of organizational structure on
effective communication

1.3.2 Specific objective

The specific of objective of the study would be

1. To identify the type of communication and the style communication used in governmental
organization
2. To identify barriers to effective communication in governmental organization
3. To examine organizational structure used in governmental organization
4. To assess the structure of the organization in the study area.

3
 1.4 Basic research question

The following would be basic research question of this study

1. What type of communication style is being used in governmental organization

2. What are the factors affecting effective communication in governmental organizations
3. What look like organizational structure used in governmental organization
4. What is impact of organizational structure on effective communication in governmental
organization

1.5. Significant of the study

This study would have multidimensional benefit to both academic and practitioners, the study would
provide necessary information with the help of hossana town administrator to understand there
weakens and strength on communication and organizational structure part. The study would also open
an insight on the impact of organizational structure on communication as whole and effective
communication.

1.6. Scope of the study

The study have focused only on the impact of organizational structure on effective communication
flow in same selected government organizations in hossana town in central Ethiopia. It would try to
analyses the major case of communication problem in the organization manner of communication
type of communication problems and consequence of infective communication on performance of
employee in organization.

1.7. Limitation of the study

The researcher has faced many problems during conduction this research. The most recognized and
very challenging limitations of the study are:

 Lack of enough financial support to accomplish this study effectively

 Lack of cooperation and interest of some employees in responding to questionnaires and
filling is carelessly.
 Unwillingness of the respondents to give appropriate answer to question provided.
 Lack of adequate secondary data particularly the impact of organization structure.

1.8. Organization of the study

The final paper of the study has consists of five chapters the first chapters would discuss about the
introduction of the study, background of the study, statement of the problem, significance, scope of the
study and organization of the study. The second chapter of this study would contain the review of related
literature of the study. in the third chapter methodology of the research would be develop. These sub
section under this chapter would be analyzed and interpret in the fourth chapter. The final chapter would
address about the final findings conclusion, and recommendation of the study would be made.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of communication

In different time different writers different the word "communication" in different ways, the word
communication is singular from is different from plural, communication when we attempt to define
communication, over the year, has seen numerous dimensions. Redfield says communication is the
process of exchange of facts, ideas, and opinions a means that individuals or organization use for sharing
and understanding with one another, In other word, it is transmission and interaction of fact, idea, opinion
or emotion and feeling or attitude, communication is exchange of information, through and emotion
between individual and groups, in other word communication plays a fundamental role in balancing
individual and organizational objective (Boyaci, 1996 p3-5). Communication is process of conveying
information from a sender to a receiver with the use of media in which the communicated information is
understood the same way by both sender and receiver (ShumbanSharma 2004).

Communication is also an interdisciplinary subject. It encompasses literature, psychology.

Sociology, ecology, linguistic system analysis, audition, accounting, and statistics.

Communication enables us to do important this: to grow, to learn, to be aware of ourselves and to adjust
to our environment. The word communication is complex, expansive and an evolving word. It assumes a
very dynamic character as the methods. Channels instruments and approaches relating to the process of
communication respond to new situation and challenge. The spectrum of communication assumes a
pervasive quality in the contemporary world and defies description as it constantly reaches out and
assumes new meaning communication is to be understood in terms of what is does more than discipline, it
is the way of life. Business communication R.K Medhukare, (2004:p18-20).

Communication is an exchange of facts, idea, opinion or emotion, by two or more people.

Communication is intercourse by word. Letters, symbols, or messages and as way that one organization
members share meaning understanding with another (New man and sinner 200). Communication is
sending and receiving of messages by mean of symbols and in that context organizational communication
is key element of organizational climate (Drenth etal 1998). Communication is transfer of information
from sender to receiver under the condition that the receiver understands the message (Weihrich and
koontz, 1993).

2.2 Role of communication in organization

Communication plays a very important role in an organization. In fact, it is said to be the life wire of the
organization. Nothing in the universe, human or otherwise that does not communicates, through the
means of communication may be different. Communication is very crucial an unavoidable since we have
intentions which we want to pass across to another person, group or even to the outside world.
Communication in an organization is a vital. Departments communicate from time to time in respect to
daily activities and the organizations relationship with the external world. However, what is being
communication may be will understood and the feedback or misunderstood or insufficient and thus
communication breakdown in fact communication within organization, could be grapevine or rum ours.
In all, communication in organization is very complex and it needs to be correctly handled and monitored
to avoid chaos, crisis or conflict.
 5

The basic function and role of the management could not to be performed without communication.
Planning, organizing, coordinating, budgeting, monitoring, controlling, staffing, delegation, and including
marking, production, financing, human resource management, research and development, purchasing,
selling, could not be well coordinated and goal achieved without communication (http:Elian
Articles.com).

2.3 Importance of communication

Communication is important for the following reasons:-

A. Sid to managerial performance: managers transmit the objectives of the organization to

subordinates through the communication major problems may solve without difficulty and thus
communication acts as a tool of management.
B. Achieving coordination: in large organization employees works the base of specialization and
division of works. So, there is a need of coordination. This coordination achieved through
communication.
C. Help in decision making: good communication system provides all necessary information, which
enables managers to take quality decisions in the proper time.
D. Smooth organization operation: communication helps workers to the real situation. In an
organization and workers perform their activities without any delay, which leads to the
functioning of an organization. (ArvindKummer.2003).

2.4 The communication process

2.4.1 Elements of communication process

The various element of communication process are:

A. Sender: The people who transmits, speak, or communicates a message or operates an electronic
devices is the one who conceives and initiates the message with the purpose of informing.,
persuading, influencing, and changing the attitude, opinion or behavior of the receiver( audience
listener). He/she decides the communication symbols. The channel, and the time for sending the
situation in which communication or place.
B. Massager: Idea or thought or the raw from of telling the ideas that the symbols.
C. Encoding: Is changing the raw idea from its mental from in to symbols, that is, patterns of words,
gestures, pictorial from or sings/physical or sound/of a specific visual or language.
D. Medium (channel):Is the carrier of the massage such as written words, in the form of written
communication, and spoken words and gestures in the form of face-to – face discussion
E. Receiver: is charging the raw idea from its mental from in symbols, that is, patters of words,
gestures, pictorial forms or sings/physical or sound/of a specific visual or language.
F. Decoding: this the act of translating symbols of communication in to their ordinary meaning:
however, the total meanings of the words/symbols/ together with tone and attitude of sender as
treated by the structure of the massage and the choice of words used by him/the sender/
G. Feedback: is your receiver's response. The final link in the communication chain.
Feedback is the key element in the communication process because it enables you to evaluate the
effectiveness of you message. IF your audience doesn't understand what you mean, you call tells
the response and refines your message (Communication Hand Book Sandra Cleary 2003 p3-70).

6
 2.5 Barriers of communication

Communication barrier is any factor which prevents the smooth flow of the message from the sender to
the receiver. Because of the complexity of the communication process may possible barrier or breakdown
can arise. No two persons are exactly alike mentally, or emotionally. Thus the innumerable human
differences plus cultural, social and environmental differences may cause problems in conveying intended
massage. Although all types communication is subject to misunderstandings. The major barriers of
communication include the following:

A. Channel selection: communication may be oral, written, visual or audio-visual. The different
communication channels can be personal barriers in that some individual always seem to incline
toward a particular channels even though a more effective one exists, while a proper chosen
medium can add to effectiveness of a communication, unusual medium may act as a barrier to it.
B. Physical barrier: It includes noise time, and distance.
1. Noise: Anything that interferes with communication and distorts or black the message it
noise. In factories oral communication could be difficult by the noise of machine.
2. Time: to make communication effective, it should be done at the right time and right place
trying to communicate at in appropriate then for the sender and receiver will not bring the
desired outcome.
3. Distance: Where people sits or stand can be an important factor in their receiving and
transmitting message of course distance between sender and receiver also affect their
communication.
C. Semantics: refer to the different uses and meaning of words and symbols. Words and symbols
may not have similar uses and meaning for different individuals from different cultural group,
language and living style so it may create some barrier in communication process. A semantic
barrier includes: Interpretation of words. By passed instruction. Denotation. Connotation and
euphoniums.
D. Perception of reality: the reality of objective and a person is to different people, Reality is not a
fixed concept, it is complex, infinite and continually changing. Besides, each human being has
limited sensory perception-touch. People perceive reality in different way. No two people
perceive reality in identical manners.
E. Attitude and opinion: communication effectiveness is influenced also by the attitude and opinion
of the communication have in their mental filters people tend to react favorably when the
message the y receive agrees with their view towards the information, the set of facet, and the
sender . In addition, the sometimes unrelated circumstances affect their attitude, and response
like: Emotional state, Favorable or unfavorable information, closed mind, status consciousness
and receiver capability.
F. Information over load: if the sender improper, inaccurate or too much information will suffer
information over load happen when individual receive more information than they are capable of
processing. The implication is that individuals can effectively process only certain amount of
information (Business communication Bovee and Thill, p17-20).
 7

2.6 Function of communication

Communication services four major functions within a group

Controlling Motivation

Function of Communication

Information Emotional

Function of communication

A. Control: communication acts as to control ember behavior in several ways.

Organizational level authority hierarchies and formal guidelines the employees are required to
follow, When employees, for instances are required to first communicate any job related
grievance to their immediate boss, to follow their job description, the company poleis,
communication is performing a control function.
B. Motivation: communication fosters motivation by clarify to employees what is to be done. We
saw this operating in our review of goal setting and reinforcement theories.
The formal of specific goals, feedback on progress towards the goal and reinforcement of desired
behavior all stimulate motivation and require communication.
C. Emotion expression: that takes place within the group is a fundamental and feelings of
satisfaction communication therefore provides a release or the motivation expression of feelings
and fulfillment of social need.
D. Information: is the final function that communication performing release to its role in facilitating
decision making. It provides the information that individuals and groups need to make decision
by transmitting the data to identify and evaluated alternative choices. http:/www.media fire.com/

2.7 Methods of communication

Communication takes place by two methods. These two methods of communication are:

2.7.1 Verbal communication

It is ability to communicate by using words that separates human binges from rest of animal’s kingdom.
Verbal communication includes both oral and written communication, (Ray, nond L. Hilger, 1992, p250).
 8

A. Written communication

It is written on paper or board, charts. Written communication is used for May purpose, it includes,
letters, memos notice, reports and others.

1. Letter: - is the most commonly used form of written communication. They are mostly used for
external communication. Letter has a fixed and formal layout. This must be adhered to. It can be
sales letter, compliant, bank correspondence and many others.
2. Memo: - this is an informal communication between members of the same organization and
usually relates to day –to – day work it is used to convey information and instruction. Memo
contains brief messages. A memo mayor may not be signed. It can be personalized for senior
managers.
3. Notice: - this is used when many people in an organization have to be given the same
information. A notice should be short and to the point. It should be clear and will spaced for easy
reading.
4. Report:-this is written document prepared by individuals or committee. It is prepared after
research.
A. Oral communication

Oral communication refers "spoken words". Any communication which we can hear, lectures in the class
room, speeches of politicians at rallies, instructions, and event songs, poetry recitation, and other. Oral
communication occurs in situation like conversation, telephone talk, interviews, presentation, and
meeting.

1. Face-to face communication is best when it is face-to-face. It is possible between two individuals
in a meeting or interview. Communication follows in both directions. There is immediate
feedback. Facial expiration, body movement and body language communication and giving more
meaning. In face to face commutation style ineffective listener is not interested.
2. Telephone: - speaking on the telephone depends entirely on the voce and the words used.
It does not require physical presence.
3. Interview: it is a meeting between and interviewer who can be one or many and an interviewee or
candidate. The interviewer asks relevant questions to the candidate.
4. Meeting: usually, meeting involves a number of persons. The chairman guides the proceeding and
maintains order during the meeting. During on the type of meeting, there may or may not be a
fixed agenda. If it is formal meeting, notes are taken during the meeting, which are called the
"minutes"
5. Presentation: this is formal well prepared talk given by an individual to group. The audience is
mostly knowledgeable and or interested. The responsibility of the presenter is to makes sure that
all the listener understand the matter which he or she is presenting and opens up question after
presentation. (Business communication. Bovee and Thill 2000).
 9

2.7.2 Non-verbal communication

Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving word less
message. The receiver to communication should be in position of to see hear and feel the
communication. The receiver of the communication should be in the position to clearly see the face,
the gesture, the tone, the dress, the appearance and also hear the voice of the communicator.
Nonverbal communication takes place through the following ways (Business communication Dover
and Thill 2000).

1. Facial expression: - it is Saied that face is index of mind. The through and the feeling of the heart
often find expression on the face. One makes on the face. One makes on and attempt to read the
facial expression when one uses the following expressions:- To carry a mask on one’s face, To
carry a wooden expression , To make face, the smile of acknowledgement or recognition
2. Eye: - the eyes are indeed the most expressive part of human face. The eyes of a person are often
said to face a tale. In fact, the eyes are the most commonly described part of the body. The feeling
s of heart quite often finds expression through the eyes. In the expression of love, affection,
sincerity and other the eye contact become crucial.
3. Posture and gestures: - posture refers to the carriage, state and attitude of body or mind.
Gesture refers to any significant movement of limb or body and deliberate use of such movement
as an expression of feeling.
4. Personal space: - personal space or the space between during their interactions with each other
segment of non-verbal communication.
5. Behavior: - the way in which one conducts one self and behaves in process of communication s
another very forceful facet of non-verbal communication.
6. Appearance :- physical presence and appearance of a person play a key role in the process of
communication
7. Smile: - is a very potent from of facial expression. It opens the door to communication. A nature,
pleasant smile carries great significant in establishing society, community or business
organization (Business communication Bovee and Thill).

2.7.3 Channel of communication network

In every organization there are two types of communication network channels. These are formal or
official channels and informal channels communication. Both channels carry message from one person or
group to another in an organization down ward. Horizontal/lateral/and diagonal/cross
channel/communication.

2.7.4 Formal communication channel

The formal communication channel is that flows along the organization’s line of authority. They represent
the flow communication within flow of communication with in formal organizational structure. Typically,
communication flows in flows in four separate direction:/Business communication Bovee and Thill 2000.
 10
A. Downward communication

The communication that involves a message exchange between two or more level organizational
hierarchy is called downward/vertical/communication. Formal message flows from managers and
supervisors to subordinates are called down ward communication. Most of down ward communication
involves: - giving instruction, job relational-explanation of how one task related to other task.
Organization policy and procedures. Organization goals and mission and management directives and job
plan.

B. Upward communication

Formal message also flow upward from subordinates to supervisors and managers without upward
communication. Management would never know how their downward message where received and
interpreted by employees. Upward communication provides the feedback necessary to let supervisors
known whether subordinates received and understood messages that were not sent upward
communication these types of message are voluble what that were not sent upward communication these
types of message are valuable. What subordinates are doing. Feedback report of customers’ interaction
feedback suggestion of ideas for improvements within department organization as whole association and
their organization outline of unsolved work problems on which subordinates now need and or how
subordinates think and feel about each other and their job. There may require help in the future.

C.Horizontal lateral communication

Horizontal communication involves exchange of information among individuals on the same

organizational level. Such as a cross or within department. Horizontal communication is important to help
coordinate work assignment, share information on plans and activities, problem solving, conflicts
resolution and develop interpersonal support, thereby creating a more cohesive work unit.

D. Diagonal /cross-channel/communication

Diagonal communication is the exchange of information among employees in different work unit. Who
are neither subordinates nor superior to each other communication that take between a manager and
employees of other work groups is called diagonal communication.

2.7.5 Informal communication channel

Informal communication channel, commonly referred to as the grapevine, are a normal outgrowth of
information and casual groupings of people on the job, of their social interactions and of their under
stable desired to communication with one another. Every organization has an informal communication
network has its grape vice that supplements official channel. The grapevine offers members among
organization an out let for their imagination and an opportunity to express their apprehension in the form
of rumor. (Ray Mond L. Hilbert 1992 p56-62).

11
2.7.6 Conceptual frame work

Organization structure affects the effectiveness of communication in the organization. Organizational

structure takes two forms mechanistic and organic mechanistic structure is featured with stable
environments; tasks are broken down in to specialized and separate tasks, strict hierarchy of authority.
Vertical communication and all decision are made at the top on the other hand organic organization
structure is characterized decision making and lateral communication both structure have own impact on
the effectiveness of communication. Effectiveness of communication can be represented by clarity,
legality. Validity and reliability of the communication organizational structure determine the clarity
understandability reliability and validity of communication which in aggregate determines the
effectiveness of communication as shown on figure one below.

Figure 2 conceptual frame work

Organizational structure Effective communication

 Mechanistic  clear
 organic  legal
 Reliable
 Valid
 Understandable

12
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

To collect analyze the data researcher has used the following methodology

3.1 Research design

The research project used descriptive method for the purpose of collection evidence data because it would
help to describe the impact of organization structure on effective communication.

3.2 Data type and source

The research is qualitative and quantitative. The source of the data includes both primary and secondary
data. The primary data was collected on questionnaire and interviews in the employee and manager of
governmental organization in hossana town, in central Ethiopia. Secondary source data were collected
from records written documents and manual written about the organization.

3.3 Data collection techniques

To collect the relevant data from the study different data collection tools used. Self-administered
questionnaire was pre pared and distributed to respondents (employees) to support the data obtained
through questionnaire, interview was conducted with the manager of the organization. The secondary data
was gathered by reviewing documents. Books and manual from the organization and the internet.

3.4 sampling technique and sample size

The sampling technique that the researcher used this study was stratified random sampling first
populations are divided in to sub groups strata. Such as, hossana municipality, hossana agricultural
research center. hossana town education department and hossana town public relationship and human
resource development service.

The total numbers of employees in the organizations under the study were 210 among these hossana town
municipality42.hossana town education department 7.hossana town agricultural research center 8.
hossana town public relationship and human resource development service11 were selected by
proportional stratified sampling technique.

The reasons for selecting of stratified random sampling were:

Every items or person in the population has chance of being selected for the sample.

The existence of different groups of organizations in hossana town like manipulate, education department.
Agricultural research center. And public relationship and human resource development service.

13
 To calculate sample size Yamane (1967:886) simplified formula proportion is used.
A93% confidence level, e=+7% are assumed.
N
n= 1+ N (e) 2

Where n= number of sample size

N= Total number of study population size

e= Level of precision =0.07

14
 3.5 Data analysis technique

After collection of necessary information from respondent the researcher would use qualitative and
quantitative data in the form of descriptive statics of the data analysis to make the collected data in to a
form that can be easily understandable so the researcher would use tabulation is that it is comfortable for
analysis data in easy and understandable way. Finally interpretation and description takes place.

15
 TIME PLAN
Table 4.1 Time schedule for study.
Nov, 2023 Nov,Dec 2023 Dec-March April-Jun2023
2023
Tasks
Weeks Weeks weeks Weeks
1 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 4 4 2 2
Title selection and
Title approval
Reading related
Literature review
Proposal writing
Proposal first draft
Submission
Proposal final
draft submission
Proposal paper
Presentation
Data collection and
Process
Data analysis and
Interpretation
First draft report
Writing
Final draft report
Writing
Paper presentation
Final draft report
writing and summation
16
 BUDGET PLAN
Table 5.1 Budget break down
Item Quantity Specification Unit price Total price
(ETB)
(ETB )

Paper One Packet A4 200 200

Pane Half Packet Rides Made In India 125 125

Flash Card One Pc 32gb Sony 300 300

.Note Book One Pc Agenda Not Book 100 100

Binding Cost - - - 50

Print - - -
-

Researcher - - - 1000
Per Dim

Transport ( 500
Taxi)
Total Cost 2275

17
 Reference

 Courtland L.bovee and john V.Thill.(200). Business communication today 6th edition prentice .
 Hamilton and parker (1987). Communicating in business.
 Hebbel’s. Saundra.(2001) communication effectively 6th edition. McGraw Hill.
 Israel Glenn, (1992). The roles of sample size determination \Krizan,marries, and Johns(2002).
Communication, 6th edition Cincinnati: South western publishing company.
 M.K Medhukare (2004). Business communication
 Murphy M.A Hilderbandt, HW. (1999), effective communication, McGraw Hill published co, New
York, 5th edition.
 Business communication Dover and Thill 2000).
 Sendra Cleary, (2003), Communication hand book 2nd edition.
 Business communication R.K Medhukare2001.
 Business communication (ShumbanSharma 2004).

18