Mole and Stoichiometry

CHAPTER V

ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

❏ Define what mole is and relate mole to mass, particles, or molecules

❏ Compute percent composition of element in a compound
❏ Balance Chemical equation
❏ Solving problems involving stoichiometry
❏ Calculate the limiting and excess reactant in a reaction mixture.
TOPICS
A. Mole and Balancing Equations
❑Mole and its relationship to mass and particles/molecules

❑Mass percent composition

❑Balancing Chemical Equation

B. Stoichiometry
❑ Calculations using balanced equation
❑ Limiting and excess reactant
Relationship of mole to mass
Mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, or
other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the carbon-12 isotope.

Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 × 10²³ formula units per mole

where Formula units may be atoms, molecules or ions.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Converting Moles to Number of Atoms

Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.

PLAN: Moles C6H12O6 → molecules C6H12O6 → atoms H

TRY THIS!!!
A. How many moles of magnesium are in 3.01 x 10 22 atoms
of magnesium?

B. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose

C6H12O6?
The molar mass, MM, in grams per mole, is numerically equal to the sum of the masses
(in amu) of the atoms in the formula.

FIGURE 3.10 One mole each of a solid (NaCl), a liquid

(H2O), and a gas (O2). In each case, the mass in grams of
1 mol––that is, the molar mass––is numerically equal to
the formula weight in atomic mass units. Each of these
samples contains formula units.

Try This: CO2

Sample Problem: Find the mole. We have 27.5 g of sodium fluoride, NaF, the form of
fluoride ions most commonly used in fluoride toothpastes and dental gels. How many
moles of NaF is this?

Solution:
A. The Formula Weight of NaF
Na= 1 x 23.0 = 23.0
F = 1 x 19.0 = 19.0
NaF = 42.0 amu = 42.0 g/mol
B. Convert grams to mole.
27.5 g NaF x 1 mol NaF = 0.655 mol NaF
42.0 g NaF

Try This: How many moles in 28 grams of CO2 ?

Sample Problem: Find the gram. We wish to weigh 3.41 mol of ethanol, C2H6O. How
many grams is this?
Solution:
A. The Formula Weight of C2H6
C = 2 x 12.0 = 24.0
H = 6 x 1.0 = 6.0
O = 1 x 16.0 = 16.0
C 2H6O = 46.0 amu = 46.0 g/mol

B. Convert grams to mole.

3.41 mol C2H6O x 46.0 g C2H6O = 157 g C2H6O
1.00 mol C2H6O

REMEMBER!

Try This: What is the mass of 5 moles of Fe2O3?

Mass Relations in Chemical Formula
The percent composition of a compound is specified by citing the mass percent of the
elements present.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: What percent of iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, is oxygen?

Information given: iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3) Asked for: mass % of O in Fe(OH)3

Information implied: molar mass of Fe(OH)3)

Step 1: Find the molar mass of the compound. Step 2: To find the percent by mass, divide the
part by the whole and multiplying by 100.
1 mol Fe = 1 x 55.85 g/mol = 55.85 g/mol 48.00 g O
× 100 % = 44.91% oxygen
3 mol O = 3 × 16.00 g/mol = 48.00 g/mol 106.87 g Fe(OH) 3
3 mol H = 3 × 1.008 g/mol = + 3.024 g/mol
Molar Mass Fe(OH)3 = 106.87 g/mol Try This: percent by mass of iron
and hydrogen
Stoichiometric Calculations
How Do We Calculate Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions?

Stoichiometry
the relationship between
quantities of chemical reactants
and products
Limiting and Excess Reactant
Limiting reagent- is the one
completely used up
Excess reagent- is the one with FIGURE 3.16 Procedure for calculating amounts of reactants
consumed or products formed in a reaction.
some left over
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Stoichiometric Calculations
1. Convert grams of given reactant or product to moles

“use the molar mass of the given reactant”

2. Convert from moles of the given to moles of the unknown

“use stoich factor as conversion factor”

3. Convert from moles to grams of the unknown

“use the molar mass of the given reactant”

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐𝑶 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐𝑶 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 → 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑀𝑀 𝑖𝑛 𝑔
𝑀𝑀 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
 Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

2HCl + 1Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + 1BaCl2

coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O and 1 mole of BaCl2
Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5
b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

4.3 mol ? mol

4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2

= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2O 5
gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? moles 210g Units match

210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5

46.0g NO2 = 2.28 moles N2O5
4mol NO 2
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
? grams 75.0 g

75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5

= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2O 5

14
Limiting and Excess Reactant Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant and excess reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

Now
First copy place
down the
numerical the
the BALANCED
information below
equation!
the compounds.
Limiting and Excess Reactant Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Hide
one
Two starting
amounts?
Where do we
start?
Limiting and Excess Reactant Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol
Hide ? moles
Based on:
0.15 mol KO2 2 mol H2O = 0.075 mol H2O are needed
KO2
4 mol KO2

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

0.15 mol 0.10 mol

We calculated that we need 0.075 moles of water, but we have 0.10

moles, thus water is in excess, thus our limiting reactant is KO2
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant. KO2(s)
c. Determine the moles of oxygen produced
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol excess ? moles
Based on: 0.15 mol KO 3mol O 2
KO2 2
= 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2

https://www.hudson.k12.oh.us/cms/lib/OH01914911/Centricity/Domain/363/PP_21_Limiting_Reactan
ts_.ppt
Sample Problem: Limiting and excess reactant
Methanol, CH3OH, which is used as a fuel in racing cars and in fuels cells, can be
made by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH

Suppose 356 g of CO and 65.0 g of H2 are mixed and allowed to react.

a. Which is the limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after
the reaction has stopped?

c. How many moles of it are left over?

Given: 356 g of CO 1 mol CO = 28 g CO
CO(g) + 2H2 (g) → CH3OH
65.0 g of H2 1 mol H2 = 2 g H2

Solution:

A. Molar mass
CO = 12 (1) + 16 (1) = 28 g CO
H = 1 (2) = 2 g H2
2

B. Convert GRAMS to MOLE.

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

356 g CO 1 mole CO
= 12. 71 mol CO
28 g CO

• Hydrogen (H2)
65 g H2 1 mole H2 = 32.5 mol H2
2.02 g H2
A. Determine the LIMITING and EXCESS Reactant

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH

• How much CO is needed to consume all the H2?
LIMITING
32.5 mol H2 1 mole CO = 16.25 mol CO REACTANT
2 mol H2

• How much H2 is needed to consume all the CO?

EXCESS
12.71 mol CO 2 moles H2
= 25.42 mol H2 REACTANT
1 mole CO

NOTE: Compare the result in B to identify the LIMITING and EXCESS reactant.
D. How many grams of methanol is produced?

• Always used the Limiting Reactant.

12. 71 mol CH3OH 32 g CH3OH = 406.72 g CH3OH
1 mole CH3OH

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH

E. How many moles of it are left over?

• Always used the EXCESS reactant.

32.5 mol H2 - 25.42 mol H2 = 7.08 mole H2 excess

NOTE: Compare the result in B and C.