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CROP DIVERSIFICATION

It refers to a shift from the regional dominance of one crop to production of a number of crops.

Why is it Needed?

 Maintaining soil fertility: Only those crops are grown in a particular region which are suitable to a
particular agro climate zone and it helps in maintaining soil fertility because excessive use of
nutrients, irrigation is not required.
 To arrest depletion of groundwater: It will help in diversifying cropping patterns from water
guzzling crops such as paddy to pulses, oilseeds, maize with the aim of tackling the problem of
depleting water tables.
 Diversification can also provide habitat for beneficial insects and at the same time reduce
colonization by pests.
 Additional employment opportunities
 Reducing risk from agriculture sector
 Insurance against vagaries of nature, pests etc.
 Higher level of income – reduction in poverty (SDG-1)

MEANING AND REASONS FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

It means reducing the share of labour force in agriculture sector and finding employment in Non- farm
activities

Reasons

1. To Reduce Risk of Earning from Agriculture Sector

2. To Give Wider Choice

TYPES OF FARMING

On the basis of main source of moisture for crops, the farming can be classified as-

Main source of moisture

1. Irrigated
2. Rainfed
 Irrigated farming can be of two types –
1. Protective
2. Productive

Type Description
The objective of protective irrigation is to protect the crops from adverse effects of soil
Protective moisture deficiency which often means that irrigation acts as a supplementary source of
water over and above the rainfall.
Productive irrigation is meant to provide sufficient soil moisture in the cropping season
Productive
to achieve high productivity
Rainfed It is further classified on the basis of adequacy of soil moisture during cropping season
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farming into dryland and wetland farming
In India, the dryland farming is largely confined to the regions having annual rainfall
Dryland less than 75 cm. These regions grow hardy and drought resistant crops such as ragi,
farming bajra, moong, gram and guar (fodder crops) and practice various measures of soil
moisture conservation and rainwater harvesting.
The rainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during the rainy season.
Wetland Such regions may face flood and soil erosion hazards. These areas grow various water
farming intensive crops such as rice, jute and sugarcane and practice aquaculture in the
freshwater bodies.

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE

 According to the World bank, Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach to

managing landscapes – cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries – that address the interlinked
challenges of food security and climate change.
 Climate Smart Agriculture also known as Climate Resilient Agriculture. It is the development of
agriculture under new realities of climate change.
 “Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience (adaptation),
reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food
security and development goals”

Climate-smart agriculture helps in the following ways:

 Triple win-increase yield

 Make yield resilient
 Make farm a solution to climate changes problem
 Reduction and removal of GHGs
 Would help in achieving SDGs and food security.
 Adapt and build resilience to climate change
 Reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.

Practices under Climate smart Agriculture:

 Minimum soil disturbance

 Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25%
of the soil surface is disturbed.
 Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover
 Use of crop rotations – Crop rotation helps reduce build-up of weeds, pests and diseases. Where
farmers do not have enough land to rotate crops, intercropping can be used. Legumes are
recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing functions.
 Increasing organic content of soil
 Promoting carbon soil capture

Key initiatives

 Paramparagat Krishi vikas yojana

 Soil health cards
 PM Fasal Bima Yojana
 PM Krishi sinchai yojana
 National mission for sustainable agriculture
 National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
 National Adaptation Fund
 National and State Action Plan on Climate Change.
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Impact of climate change on agri.

1. Less agri. production

2. rural and farmers distress
3. depletes natural resources
4. droughts & heatwaves
5. hits poor’s most
6. 5% loss in GDP

THE INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM

 Integrated Farming refers to an agriculture system that integrates livestock and crop production. It is
also called an Integrated Biosystem.
1. Crop
2. Farming
3. Livestock
 The Integrated Farming system has revolutionized conventional farming of livestock, aquaculture,
horticulture, agro-industry and allied activities.
 It is a combined approach aimed at efficient sustainable resource management for increased
productivity in the cropping system.
 The IFS approach has multiple objectives of sustainability, food security, farmer’s security and
poverty reduction by involving livestock, vermicomposting, organic farming etc.
 IFS provides multiple benefits that are sustainable and can pave the way for climate-smart
agriculture. India needs to adopt a “well designed” Integrated Farming System (IFS) to realize the
vision of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 (Ashok Dalwai Committee) and having sustainable
agricultural practices

Integrated Farming

1. Climate change and air quality

2. Organization and Planning
3. Crop health and protection
4. Crop Nutrition
5. Human and Social Capital
6. Waste Management and pollution control
7. Landscape and Nature conservation
8. Animal husbandry and animal welfare
9. Energy Efficiency
10. Water Use and Protection
11. Soil Management

IRRIGATION

 Irrigation is described as the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

 It is the substitute or supplement of rainwater with another source of water.

IRRIGATION

1. Tanks
2. Drip irrigation
3. River Lift Systems
4. Wells
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5. Canals

Well and Tube Well Irrigation:

 Wells are mainly found in P., Bihar, Tamil Nadu, etc.

 There are various types of wells – shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian wells, etc. From the
shallow wells water is not always available as the level of water goes down during the dry months.
 Deep wells are more suitable for the purpose of irrigation as water from them is available throughout
the year.
 At places where groundwater is available, a tube well can be installed near the agricultural area. A
deep tube well worked by electricity, can irrigate a much larger area than a surface well.
 Tube wells are mostly used in P., Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat.

Merits Demerits
Well is the simplest, cheapest and
Only a limited area can be irrigated. In the event
independent source of irrigation and can
of a drought, the ground water level falls and
be used as and when the necessity
enough water is not available.
arises.
Several chemicals such as nitrate, Tube wells can draw a lot of groundwater from its
chloride, sulphate, etc. found in well neighboring areas and make the ground dry and
water add to the fertility of soil. unfit for agriculture.
More reliable during periods of drought Wastage of water due to subsidized electricity in
when surface water dries up. green revolution region

Canal Irrigation:

 Canals can be an effective source of irrigation in areas of low-level relief, deep fertile soils,
perennial source of water and extensive command area.
 Therefore, the main concentration of canal irrigation is in the northern plain of India, especially the
areas comprising Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.
 The digging of canals in rocky and uneven areas is difficult and uneconomic. Thus, canals are
practically absent from the Peninsular plateau area. However, the coastal and the delta regions in
South India do have some canals for irrigation.

Merits Demerits
Most of the canals provide perennial
Many canals overflow during the rainy season
irrigation and supply water as and when
and flood the surrounding areas.
needed.
This saves the crops from drought Canal irrigation is suitable in plain areas only.
conditions and helps in increasing the farm
production.
This sediment is deposited in the
The canal water soaks into the ground and
agricultural fields which make soil more
results in water-logging along the canal route.
fertile.
Initial cost involved in canal irrigation is Excessive flow of water in the fields raises the
more, it is quite cheap in the long run. ground water level.
Capillary action brings alkaline salts to the
surface and makes large areas unfit for
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agriculture

 Two types: Inundation canals, which are taken out from the rivers without any regulating system
like weirs etc. at their head. Such canals provide irrigation mainly in the rainy season when the river
is in flood and there is excess water.
 Perennial Canals are those which are taken off from perennial rivers by constructing a barrage
across the river. Most of the canals in India are perennial.

Tanks Irrigation:

 A tank is developed by constructing a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream. The water
impounded by the bund is used for irrigation and other purposes. Tank comprises an important
source of irrigation in the Karnataka Plateau, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Kerala Bundelkhand
area of MP, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Merits Demerits
Many tanks dry up during the dry season
Most of the tanks are natural and do not
and fail to provide irrigation when it is
involve heavy cost for their construction
required.
Much water is evaporated from the large
Tanks have a longer life span. expanse of shallow water and is therefore
not available for irrigation.
Lifting of water from tanks and carrying it
In many tanks, fishing is also carried on, to the fields is a strenuous and costly
which supplements both the food resources exercise.
and income of the farmer

Drip irrigation:

 In drip irrigation, water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or below the
soil surface, at a low rate varying from 2-20 liters per hour. The soil moisture is kept at an optimum
level with frequent irrigations.
 Among all irrigation methods, drip irrigation is the most efficient and can be practiced for a large
variety of crops, especially in vegetables, orchard crops, flowers and plantation crops.

Merits Demerits
Initial cost can be more.
Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due
to localized application and reduced leaching.
Field leveling is not necessary. Recycled non- Can result in clogging, wastage of water, time
potable water can be used. and harvest, if not installed properly.
Lack of skilled labor.
Water application efficiency increases.

Soil erosion and weed growth is lessened. Maintenance is costly

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Sprinkler Irrigation:

 In this method, water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the ground surface somewhat
resembling rainfall. The spray is developed by the flow of water under pressure through small
orifices or nozzles.
 The sprinkler irrigation system is a very suitable method for irrigation on uneven lands and on
shallow soils.
 Nearly all crops are suitable for sprinkler irrigation systems except crops like paddy, jute, etc.
 The dry crops, vegetables, flowering crops, orchards, plantation crops like tea, coffee are all suitable
and can be irrigated through sprinklers.
Merits Demerits
Suitable to all types of soil except
Lack of skilled labor to manage it
heavy clay
Water saving to 30% – 50 % Higher initial cost.
Under high wind conditions and high temperature
Increase in yield
distribution and application efficiency is poor.
Saves land as no bunds etc. are
Reduces productivity of soil in long term
required.

Fertigation
 Fertigation is a method of fertilizer application in which fertilizer is incorporated within the
irrigation water by the drip system.
 In this system fertilizer solution is distributed evenly in irrigation. The availability of nutrients is
very high therefore the efficiency is more.
 In this method liquid fertilizer as well as water soluble fertilizers are used. By this method,
fertilizer use efficiency is increased from 80 to 90 per cent.

Advantages of fertigation

 Nutrients and water are supplied near the active root zone through fertigation which results in
greater absorption by the crops.
 As water and fertilizer are supplied evenly to all the crops through fertigation there is possibility for
getting 25-50 per cent higher yield.
 Fertilizer use efficiency through fertigation ranges between 80-90 per cent, which helps to save a
minimum of 25 per cent of nutrients.
 By this way, along with less amount of water and saving of fertilizer, time, labour and energy use
is also reduced substantially.

PRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAI YOJANA (PMKSY)

PMKSY envisages amalgamation of –

1. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River
Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR RD & GR)
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2. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR)
3. On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC)

Objectives:

 Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level

 Har Khet ko pani – Expand cultivable area under assured irrigation
 More crop per drop – Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water & enhance
the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies
 Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring
the feasibility of reusing treated municipal based water for peri-urban agriculture
 Attract greater private investment in precision irrigation systems.

Salient features

 Decentralized State level planning and projectized execution’ structure, in order to allow States to
draw up a District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and a State Irrigation Plan (SIP). These plans need to be
prepared in order to access PMKSY fund.
 It will be supervised and monitored by Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC)
under PM with Union Ministers of all concerned Ministries. A National Executive Committee
(NEC) is to be constituted under the Chairmanship of the Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog to oversee
programme implementation.
 PMKSY has been formulated amalgamating ongoing schemes Accelerated Irrigation Benefit
Programme (AIBP); Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP); and On Farm Water
Management (OFWM) component of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
 Water budgeting is done for all sectors namely, household, agriculture and industries.
 Investments will happen at farm level. So, farmers know what is happening and can provide
valuable feedback.
 Recently, Long Term Irrigation Fund has been instituted under PMKSY in NABARD for
funding and fast tracking the implementation of incomplete major and medium irrigation projects.

NATIONAL WATERSHED PROJECT

 Watershed project involves conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all the resources like
land, water, plants, animals and humans within the watershed area.
 The National Watershed Project also known as Neeranchal. National Watershed Project is a World
Bank assisted watershed management project.
 The objective of this project is to support Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP)
through technical assistance to improve incremental conservation outcomes for the natural resources
including water, soil and forests while enhancing agricultural yields in a sustainable manner for
farming communities.
 Water-stressed regions of India such as Northwest India, Vidarbha region of Maharashtra etc. are
prone to drought and water scarcity thus affecting the agricultural production in the regions. The
National Watershed Project has the potential in increasing agricultural production in these regions.

SOIL NUTRITION

 Nutrition provided to the soil plays an important role in soil fertility and productivity. It can be
provided through Manure or fertilizer. However, fertilizer is more commonly used.
· In initial years the yields increased
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· Provided increased income to farmers especially in North Western states

Advantages: · Improvement in soil fertility.

· Macro nutrient imbalance in soil.

· Degradation of soil.

· Drain on the economic resources of the country due to huge urea subsidies,
next only to oil and food subsidies.

· Fertilizers entering the food chain impacting ecology and human health.
Disadvantages:
· Stagnant or reducing yields in the last few years.

· Holistic approach to improve farming using environment friendly methods

· Technology like drip irrigation, balanced use of fertilizers, good quality seeds,
storage and transport infrastructure.

· Agroforestry, food processing to increase farmer income so that pressure on

increasing yields is reduced.

Future · Analysis of existing situation in country, soil, climate and crops to come up
solutions: with new scientific ratio of NPK in fertilizers.

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF SOIL NUTRITION

Organic farming:

 Organic farming can be defined as an agricultural process that uses biological fertilizers and pest
control acquired from animal or plant waste.
 Advantages of Organic Farming:
 Economical– In organic farming no expensive fertilizers, pesticides, HYV seeds are required for the
plantation of crops. Therefore, no extra expense.
 Good return on Investment– With the usage of cheaper and local inputs, a farmer can make a good
return on investment.
 High Demand– There is a huge demand for the organic product in India and across the globe,
generating more income through export.
 Nutritional – As compared to chemical and fertilizer utilized products, organic products are more
nutritional, tasty, and good for health.
 Environment-Friendly – The farming of organic products is free of chemicals and fertilizers, so it
doesn’t harm the environment.
 Disadvantages:
 Incompetent – The major issue of organic farming is the lack of Inadequate infrastructure and
marketing of the product.
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 Less production– The organic farming products are lesser in the initial years as compared to the
chemical product. So, the farmers find it difficult to accommodate large scale production.
 Shorter shelf-life– Organic products have more flaws and shorter shelf life than the chemical
product.( organic fruits and vegetables aren’t treated with waxes or preservatives, they may spoil
faster.)
 Limited production– Off-season crops are limited and have fewer choices in organic farming.
 As the yield productivity is less in organic farming the cost of food is very high.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana:

 To promote natural resource based integrated and climate resilient sustainable farming
 To reduce the cost of agriculture to farmers through sustainable integrated organic farming
systems thereby enhancing farmer’s net income per unit of land.
 To protect the environment from hazardous inorganic chemicals by adoption of eco-friendly
low-cost traditional techniques and farmer friendly technologies.
 To empower farmers through their own institutional development in the form of clusters and
groups with capacity to manage production, processing, value addition and certification
management.
 To make farmers entrepreneurs through direct market linkages with local and national markets

Zero budget natural Farming (ZBNF):

 Zero budget natural farming is a method of chemical-free agriculture drawing from traditional
Indian practices.
 It was originally promoted by agriculturist Subhash Palekar, who developed it in the mid-1990s as
an alternative to the Green Revolution’s methods that are driven by chemical fertilizers and
pesticides and intensive irrigation.
 Andhra Pradesh has pledged to switch to ZBNF by 2024 and govt’s support.

ZBNF is based on 4 pillars:

Jeevamrutha :- It is a mixture of fresh cow dung and aged cow urine (both from India’s indigenous cow
breed), jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil; to be applied on farmland

Bijamrita :- It is a concoction of neem leaves & pulp, tobacco and green chilies prepared for insect and pest
management, that can be used to treat seeds.

Acchadana (Mulching) :- It protects topsoil during cultivation and does not destroy it

Whapasa :- It is the condition where there are both air molecules and water molecules present in the soil.

SEEDS: PRESENT SCENARIO AND MEASURES

 Among the various inputs required for crop production, Seed is the most basic and vital one, hence
timely availability of good quality seeds is the deciding factor in the growth of the agriculture sector
in India.
 Issues involved in acquiring quality seeds:
 The high cost of hybrid as well as genetically modified seeds especially with respect to the seeds of
commercial crops.
 Introduction of some spurious seeds by some private companies in the market.
 High fertilizer and irrigation requirement of hybrid seeds.
 Requirement of a special environment by genetically modified seeds to germinate.
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 Due to the huge demand supply gap, India suffers from a dismal seed Replacement Ratio.

Seed replacement Ratio (SRR): Seed Replacement Rate (SSR) or Seed Replacement Ratio is a measure of
how much of the total cropped area was sown with certified seeds in comparison to farm saved seeds

Government Measures under Seed mission:

 To ensure easy availability of high-quality certified seeds at reasonable prices to farmers, the
agriculture ministry has launched the National Mission on Seeds for the 12th Plan Period.
 To increase production of certified quality seeds
 To enhance the seed replacement rate (SRR).
 To upgrade quality of farm saved seeds
 To establish a seed reserve at regional levels to meet requirement during natural calamities
 Up-gradation of public sector seed producing agencies

What needs to be done?

 The government should prepare and monitor seed production and formulate a supply plan for
meeting the requirement of seeds according to the season.
 With the help of proper extension service government can make farmers aware of the value of SRR
in the productivity of crops especially in case of pulses.
 The government should increase its contribution in production as well in distribution of good
quality seeds to the farmers as compared to the contribution of private seed companies, so that the
farmers are ensured of getting good quality seeds at a reasonable price.
 The government should make such policies that allow regular check on black marketing of seeds.
 The government should promote the concept of “Zero Budget Natural Farming” in which quality
seeds are developed by farmers themselves.
AGRI-MODERNIZATION & MECHANIZATION

Green Revolution:

 Launched in 1965-66 as HYV program

 Model: Philippines and Mexico
 S. Swaminathan brought HYV developed by Norman Borlaug

Objective of Green Revolution:

 Manage food crisis

 Develop self-sufficiency in food production
 Modernization of agriculture
 Develop agro-industry interface

Components of Green Revolution

1. High Yielding Varieties (HYV)

2. Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
3. Mechanization of Agriculture
4. Irrigation

Impact of Green Revolution

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POSITIVES

 The Green Revolution has remarkably increased Agricultural Production. The biggest
beneficiary of the revolution was the Wheat Grain.
 Green Revolution increased the per hectare yield in case of wheat from 850 kg per hectare to an
incredible 2281 kg/hectare in its early stage.
 India reached its way to self-sufficiency and was less dependent on imports. The production in the
country was sufficient to meet the normal and emergency demand.
 Rather than depending on the import of food grains from other countries India started exporting its
agricultural produce.
 There was a rise in rural employment. The tertiary industries created employment opportunities for
the workforce.
 The adoption of new technology has also given a boost to agricultural employment because of
diverse job opportunities created by multiple cropping and shifts towards hired workers –
transportation, irrigation, food processing, marketing. etc
 There has been more consistency with the annual harvest because the fields are worked in a
similar way each year.
 New technology and modernization of agriculture have strengthened the linkages between
agriculture and industry.
 It has helped to create numerous strains of plants that are resistant to disease and pests. It makes
farmers more secure financially.
 The Green Revolution in India majorly benefited the farmers of the country. Farmers not only
survived but also prospered during the revolution. Their income saw a significant raise
which enabled them to shift from sustenance farming to commercial farming.

NEGATIVE

 Retardation of agricultural growth due to inadequate irrigation cover, fragmentation of farm size,
failure to evolve new technologies, inadequate use of technology, declining plan outlay, unbalanced
use of inputs and weaknesses in credit delivery system.
 Regional dispersal of the evolution created regional inequalities. The benefits of the green
revolution remained concentrated in the areas where the new technology was used.
 Since the revolution for the number of years remained limited to wheat production, its benefits
were mostly accrued only to wheat-growing areas.
 Interpersonal inequalities between large and small scale farmers.
 Adverse effects on the distribution of pattern of income in rural areas. It led to widening the inter-
regional and intra-regional disparities in income
 The new technologies introduced during the revolution called for substantial investments which
were beyond the means of a majority of small farmers.
 Farmers having large farmlands continued to make greater absolute gains in income by
reinvesting the earnings in farm and non-farm assets, purchasing land from the smaller cultivators,
etc.
 Ecological cost of the green revolution is tremendous and unsustainable.
 The farmers are largely dependent on the market for the supply of inputs and for the demand for
their products.
 Demand for agricultural credit has also increased as the new technology has increased the cash
requirements of the farmers. Poor farmers were not able to get loans easily.
 There has been displacement of agricultural labour by extensive agricultural mechanization and
left them unemployed.
 The hybrid crops have also created environmental impacts like soil pollution, water pollution due
to excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides etc. needed by these crops.

CONCLUSION
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 There are both positive and negative impacts of the Green Revolution on farmers.
 Due to the Green Revolution there was a considerable increase in the food grains
production which was extremely necessary for farmers to increase production so that agriculture
became remunerative.
 Due to the Green Revolution, the agricultural sector of India is able to meet the increasing
demand for food grains. However, now is the high time to bring a green revolution which is also
farmers friendly.

EVERGREEN REVOLUTION

 Evergreen revolution refers to productivity improvement in perpetuity without ecological and

social harm.
 The evergreen revolution involves the integration of ecological principles in technology development
and dissemination.

Need for Evergreen revolution:

 Need for the Evergreen revolution arose due to failures of the green revolution.
 More than five decades after India launched the Green Revolution, it has not only failed to eliminate
hunger but also malnutrition is at its high.
 Wheat and rice have largely displaced more nutritious pulses and other cereals such as millets in
consumption.
 Soil has lost its fertility due to unscientific application of fertilizers.
 Due to mechanization of agriculture, the likeliness for sons instead of daughters led to skewed sex
ratio in Punjab, Haryana.(Perspective that men can handle machines better than women)
 Indian agriculture became cereal- centric and regionally biased.
 Water logging in fields and salinity increased due to excess irrigation.
 Farmers got burdened with debts from moneylenders, banks.
 Given growing population and over-exploitation of land resources, the pressure on food security
will continue to rise.
 65% of the population is still living in the villages and over 70% of the rural people are
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
 The Green Revolution was mainly confined to well irrigated areas. It was not successful in rain-fed
areas, which contribute significantly to the country’s total food-grain production.
 The environmental consequences and ecological costs are offsetting the progress made so far.
 Depletion and pollution groundwater. The lakes and ponds are becoming less developed due
to eutrophication – a direct consequence of the Green Revolution.
 Growth in the agricultural sector has been almost stagnant.
 GM crops are caught in various controversies related to intellectual property, ecological
consequences, health consequences etc.
 Global warming is said to engulf productive coastal lands due to rise in sea levels. This creates an
urgent need to raise agricultural productivity.
 It is necessary to develop a suitable strategy to improve agricultural development in India.
 To ensure equitable and sustainable growth

Evergreen Revolution Should Ensure –

 Improving agricultural production

 Generating gainful self-employment for the small farmers and weaker sections of the society.
 Scaling up food production without disturbing the ecological balance.
 Boosting agricultural development, women empowerment (65-70% labourers in agriculture) and
environmental protection. (Women are the major power in agriculture as about in crop production is
contributed by women).
 Reclaiming degraded and low fertile landsand lands deprived of irrigation.
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OTHER REVOLUTIONS

Black Revolution Related with petroleum production

Blue Revolution Related with fish production
Brown Revolution Related with leather production
Golden Revolution Related with overall horticulture, honey and fruits productions
Green Revolution Related with agriculture production
Grey Revolution Related with fertilizers
Pink Revolution Meat and poultry production
Silver Revolution Related with egg production
White Revolution Related with dairy and milk production
Yellow Revolution Related with oil seed production

BRINGING GREEN REVOLUTION IN EASTERN INDIA (BGREI)

 Green Revolution that turned India from ‘begging bowl’ to leading producer of food-grains.
 The BGREI program was announced in the Union Budget of 2010-11.

7 states

1. Odisha
2. Jharkhand
3. Chhattisgarh
4. Assam
5. West Bengal
6. Eastern UP
7. Bihar
 BGREI is about bringing similar benefits to eastern India that largely remained untouched of the
wonder that converted the north-west into a ‘grain bowl’.
 BGREI is a flagship programme under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
 It is intended to address the constraints limiting the productivity of “rice-based cropping systems”.
 BGREI focuses on bringing the second Green Revolution in eastern region, which has rich water
resources.

BGRE

1. Equitable and sustainabl

2. water harvesting and
3. Extension of agriculture
4. Balance regional development
5. Yield maximization of rice
6. Harness the water potential

Objectives of BGREI

Government Initiatives to Strengthen BGREI

 The ICAR has established IARI, Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)

 Establishment of Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi.
 It has also established the National Research Centre for Integrated Farmingat Motihari (Bihar)
to further strengthen the agricultural research for the eastern region.