1st Quarter

LESSON 6
Week 6

Physical Science
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the

student must be able to:
● Calculate the amount of substances
used or produced in a chemical
reaction
● Calculate the percent yield of a reaction
● Determine the limiting reactant in a
reaction and calculate the amount of
product formed
INTRODUCTION

Chemical reactions are not

unlike cooking with recipes.
One needs the right
amount of a substance to
react with particular
amount of another
substance.
INTRODUCTION

Hence, chemical equations

are very useful in doing
quantitative chemical work
which includes calculation
of the products formed if
the amounts of substances
participating are known.
STOICHIOMETRY

The study of the

relationship of the amount
of substances in a
chemical reaction
STOICHIOMETRY

● Stoichiometry refers to the quantitative

relationships between the substances that are
used up and produced in chemical reactions.
● The most important concept in a chemical
stoichiometry is the mole concept.
MOLE

MOLE (abbreviated as mol) is a

quantity of substances that contain
a fix number of particles which is
like the concept of dozen. A dozen
of anything consists of 12 pieces.
For examples a dozen eggs
contains 12 pieces of eggs, a
dozen apples contain 12 pieces of
apples and so on and so forth.
MOLE

Similarly a mole of any

substance contains the
same fix number of
602,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000 or 6.0x1023
particles of that substance.
MOLE

● This number is also

known as the Avogadro’s
number. Depending on
the substance, the
particles can be atoms,
molecules or ions
(charged atoms).
MOLAR MASS

Molar mass is the mass of

one mole of any substance.
Different substances have
different molar mass just
like one dozen of different
substances have different
mass
MOLAR MASS
For example, the mass of one dozen eggs is different from
the mass of one dozen apples as shown below:
MOLAR MASS
● The molar mass of atoms can be seen on a
standard periodic table as its atomic mass.
● The molar mass is based on the standard mass
of one mole of the carbon-12 isotope which is
12 grams.
● Hence, the unit for the molar mass is the gram
per mole (g/mol).
ATOMIC MASS

● Atomic mass is based

on the average atomic
mass of known stable
isotopes of a certain
atoms.
ATOMIC MASS

● The atomic mass of such

atoms is enclosed in
parenthesis in the
periodic table which
sometimes rounded off to
the nearest whole
number.
ATOMIC MASS
For example, Iron (Fe) which
has a listed atomic mass of
55.845 g/mol in the periodic
table will be round off to 56
g/mol, chlorine (Cl) with 35.453
g/mol and so on and so forth.
For compounds, the molar
mass can be calculated as the
sum of the mass of all the
atoms in the compound.
For example, the molar mass of aluminum sulfate
(Al2(SO4)3 is calculated as follows:
Given any number of moles for any substance, the mass
can be calculated and vice versa using the simplified
formula show below:
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. What is the mass of 0.35 moles of ferrous sulfate, FeSO4?

Solution: First get the molar mass of iron sulfate

using the method used in getting the molar mass:

Fe = 1 atom x 56 g/mol = 56 g/mol

S = 1 atom x 32 g/mol = 32 g/mol
O = 4 atoms x 16 g/mol = 64 g mol
152 g/mol
● Thus the molar mass of FeSO4 is 152 g/mol.
● Then using the formula above, the mass is

m= n x MW
m=0.35 mol FeSO4 x 152 g FeSO4
mol FeSO4

m= 53.2 g FeSO4
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. What is the number of mole of 85 grams of H2SO?
Solution: compute for molar mass:

H= 2 atoms x 1 g/mole= 2 g/mole

S= 1 atom x 32 g/mole= 32 g/mole
O= 1 atom x 16 g/mole= 16 g/mole
50 g/mole
Compute for number of mole:
n= m n= 85 grams n= 1.7 mole
MW 50 grams /mole
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

● It is the percentage of each

element present in a compound.
In chemistry, this composition is
always on a weight basis unless
specifically stated otherwise.
Sometimes the composition of
the mixture of gases is given on
a volumetric basis.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
● It is based upon the
meaning of the symbols and
formulas. Each symbol
stands for one atomic
weight’s worth of the
element it represents, and
each formula stands for one
molecular weight’s worth of
the compound it represents.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Formula

% mass= grams of element per 1 mole X 100%

Molar mass of the compound

● First get the molar mass of water, then use the formula
above to compute the percent yield.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
EXAMPLES:

● What is the percentage composition of water?

% H = 2g x 100% = 11.11%
18g
%O = 16g x 100% = 88.89%
18g
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
EXAMPLES:

● What is the percentage composition of H2SO4?

%H= 2g x 100% = 2.0%

98.1 g
% S = 32.1g x 100% = 32.7%
98.1g
% O = 64.0 g x 100% = 65.3%
98.1g
CHEMICAL REACTION

● It is an equation that represents the chemical reaction.

Below is the general representation of chemical equation:

wA + xB yC + zD

Where A and B are called reactants, C and D are the

products of the reaction, w, x, y and z are called coefficient
which are the numbers that will balance the chemical equation.
CHEMICAL REACTION
3H2 + N2 2NH3

H2 and N2 are the reactant and NH3 is the product.

Sometimes, the amounts of two or more reacting product are

given and it is necessary to find out which of these amounts
will be used.

The substance that will be used is called limiting reagent and

the substance that will not be used is call excess reagent.
CHEMICAL REACTION
LIMITING REACTANT

● The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits

the amount of product that can be formed.
● The reaction will stop when all of the limiting
reactant is consumed.
● The reactant that produces the lesser amount of
product.
 EXCESS REACTANT

● The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains

when a reaction stops when the limiting reactant
is completely consumed.
● The excess reactant remains because there is
nothing with which it can react.
ILLUSTRATION
Reactant Product

Limiting Excess
Reagent Reagent
EXAMPLE

● If a 25 grams of NaOH is made to react with 50 grams of

H2SO4 what is the limiting reactant? What mass of
Na2SO4 is produced? How much of the excess reagent
will react?

2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H20

HOW TO GET THE LIMITING REGENT
STEP 1: Write down the known and the unknown
quantities in the problem

Given: Mass of NaOH = 25.0g

Mass H2SO4 = 50.0g

Unknown: a.) limiting reactant

b.) mass of Na2SO4
HOW TO GET THE LIMITING REGENT
STEP 2: Balance the chemical equation.

**In the problem, the chemical equation is already

balanced.

STEP 3: Convert mass of reactants to moles.

HOW TO GET THE LIMITING REGENT
Step 4: Calculate the mole ratio from the given information.
Compare the calculated ratio to the actual ratio.

● There must be 1 mole of H2SO4 for every 2 moles of NaOH

consumed. Therefore the limiting regent is H2SO4.
HOW TO GET THE AMOUNT PRODUCT FORMED
● Use the calculated amount of moles of the limiting reactant to
determine the moles of product formed. Then, convert the
number of moles of product to its mass.
● Going back to the problem, we are asked of the mass of
Na2SO4 produced in the reaction. To calculate:

Mole value of
the limiting
reactant
HOW TO GET THE EXCESS REACTANT

● The first step is to multiply the moles of H2SO4 by the

mole ratio of sulfur to NaOH to obtain the number of
moles of NaOH. Remember, the unknown is the
numerator and the known in the denominator.
HOW TO GET THE MASS
● Now, to obtain the mass of 1.02 mole NaOH needed, 1.02
mole NaOH is multiplied by the conversion factor that relates
mass and moles, molar mass.

● Knowing that 20.4 g NaOH is needed, you can calculate the

amount of NaOH left unreacted when the reaction ends. Since
25 grams of NaOH is available and only 20.4 g NaOH is
required, the excess mass is:

25 grams of NaOH available - 20.4 H2SO4 needed = 4.6 grams of

NaOH in excess
REFERENCES

Quipper Philippines.(2018).Physical Science. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff99cd2b76d0002001cbd/curriculum#curric
ulum
Teaching Guide by the Commission on Higher Education (2016). Physical Science.
Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.teacherph.com/physical-science-senior-high-
school-shs-teaching-guide/
https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/stoichiometry-45215730
https://www.slideshare.net/ZHALNJR/stoichiometry-53582836