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Introduction To Communication Systems

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19 views4 pages

Introduction To Communication Systems

Uploaded by

nalini.nanni14
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of transferring information meaningfully (voice, text,


picture etc) from one point to another. In electronics, communication refers to
sending, receiving information.
Elements of a Communication System:
Figure shows the generic block diagram of a communication system. Any
communication system will have five blocks, including the information source
and destination blocks.

Information source
 Information source gives the message to be transmitted. EX: Text, voice, video
etc.
Transmitter
 The message is converted into electrical form and then transmitted.
 Before transmitting, the electrical signals is modulated. So that it becomes
easy to transmit for a longer distance.
Channel
 Channel is a medium through which the electrical signal is transmitted from
one place to another.
 There are two types of channels
1. Wired channel or line communication.
Ex: Co-axial cable, OFC, pair of conducting wire.
2. Wireless channel or radio communication
Ex: Free space.
Noise
 Noise is an unwanted signal that gets added to the message signal during
transmission over the channel.
 Noise signal is random in nature. Its effect is greatest when message signal is
weak.
 Noise may be natural or man-made.
Receiver
 The original message signal is extracted from the modulated signal at the
receiver. Most of the receiver are of super heterodyne receiver.
 The output of the receiver can be fed to the loud speaker or radio display or
video display and TV picture tube etc.
TYPICAL RADIO TRANSMITTER

• The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming message signal
and modify it in a suitable fashion (if needed), such that, it can be transmitted
via channel to the receiving point.
• Channel is a physical medium which connects the transmitter block with the
receiver block.
• For instance, if you are talking to your friend sitting in the next room via
intercom service then the speech signal collected from your handset need not
go through the sequence of steps needed when your friend is far off and you
are reaching him/her over the mobile phone.
• This is because, in the first case the channel is a simple copper wire
connecting your handset with your friend's hand set, whereas in the second
case it is the free atmosphere

• The block diagram of typical radio transmitter is shown in Fig. This


transmitter block involves several operations like amplification, generation of
high-frequency carrier signal, modulation and then radiation of the
modulated signal.
• The amplification process essentially involves amplifying the signal amplitude
values and also adding required power levels. The high-frequency signal is
essential for carrying out an important operation called modulation.
• The carrier signal is characterized by the three parameters amplitude,
frequency and phase. The modulation process involves varying one of these
three parameters in accordance with the variation of the message signal.
• The modulated signal from the modulator is transmitted or radiated into the
atmosphere using an antenna as the transducer. Which converts the signal
energy in guided wave form to free space electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER
• The receiver block receives the incoming modified version of the message
signal from the channel and processes it to recreate the original form of the
message signal.
• There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems, depending
on the processing required to recreate the original message signal. Most of
the receivers do conform broadly to the super heterodyne type, as does the
simple broadcast receiver whose block diagram is shown in Fig.

 The super heterodyne receiver includes processing steps like reception,


Amplification, mixing, demodulation and recreation of message signal.
 Among the different processing steps, demodulation is the most important
one which converts the message signal available in the modified form to the
original electrical version of the message. Thus demodulation is essentially
an inverse operation of modulation.
 RF amplifier selects the desired radio wave and enhances the strength of the
wave to the desired level.
 Mixer and local oscillator combines RF amplifier and local oscillator
frequencies and produces an intermediate frequency (IF). IF is the difference
between oscillator frequency and radio frequency.
 The Audio signals are extracted from the demodulation circuit and it is
amplified by AF amplifier.

MODULATION

Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in


accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. Types of
modulation are AM, FM and PM.
1. Amplitude modulation (AM):
AM is defined as the modulation technique in which the instantaneous
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the analog modulating signal to be transmitted.
2. Frequency Modulation (FM):
A modulating signal may vary the frequency of the carrier keeping the
amplitude and phase constant. This type of modulation is called Frequency
modulation. Broadly speaking, the frequency modulation is the process of
changing the frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.
3. Phase modulation:
Phase modulation is the process in which the instantaneous phase of the
carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal.
Need for modulation:
• Increases operating range of communication.
• Reduces size of transmitting & receiving antennas.
• Avoids mixing of signals.
• Improves quality of reception.
• Allows adjustments in the bandwidth.
• Extremely difficult to radiate low frequency signals through earth’s
atmosphere in form of electromagnetic energy.
Noise:
Noise is an unwanted signal which interferes with the original message signal and
corrupts the parameters of the message signal. This alteration in the
communication process, leads to the message getting altered. It is most likely to
be entered at the channel or the receiver.
Effects of Noise:
 Noise is an inconvenient feature which affects the system performance.
Following are the effects of noise.
 Noise limits the operating range of the systems.
 Sensitivity is the minimum amount of input signal necessary to obtain the
specified quality output. Noise affects the sensitivity of a receiver system,
which eventually affects the output.
 Noise indirectly places a limit on the weakest signal that can be amplified by an
amplifier. The oscillator in the mixer circuit may limit its frequency because of
noise. A system’s operation depends on the operation of its circuits. Noise limits
the smallest signal that a receiver is capable of processing.
 Noise affects the sensitivity of receivers
 The noise might distract the receiver, causing them not to hear the sender's
message properly. Or it might distract the sender, making it difficult for
them to communicate the message effectively.

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