M O O C R EP O R T

ON
P R O G R A M M IN G W IT H P Y T H O N

Submitted inth e partialful

fil
lmentofrequirementforth e award ofdegree

B A C H EL O R O F T EC H N O L O G Y
IN
C O M P U T ER SC IEN C E EN G IN EER IN G

Submitted by

A ryanB atra
( 1 3 / 2 3 )

U nderth e guidance of

P rof. K iranpalK our

DepartmentofC omputerScience Engineering

M ah antB ach ittarSingh C ol
lege ofEngineeringand T ech nol
ogy, Jammu
2 0 2 4 -2 0 2 5
 I

DEC L A R A T IO N

I h ereby decl
are th at th e M O O C R eport entitl
ed “ PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H
PY T H O N ” is an auth entic record ofmy own carried outas requirementfor th e
award of degree of B T EC H ( C SE) of M ah ant B ach ittar Singh C ol
lege of
Engineering& T ech nol
ogy, Jammu.

Date : A ryanB atra

R ol
lN o : 1 3 / 2 3

C ertified th atth e above statementmade by th e studentiscorrectto th e bestofmy

knowl edge and bel ief.

M s. K iranpalK our

C ourse C oordinator, C SEDeptt

 II

A C K N O W L EDG EM EN T

It is my fortune th at I h ad got opportunity to carry my M O O C course

“ PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N ” under th e supervision of Prof. K iranpal
K ourinth e departmentof C omputerScience Engineering, M ah antB ach ittarSingh
C ol
lege of Engineering and T ech nol
ogy ( M B SC ET ) , Jeevan N agar, Jammu
affil
iated to U niversity ofJammu. I woul
dlike to th anks from th e deepestofmy
h eartforguidingand sh aringth eirval
uabl
e knowl
edge with me.

I woul
d al
so l
ike to incl
ude specialth anks ofgratitude to Internsh al
a and th eir
course instructorM r. A nujK al
bal
iaforth eirqual
ity ofcourse del
ivering.

DA T E: A ryanB atra
R ol
lN o: 1 3 / 2 3
 III

A B S T R A C T

Programming with Pyth on begins by famil

iariz ing onesel
fwith th e process ofinstal
ling Pyth on

and navigating th e P yth on interpreter and devel

opm ent environm ent, l
aying a sol
id

foundationforl
anguage'ssyntax, h istoricalcontext, and th e distinctionsbetweenPyth on2 . xand

3 . x versions. A crucialcomponentof programming with Pyth on invol

ves th e util
iz ation of

variabl
esand data types, gainingasol
id understandingofworkingwith numbers, strings, l
ists,

tupl
es and dictionaries - th e buil
ding bl
ocks for constructing more compl
ex programs.

Significantemph asish asbeenpl

aced oncore programmingconceptssuch asconditional
s, l
oops,

functions, and modul

es. O bject- O riented P rogram m ing ( O O P ) principl
es aboutdecl
aring

cl
asses, creatingobjects, impl
ementinginh eritance, and customiz ingobjectbeh aviorth rough th e

use ofmagicmeth odsh asbeendiscussed. T h e curricul

um coversth e integrationofPyth onwith

rel
ationaldatabases, specifical
ly SQ L ite.
 C O N T E N T S

DEC L A R A T IO N I

A C K N O W L EDG EM EN T II

A B ST R A C T III

L IST O F T A B L ES IV

L IST O F F IG U R ES V

C H A P T ER 1 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N T O P Y T H O N 1 -1 0
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Pyth onInterpreter 1 - 2
1.2.1. W h atare Intrepreters 1
1.2.2. H ow IntrepretersfunctioninPyth on 2
1.3. Pyth onV ersions 3 - 4
1.3.1. Pyth on2 x 3
1.3.2. Pyth on3 x 4
1.3.3. Difference inPyth on2 xand 3 x 4
1.4. Pyth onF eatures 4 - 6
1.5. B asicSyntaxInPyth on 6 - 1 0
1.5.1. Pyth onIdentifiers 6
1.5.2. Pyth onL inesand Indentation 8
1.5.3. Pyth onM ul ti L inesStatements 9
1.5.4. Pyth onQ uotations 9
1.5.5. Pyth onM ul ti Statements 1 0

C H A P T ER 2 2. U SIN G V A R IA B L ES IN P Y T H O N 1 0 - 2 4
2.1. Introduction 1 0
2.2. W h atare Pyth onDataT ypes 1 1
2.3. N umericDataT ypes 1 3
2.4. Sequence DataT ypes 1 4 - 2 4
2.4.1. StringDataT ype 1 4
2.4.2. L istDataT ype 1 6
2.4.3. T uple DataT ype 1 8
2.4.4. B ooleanDataT ype 2 0
2.4.5. SetDataT ype
 2.4.6. Dictionary DataT ype 2 2
2 4

C H A P T ER 3 3. B A SIC P R O G R A M M IN G IN P Y T H O N 2 5 - 3 1
3.1. Introduction 2 5
3.2. C ondtitionalStatements 2 6 - 2 8
3.2.1. Ifstatement 2 6
3.2.2. Ifel se statement 2 6
3.2.3. N ested Ifel se statement 2 7
3.2.4. If- el
if- else statement 2 7
3.2.5. T ernary C onditionalstatement 2 8
3.3. L oopStatements 2 8 - 2 9
3.3.1. W h ilel oop 2 8
3.3.2. F orl oop 2 9
3.4. U singF unctions 3 0 - 3 1
3.4.1. C reatingafunction 3 0
3.4.2. C al l
ingafunction 3 1

C H A P T ER 4 4. O B JEC T O R IEN T ED P R O G R A M M IN G 3 2 - 3 9
U SIN G P Y T H O N
4.1. Introduction 3 2
4.2. Pyth onC lass 3 3
4.3. Pyth onO bjects 3 3
4.4. Pyth onself 3 5
4.5. Pyth on__init__ 3 5
4.6. Pyth onInh eritance 3 7
4.7. Pyth onPol ymorph ism 3 8
4.8. Pyth onEncapsul ation 3 9

C H A P T ER 5 5. C O N N EC T IN G TO SQ L IT E 4 0 - 4 5
DA T A B A SE 4 0
5.1. Introduction 4 1
5.2. C onnectingto SQ L ite 4 3
5.3. SQ L ite Database 4 3
5.3.1. A dvantagesofSQ L ite 4 5
5.3.2. SQ L ite C ommands
 A SSIG N M EN T 4 6 -5 8

B IB L O G R A P H Y 5 9

IV

L IS T O F T A B L ES

S. N O TA BL EN O TA BL EN A M E PA G EN O

1 . 1 .1 Pyth onK eywords 7 - 8

2 . 2 .1 N umericDataT ypesExampl
es 1 3
 V

L IS T O F F IG U R ES

TA BL E

S. N O N O TA BL EN A M E PA G E N O

1 . 2 .1 Pyth onDataT ypes 1 1

2 . 3 .1 Pyth onF unction 3 1

3 . 4 .1 Pyth onEncapsul
ation 3 9

4 . 5 .1 SQ L ite C onnectionInPyth on 4 2
 h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ wh at- is- pyth on- interpreter/

h ttps: / / www. interviewbit. com/ bl

og/ difference- between- pyth on- 2 - and- 3 /

h ttps: / / www. mygreatl

earning. com/ bl
og/ pyth on- 2 - vs- pyth on- 3 /

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- features/ 4 4

h ttps: / / www. sch ol
arh at. com/ tutorial
/ pyth on/ th e- basic- syntax- of- pyth on

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- data- types/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ conditional

- statements- in- pyth on/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ l

oops- in- pyth on/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- oops- concepts/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ introduction- to- sql

ite/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- functions/

 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

C H A P T ER - 1

IN T R O DU C T IO N T O P Y T H O N P R O G R A M M IN G

1 . 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N

Pyth onisawidel
y used general
- purpose, h igh - l
evelprogrammingl
anguage. Itwascreated by G uido
vanR ossum in1 9 9 1 and furth erdevel
oped by th e Pyth onSoftware F oundation. Itwasdesigned with
anemph asisoncode readabil
ity, and itssyntaxal
lowsprogrammersto expressth eirconceptsin
fewerl
inesofcode. Pyth onisaprogrammingl
anguage th atl
etsyouwork quickl
y and integrate
y. T h ere are two majorPyth onversions: P yth on 2 and P yth on 3 . B oth are
systemsmore efficientl
quite different.

1 . 2 P Y T H O N IN T ER P R ET ER

Itisaninterpreted l
anguage because itexecutesl
ine- by- l
ine instructions. T h ere are actual
ly two way
to execute pyth oncode one isinInteractive mode and anoth erth ingish avingPyth onpromptswh ich
isal
so cal
led scriptmode. Pyth ondoesnotconverth igh l
evelcode into l
ow l
evelcode asmany oth er
programmingl
anguagesdo rath eritwil
lscanth e entire code into someth ingcal
led bytecode. every
time wh enPyth ondevel
operrunsth e code and startto execute th e compil
ationpartexecute firstand
th enitgenerate anbyte code wh ich getconverted by PV M Pyth onV irtualmach ine th atunderstand
th e anal
ogy and give th e desired output.

1 . 2 . 1 W h atare Interpreters?

Interpretersare th e computerprogram th atwil

lconvertth e source code oranh igh l
evel
l
anguage into intermediate code ( mach ine l
evell
anguage) . Itisal
so cal
led transl
atorin
programmingterminol
ogy. Interpretersexecuteseach l
ine ofstatementssl
owl
y. T h isprocess

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
iscal
led Interpretation. F orexampl
e Pyth onisaninterpreted l
anguage, PH P, R uby, and
JavaScript.

1 . 2 . 2 H ow interpretersfunctioninP yth on?

Pyth oninterpreteriswritteninC programmingl

anguage aswe al
lknow th atC is
considered asmoth erofal
lprogrammingl
anguages, Pyth oninterpretercal
led “ C Pyth on”.
Initial
ly insource code anal
ysis, Pyth ongetsource and ch eck forsome Indentationrul
e and
ch eck forerrors. ifth ere are any errorsPyth onstopsitsexecutionand make to modify to prevent
errors. T h isprocessiscal
led L exicalanal
ysisinpyth onwh ich statesth atdividingth e source
code into l
istofindividualtokens. InB yte code generation, once th e pyth oninterpreterreceives
th e tokens, itgeneratesA ST ( A bstractStructure tree) wh ich covertsto byte code and th enbyte
code canbe saved in( . py) extension. A tl
ast, by usingPyth onV irtualM ach ine, interpreterl
oads
th e mach ine l
anguage and PV M convertsininto 0 sand 1 swh ich printsth e resul
ts.

1 . 3 P Y T H O N V ER SIO N S

T h ere were avariety ofreasonsasto wh y th ere were differentversionsofPyth onavail

abl
e. F irstl
y, a
l
otofindustry code h ad beenal
ready writteninPyth on2 , and th erefore, compl
etel
y migratingfrom
Pyth on2 to Pyth on3 woul
d h ave turned outto be avery time- consumingand difficul
tjob. M oreover,
inorderto work with configurationmanagementtool
slike PuppetorA nsibl
e, knowl
edge ofboth
Pyth on2 and Pyth on3 wasrequired. H owever, overth e course oftime, Pyth on3 h asbeendevel
oped in
away to issuitabl
e forabroad variety offiel
dsl
ike webdevel
opment, datascience, anal
yticsscripting,
etc. Pyth on3 h asal
otofrich l
ibrariesand caneasil
y be integrated with oth erl
anguages. T h erefore, th e
need forboth versionsofPyth oncanbe easil
y understood. Inth e end, effortswere made to make
Pyth on3 supportal
otofmajorfunctional
itieswh ich Pyth on2 offered, and in2 0 2 0 , Pyth on2 saw its
demise.

1 . 3 . 1 P yth on2

Pyth on2 . 0 wasintroduced to th e tech worl

d inth e year2 0 0 0 . C reated by th e B eO pen
Pyth onL absteam, th e purpose ofth e introductionofPyth on2 wasto make programming
simpl
e and easy to l
earnforth e commonmasses. Pyth on2 wassuccessfulinimpl
ementingth e
tech nicaldetail
softh e Pyth onEnh ancementProposal( PEP) . H owever, afterth e introductionof
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Pyth on3 , Pyth on2 coul
d notfind al
otofitsusage inth e tech worl
d and th e year2 0 2 0 marked
th e end ofPyth on2 ’ sl
egacy with Pyth on2 . 7 beingitsl
atestversion.

1 . 3 . 2 P yth on3

R el
eased inth e year2 0 0 8 , Pyth on3 wasnotjustanoth erversionofPyth on2 after
debugging. T h e introductionofPyth onwasmostl
y surrounded by th e motive th atredundancy –
writingrepetitive code orwritingth e same piece ofcode againand again– sh oul
d be removed
from coding. Pyth on3 isbackwardsincompatibl
e and aimsatel
iminatingth e probl
emswh ich
new programmersface wh il
elearningaprogrammingl
anguage.

1 . 3 . 3 Difference inP yth on2 & 3

B ased onth e fol

lowingparameters, th e differencesbetweenPyth on2 and Pyth on3 can
easil
y be made out. T h ey are asfol
lows:

1 . Y earofR el
ease : Pyth on2 wasrel
eased inth e year2 0 0 0 wh ereasPyth on3 was
rel
eased inth e year2 0 0 8 .

2 . PrintK eywords: InPyth on2 , printisastatementrath erth anafunction, onth e oth er

h and, inPyth on3 , printisconsidered to be afunctionand notastatement.

3 . Storage ofStrings: InPyth on2 , stringsare stored asA SC II by defaul

twh ereas, in
Pyth on3 , stringsare stored asU N IC O DE.

4 . DivisionofIntegers: InPyth on2 , th e divisionoftwo integersresul

ted inanintegral
val
ue. F orexampl
e, 9 / 2 yiel
ds4 inPyth on2 wh ereasth e divisionoftwo integersresul
tsina
fl
oating- pointval
ue inPyth on3 . F orexampl
e, 9 / 2 yiel
ds4 . 5 inPyth on3 .

5 . Exceptions: InPyth on2 , exceptionsare used to encl

ose th e notations, onth e oth er
h and, InPyth on3 , parenth esesare used to encl
ose th e exceptions.

6 . V ariabl
e L eakage : InPyth on, ifth e gl
obalvariabl
esare used inside afor- l
oop, th eir
val
uesdo ch ange. W h ereas, th e val
ue ofvariabl
esneverch angesinPyth on3 .

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

7 . Iteration: InPyth on2 , th e xrange( ) functionh asbeendefined foriterationswh ereasin

Pyth on3 , to perform iterations, th e new R ange( ) functionisintroduced.

8 . Ease O fSyntax: T h e syntaxofPyth on2 ismore compl

icated ascompared to th e
syntaxofPyth on3 . Pyth on3 syntaxiseasy to understand.

9 . L ibraries: Pyth on3 isth e future, th erefore many devel

opersare now creatingl
ibraries
forth e use ofPyth on3 strictl
y. T h e l
ibrariescreated forPyth on2 are now notforwards-
compatibl
e. 2 . xl
ibrary may be ported to 3 . xbutitcanbe acompl
icated task. Itisnot
recommended forbeginners.

1 0 . U sage InT oday’ sT imes: Since 2 0 2 0 , Pyth on2 h asbeenoutdated foruse wh ereas
Pyth on3 isstil
linuse by th e devel
opersand ismore popul
arth anPyth on2 .

1 1 . B ackward C ompatibil
ity : Itispossibl
e to portPyth on2 code to Pyth on3 butto do
th isal
otofeffortisrequired. O nth e oth erh and, Pyth on3 isnotbackwardscompatibl
e with
Pyth on2 .

1 2 . A ppl
ication: T h e util
isationofPyth on2 wasdone mostl
y to become aDevO ps
Engineer. N ow itisno l
ongerinuse after2 0 2 0 .

1 . 4 F EA T U R ES IN P Y T H O N

Inth issectionwe wil

lsee wh atare th e featuresofPyth onprogrammingl
anguage :

1. F ree and O penSource : Pyth onl

anguage isfreel
y avail
abl
e atth e officialwebsite. Since itis
open- source, th ismeansth atsource code isal
so avail
abl
e to th e publ
ic. So youcandownl
oad it, use it
aswel
lassh are it.

2. Easy to code : Pyth onisah igh - l

evelprogrammingl
anguage. Pyth onisvery easy to l
earnth e
l
anguage ascompared to oth erl
anguagesl
ike C , C # , Javascript, Java, etc. Itisvery easy to code inth e

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Pyth onl
anguage and anybody canl
earnPyth onbasicsinafew h oursordays. Itisal
so adevel
oper-
friendl
ylanguage.

3. Easy to R ead : A syouwil

lsee, l
earningPyth onisquite simpl
e. A swasal
ready establ
ish ed,
Pyth on’ ssyntaxisreal
ly straigh tforward. T h e code bl
ock isdefined by th e indentationsrath erth anby
semicol
onsorbrackets.

4. O bject- O riented L anguage : O ne ofth e key featuresofPyth onisO bject- O riented

programming. Pyth onsupportsobject- oriented l
anguage and conceptsofcl
asses, objectencapsul
ation,
etc.

5. G U IProgrammingSupport: G raph icalU serinterfacescanbe made usingamodul

e such
asPyQ t5 , PyQ t4 , wxPyth on, orT k inPyth on. PyQ t5 isth e mostpopul
aroptionforcreatinggraph ical
appswith Pyth on.

6. H igh - L evelL anguage : Pyth onisah igh - l

evell
anguage. W h enwe write programsinPyth on,
we do notneed to rememberth e system arch itecture, nordo we need to manage th e memory.

7. L arge C ommunity Support: Pyth onh asgained popul

arity overth e years. O urquestionsare
constantl
y answered by th e enormousStackO verfl
ow community. T h ese websitesh ave al
ready
provided answersto many questionsaboutPyth on, so Pyth onuserscanconsul
tth em asneeded.

8. Easy to Debug: Excel

lentinformationformistake tracing. Y ouwil
lbe abl
e to quickl
y
identify and correctth e majority ofyourprogram’ sissuesonce youunderstand h ow
to interpret Pyth on’ serrortraces. Simpl
y by gl
ancingatth e code, youcandetermine wh atitis
designed to perform.

9. Pyth onisaPortabl
elanguage : Pyth onl
anguage isal
so aportabl
elanguage. F orexampl
e, if
we h ave Pyth oncode forW indowsand ifwe wantto runth iscode onoth erpl
atformssuch asL inux,
U nix, and M acth enwe do notneed to ch ange it, we canrunth iscode onany pl
atform.

10. Pyth onisanIntegrated l

anguage : Pyth onisal
so anIntegrated l
anguage because we can
easil
y integrate Pyth onwith oth erl
anguagesl
ike C , C + + , etc.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

1 1 . Interpreted L anguage : Pyth onisanInterpreted L anguage because Pyth oncode isexecuted

l
ine by l
ine atatime. l
ike oth erl
anguagesC , C + + , Java, etc. th ere isno need to compil
e Pyth oncode
th ismakesiteasierto debugourcode. T h e source code ofPyth onisconverted into animmediate form
cal
led bytecode.

1 2 . L arge Standard L ibrary : Pyth onh asal

arge standard l
ibrary th atprovidesarich setof
modul
esand functionsso youdo noth ave to write yourowncode forevery singl
e th ing. T h ere are
many l
ibrariespresentinPyth onsuch asregul
arexpressions, unit- testing, webbrowsers, etc.

13. Dynamical
ly T yped L anguage : Pyth onisadynamical
ly- typed l
anguage. T h atmeansth e
type ( forexampl
e- int, doubl
e, l
ong, etc. ) foravariabl
e isdecided atruntime notinadvance because of
th isfeature we don’ tneed to specify th e type ofvariabl
e.

14. F rontend and backend devel

opment: W ith anew projectpy script, youcanrunand write
Pyth oncodesinH T M L with th e h el
pofsome simpl
e tags< py- script> , < py- env> , etc. T h iswil
lh el
p
youdo frontend devel
opmentwork inPyth onl
ike javascript. B ackend isth e strongforte ofPyth onit’ s
extensivel
y used forth iswork cause ofitsframeworksl
ike Django and F l
ask.

1 5 . Al
locatingM emory Dynamical
ly : InPyth on, th e variabl
e datatype doesnotneed to be
specified. T h e memory isautomatical
ly al
located to avariabl
e atruntime wh enitisgivenaval
ue.
Devel
opersdo notneed to write inty = 1 8 ifth e integerval
ue 1 5 issetto y. Y oumay justtype y= 1 8 .

1 . 5 B A SIC SY N T A X IN P Y T H O N

1 . 5 . 1 Identifiersinpyth on
IdentifiersinPyth onare used to identify variabl
es, objects, cl
asses, functions, and oth er
identifiers. T h ey are significantinwritingeffective code inth e Pyth onprogrammingl
anguage
asth ey make compl
exprogrammingtaskssimpl
er. A l
lidentifiersh ave aspecificsetofrul
es
th atneed to be fol
lowed wh il
e creatingidentifiers: th ey sh oul
d beginwith eith eranal
ph abet( a-
z ) oranunderscore ( _) , and afterth atcancontainany combinationofal
ph anumericch aracters

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
( a- z , 0 - 9 ) . M oreover, identifiersare case- sensitive so it’ simportantto note th at'x'and 'X 'woul
d
be considered two differentidentifiers.

H ere are namingconventionsforidentifiersinPyth on:

1. Inth e Pyth onprogrammingl

anguage th e cl
assnamesstartwith anuppercase l
etterand
al
lth e oth eridentifiersstartwith al
owercase l
etter.

2. Inth isl
anguage, ifanidentifierstartswith asingl
eleadingunderscore th atcanindicate
th atth e particul
aridentifierisaprivate identifier.

3. Inth isl
anguage ifanidentifierstartswith two l
eadingunderscoresth atcanindicate a
strongl
y private identifier.

4. InPyth onprogrammingl
anguage Ifth e identifierendswith two trail
ingunderscores
th enth e identifiercanbe cal
led by al
anguage- defined specialname.

T abl
e 1 . 1 : P yth onK eywords

and as assert

break cl
ass continue

def del el
if

el
se except F al
se

final
ly for from

gl
obal if import

in is l
ambda

N one nonl
ocal not

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

or pass raise

return T rue try

wh il
e with yiel
d

1 . 5 . 2 P yth onL inesand Indentation

Pyth onprogrammingl
anguage doesnotprovide any bracesto indicate th e code bl
ocks
forfunctiondefinitionsorcl
assorfl
ow control
. T h e codesare denoted by l
ine identification.
T h e use ofindentationinPyth oniscrucial
. Itpl
aysanimportantrol
e inmakingPyth oncode
easierto read, fol
low, and use - wh il
e incorrectl
y formatted code canbe difficul
tto deciph erand
use. Indentationprovidesvisualstructure to yourcode and h asabigimpactonth e readabil
ity of
th e code. Indentational
so h el
pswith debugging, asmisal
igned statementscaneasil
y h el
pyou
identify th e errors. InPyth on, indentationisused to sh ow agroupofrel
ated statements, so
properuse ofindentationincreasesth e productivity ofdevel
operstoo. W ith outit, understanding
evensimpl
e programsinPyth onwoul
d be al
mostimpossibl
e.

Exampl
e C ode :
# T h isisacomment
# C ommentsstartwith a'# 'symboland are notexecuted
# Define avariabl
e
my_variabl
e= 4 2
# U se anifstatementwith indentation
ifmy_variabl
e> 5 0 :
print( " T h e variabl
e isgreaterth an5 0 " )
el
se: print( " T h e variabl
e isnotgreaterth an5 0 " )
# Define afunction
defgreet( name) :
print( " H el
lo, " + name + " ! " ) # C al
lth e functiongreet( " A l
ice" ) greet( " B ob" )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

1 . 5 . 3 P yth onM ul
ti- L ine Statem ents
Pyth onenabl
esmul
ti- l
ine statementsby al
lowingyouto continue astatementonto th e
fol
lowingl
ine by usingbacksl
ash es( \) . Th ish el
psmake code easierto compreh end and breaks
upl
ength y expressionsinto many l
inesforeasiercompreh ension. A sanal
ternative, youcan
create mul
ti- l
ine statementswith outth e usage ofbacksl
ash esby usingparenth esesorbrackets
fordatastructuresl
ike l
ists, dictionaries, ortupl
es.

Exampl
e C ode :
resul
t= 1 + \
2 + \
3 + \
4 + \
5
print( resul
t)

1 . 5 . 4 Q uotationsinP yth on
Pyth onquotesare agreatway to expressth ough tsand opinions, and Pyth onmakesit
easy to use th em incode. Doubl
e quotesinPyth onprovide two differenttypesofquoting: raw
stringsand regul
arstringl
iteral
s. R aw stringsare bestforspecifyingfixed patternswh ena
backsl
ash isused asanescape ch aracter, wh ereasregul
arstringl
iteral
smustbe encl
osed in
doubl
e quoteswh enth e backsl
ash needsto be used asanescape ch aracter. W h endeal
ingwith
Pyth onquotes, it'simportantto rememberto use th e same type ofquote wh enstartingand
endingyourstrings; oth erwise, syntaxerrorsmay occur. W ith th e righ tknow- h ow, pyth on
quotationscanh el
pmake yourcode more concise and readabl
e.
Exampl
e C ode :
# T h isisadoubl
e quotes
print( " H el
lo, W orl
d! " )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 9
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

1 . 5 . 5 M ul
tipl
e Statem entsonaSingl
e L ine
Semicol
ons( ; ) are used inPyth onto separate l
inescontainingseveralstatements.
Inorderto ensure readabil
ity, th isconcise syntaxsh oul
d onl y.
y be used sparingl
Exampl
e C ode :
a= 1 ; b= 2 ; c= a+ b

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 0
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
C H A P T E R - 2

U SIN G V A R IA B L ES IN P Y T H O N

2 . 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N

Pyth onDatatypesare th e cl
assificationorcategoriz ationofdataitems. Itrepresentsth e kind ofval
ue
th attel
lswh atoperationscanbe performed onaparticul
ardata. Since everyth ingisanobjectinPyth on
programming, Pyth ondatatypesare cl
assesand variabl
esare instances( objects) ofth ese cl
asses. T h e
fol
lowingare th e standard orbuil
t- indatatypesinPyth on: N umeric, Sequence T ype, B ool
ean, Set,
Dictionary.

F ig2 . 1 : P yth onDataT ypes

2 . 2 W h atare P yth onDataT ypes?

A datatype inPyth onisacl

assificationofspecifictypesofdataby acertainval
ue orcertaintypesof
math ematicalorl
ogicaloperations. T h e way th atdataitemsare categoriz ed orcl
assified isknownas
th eirdatatype. Itstandsforth e type ofval
ue th atindicatesth e typesofoperationsth atcanbe carried
outonaspecificsetofdata. Inth isprogramming, pyth onvariabl
esare instances( objects) of
th ese pyth oncl
asses, and datatypesare trul
y cl
assesbecause everyth ingisanobject.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

Exampl
e C ode :
x= " H el
lo W orl
d"
x= 5 0
e" : 2 4 }
x= { " geeks" , " for" , " geeks" }
x= froz enset( { " geeks" , " for" , " geeks" })
x= T ruex= 6 0 . 5
x= 3 j
x= [" geeks" , " for" , " geeks" ]
x= ( " geeks" , " for" , " geeks" )
x= range( 1 0 )
x= { " name" : " Suraj" , " ag
x= bytearray( 4 )
x= memoryview( bytes( 6 ) )
x= N one

2 . 3 N um ericDataT ypesinP yth on

T h e numericdatatype inPyth onrepresentsth e datath ath asanumericval

ue. A numericval
ue canbe
aninteger, afl
oatingnumber, orevenacompl
exnumber. T h ese val
uesare defined asPyth on
int , Pyth onfl
oat , and Pyth oncompl
ex cl
assesinPyth on. T h e variousnumericdatatypesinpyth on
are asfol
lows:

1. Integers– T h isval
ue isrepresented by intcl
ass. Itcontainspositive ornegative wh ol
e numbers
( with outfractionsordecimal
s) . InPyth on, th ere isno l
imitto h ow l
onganintegerval
ue canbe.

2. F l
oat– T h isval
ue isrepresented by th e fl
oatcl
ass. Itisarealnumberwith afl
oating- point
representation. Itisspecified by adecimalpoint. O ptional
ly, th e ch aractere orEfol
lowed by apositive
ornegative integermay be appended to specify scientificnotation.

3. C ompl
exN umbers– A compl
exnumberisrepresented by acompl
excl
ass. Itisspecified as( real
part) + ( imaginary part) j. F orexampl
e – 2 + 3 j.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
N ote – type( ) function isused to determine th e type ofPyth ondatatype.

Exampl
e: T h iscode demonstratesh ow to determine th e datatype ofvariabl
esinPyth onusingth e type( )
function. Itprintsth e datatypesofth ree variabl
es: a( integer) , b( fl
oat) , and c( compl
ex) . T h e output
sh owsth e respective datatype Pyth onforeach variabl
e.

a= 5 print( " T ype ofa: " , type( a) )

b= 5 . 0 print( " \nT ype ofb: " , type( b) )
c= 2 + 4 jprint( " \nT ype ofc: " , type( c) )

O utput:
T ype ofa: < cl
ass'int'>
T ype ofb: < cl
ass'fl
oat'>
T ype ofc: < cl
ass'compl
ex'>

T abl
e 2 . 1 : N um ericDataT ype Exam pl
es

IN T LON G FLOAT C O M P L EX

1 0 5 1 9 2 4 3 6 1 L 0 .0 3 .1 4 j

1 0 0 - 0 x1 9 3 2 3 L 1 5 .2 0 4 5 .j

-7 8 6 0 1 2 2 L - 2 1 .9 9 . 3 2 2 e- 3 6 j

0 8 0 0 xDEF A B C EC B DA EC B F B A El 3 2 . 3 + e1 8 .8 7 6 j

-0 4 9 0 5 3 5 6 3 3 6 2 9 8 4 3 L -9 0 . - .6 5 4 5 + 0 J

- 0 x2 6 0 -0 5 2 3 1 8 1 7 2 7 3 5 L - 3 2 . 5 4 e1 0 0 3 e+ 2 6 J

0 x6 9 -4 7 2 1 8 8 5 2 9 8 5 2 9 L 7 0 . 2 - E1 2 4 . 5 3 e- 7 j

2 . 4 Sequence DataT ypesinP yth on

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
T h e sequence DataT ype inPyth onisth e ordered col
lectionofsimil arordifferentPyth ondatatypes.
Sequencesal low storingofmul tiple val
uesinanorganiz ed and efficientfash ion. T h ere are several
sequence datatypesofPyth on: Pyth onString, Pyth onL ist, Pyth onT upl
e.

2 . 4 . 1 StringDataT ype

Strings inPyth onare arraysofbytesrepresentingU nicode ch aracters. A stringisa

col
lectionofone ormore ch aractersputinasingl
e quote, doubl
e- quote, ortripl
e- quote. In
Pyth on, th ere isno ch aracterdatatype Pyth on, ach aracterisastringofl
ength one. Itis
represented by strcl
ass.

1. C reatingStrings: StringsinPyth oncanbe created usingsingl

e quotes, doubl
e quotes,
oreventripl
e quotes.
Exampl
e: T h isPyth oncode sh owcasesvariousstringcreationmeth ods. Itusessingl
e
quotes, doubl
e quotes, and tripl
e quotesto create stringswith differentcontentand incl
udesa
mul
til
ine string. T h e code al
so demonstratesprintingth e stringsand ch eckingth eirdatatypes.

String1 = 'W el
come to th e G eeksW orl
d'
print( " Stringwith th e use ofSingl
e Q uotes: " )
print( String1 )
String1 = " I'm aG eek"
print( " \nStringwith th e use ofDoubl
e Q uotes: " )
print( String1 )
print( type( String1 ) )
String1 = '''I'm aG eek and Il
ive inaworl
d of" G eeks" '''
print( " \nStringwith th e use ofT ripl
e Q uotes: " )
print( String1 )
print( type( String1 ) )
String1 = '''G eeks F or L ife'''
print( " \nC reatingamul
til
ine String: " )
print( String1 )

O utput:

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Stringwith th e use ofSingl
e Q uotes:
W el
come to th e G eeksW orl
d
Stringwith th e use ofDoubl
e Q uotes:
I'm aG eek
< cl
ass'str'>
Stringwith th e use ofT ripl
e Q uotes:
I'm aG eek and Il
ive inaworl
d of" G eeks"
< cl
ass'str'>
C reatingamul
til
ine String:
G eeks
F or
L ife

2. A ccessingel
ementsofString: InPyth onprogramming , individualch aractersofa

Stringcanbe accessed by usingth e meth od ofIndexing. N egative Indexing al

lowsnegative
addressreferencesto accessch aractersfrom th e back ofth e String, e. g. - 1 refersto th e l
ast
ch aracter, - 2 refersto th e second l
astch aracter, and so on.

e: T h isPyth oncode demonstratesh ow to work with astringnamed ‘String1 ′ . It

Exampl
initial
iz esth e stringwith “ G eeksF orG eeks”and printsit. Itth ensh owcasesh ow to accessth e
firstch aracter( “ G ”) usinganindexof0 and th e l
astch aracter( “ s”) usinganegative indexof
-1 .

String1 = " G eeksF orG eeks"

print( " InitialString: " )
print( String1 )
print( " \nF irstch aracterofStringis: " )
print( String1 [0 ])
print( " \nL astch aracterofStringis: " )
print( String1 [- 1 ])

O utput:

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
InitialString:
G eeksF orG eeks
F irstch aracterofStringis:
G
L astch aracterofStringis:
s

2 . 4 . 2 L istDataT ype

L ists are justl

ike arrays, decl
ared inoth erl
anguageswh ich isanordered col
lectionof
data. Itisvery fl
exibl
e asth e itemsinal
istdo notneed to be ofth e same type.
1. C reatingaL istinPyth on: L istsinPyth oncanbe created by justpl
acingth e sequence
inside th e square brackets[].

Exampl
e: T h isPyth oncode demonstratesl
istcreationand manipul
ation. Itstartswith an
empty l
istand printsit. Itcreatesal
istcontainingasingl
e stringel
ementand printsit. Itcreates
al
istwith mul
tipl
e stringel
ementsand printssel
ected el
ementsfrom th e l
ist. Itcreatesamul
ti-
dimensionall
ist( al
istofl
ists) and printsit. T h e code sh owcasesvariouswaysto work with l
ists,
incl
udingsingl
e and mul
ti- dimensionall
ists.

L ist= []print( " Initialbl

ank L ist: " )
print( L ist)
L ist= ['G eeksF orG eeks']
print( " \nL istwith th e use ofString: " )
print( L ist)
L ist= [" G eeks" , " F or" , " G eeks" ]
print( " \nL istcontainingmul
tipl
e val
ues: " )
print( L ist[0 ])
print( L ist[2 ])
L ist= [['G eeks', 'F or'], ['G eeks']]
print( " \nM ul
ti- DimensionalL ist: " )
print( L ist)

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
O utput:
Initialbl
ank L ist:
[]
L istwith th e use ofString:
['G eeksF orG eeks']
L istcontainingmul
tipl
e val
ues:
G eeks
G eeks
M ul
ti- DimensionalL ist:
[['G eeks', 'F or'], ['G eeks']]

2. Pyth onA ccessL istItems: Inorderto accessth e l

istitemsreferto th e indexnumber.
U se th e indexoperator[]to accessanitem inal
ist. InPyth on, negative sequence indexes
representpositionsfrom th e end ofth e array. Instead ofh avingto compute th e offsetasin
L ist[l
en( L ist) - 3 ], itisenough to justwrite L ist[- 3 ]. N egative indexingmeansbeginningfrom th e
end, - 1 refersto th e l
astitem, - 2 refersto th e second- l
astitem, etc.
Exampl
e:
L ist= [" G eeks" , " F or" , " G eeks" ]
print( " A ccessingel
ementfrom th e l
ist" )
print( L ist[0 ])
print( L ist[2 ])
print( " A ccessingel
ementusingnegative indexing" )
print( L ist[- 1 ])
print( L ist[- 3 ])

O utput:
A ccessingel
ementfrom th e l
ist
G eeks
G eeks
A ccessingel
ementusingnegative indexing
G eeks
G eeks

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

2 . 4 . 3 T upl
e DataT ype

Justl
ike al
ist, atupl
e isal
so anordered col
lectionofPyth onobjects. T h e onl
y
difference betweenatupl
e and al
ististh attupl
esare immutabl
e i. e. tupl
escannotbe modified
afteritiscreated. Itisrepresented by atupl
e cl
ass.

1. C reatingaT upl
e inPyth on: InPyth onDataT ypes, tupl
es are created by pl
acinga
sequence ofval
uesseparated by a‘comma’ with orwith outth e use ofparenth esesforgrouping
th e datasequence. T upl
escancontainany numberofel
ementsand ofany datatype ( l
ike strings,
integers, l
ists, etc. ) . N ote: T upl
escanal
so be created with asingl
e el
ement, butitisabittricky.
H avingone el
ementinth e parenth esesisnotsufficient, th ere mustbe atrail
ing‘comma’ to
make itatupl
e.

Exampl
e: T h isPyth oncode demonstratesdifferentmeth odsofcreatingand working
with tupl
es. Itstartswith anempty tupl
e and printsit. Itcreatesatupl
e containingstring
el
ementsand printsit. Itconvertsal
istinto atupl
e and printsth e resul
t. Itcreatesatupl
e from a
stringusingth e tupl
e( ) function. Itformsatupl
e with nested tupl
esand displ
aysth e resul
t.

T upl
e1 = ( )
print( " Initialempty T upl
e: " )
print( T upl
e1 )
T upl
e1 = ( 'G eeks', 'F or')
print( " \nT upl
e with th e use ofString: " )
print( T upl
e1 )
l
ist1 = [1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]
print( " \nT upl
e usingL ist: " )
print( tupl
e( l
ist1 ) )
T upl
e1 = tupl
e( 'G eeks')
print( " \nT upl
e with th e use offunction: " )
print( T upl
e1 )
T upl
e1 = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
T upl
e2 = ( 'pyth on', 'geek')
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
T upl
e3 = ( T upl
e1 , T upl
e2 )
print( " \nT upl
e with nested tupl
es: " )
print( T upl
e3 )

O utput:
Initialempty T upl
e:
()
T upl
e with th e use ofString:
( 'G eeks', 'F or')
T upl
e usingL ist:
(1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 )
T upl
e with th e use offunction:
( 'G ', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's')
T upl
e with nested tupl
es:
( ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) , ( 'pyth on', 'geek') )

2. A ccessT upl
e Items: Inorderto accessth e tupl
e itemsreferto th e indexnumber. U se
th e indexoperator[]to accessanitem inatupl
e. T h e indexmustbe aninteger. N ested tupl
es
are accessed usingnested indexing.

Exampl
e : T h e code createsatupl e1 ′ with five el
e named ‘tupl ements: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 .
T h enitprintsth e first, l
ast, and th ird l
astel
ementsofth e tupl
e usingindexing.

tupl
e1 = tupl
e( [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ])
print( " F irstel
ementoftupl
e" )
print( tupl
e1 [0 ])
print( " \nL astel
ementoftupl
e" )
print( tupl
e1 [- 1 ])
print( " \nT h ird l
astel
ementoftupl
e" )
print( tupl
e1 [- 3 ])

O utput:
F irstel
ementoftupl
e

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 1 9
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
1
L astel
ementoftupl
e
5
T h ird l
astel
ementoftupl
e
3

2 . 4 . 4 B ool
eanDataT ype

Pyth onDatatype with one ofth e two buil

t- inval
ues, T rue orF al
se. B ool
eanobjectsth at
are equalto T rue are truth y ( true) , and th ose equalto F al
se are fal
sy ( fal
se) . H owevernon-
B ool
eanobjectscanbe eval
uated inaB ool
eancontextaswel
land determined to be true orfal
se.
Itisdenoted by th e cl
assbool
.

N ote – T rue and F al

se with capital‘T ’ and ‘F ’ are val
id bool
eansoth erwise pyth onwil
l
th row anerror.

Exampl
e: T h e firsttwo l
ineswil
lprintth e type ofth e bool
eanval
uesT rue and F al
se,
wh ich is< cl
ass‘bool
’ > . T h e th ird l
ine wil
lcause anerror, because true isnotaval
id keyword in
Pyth on. Pyth oniscase- sensitive, wh ich meansitdistinguish esbetweenuppercase and l
owercase
l
etters. Y ouneed to capital
iz e th e firstl
etteroftrue to make itabool
eanval
ue.

print( type( T rue) )

print( type( F al
se) )
print( type( true) )

O utput:
< cl
ass'bool
'>
< cl
ass'bool
'>
T raceback ( mostrecentcal
llast) :
F il
e " / h ome/ 7 e8 8 6 2 7 6 3 fb6 6 1 5 3 d7 0 8 2 4 0 9 9 d4 f5 fb7 . py" , l
ine 8 , in
print( type( true) )
N ameError: name 'true'isnotdefined

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 0
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
2 . 4 . 5 SetDataT ype

InPyth onDataT ypes, aSet isanunordered col

lectionofdatatypesth atisiterabl
e,
mutabl
e, and h asno dupl
icate el
ements. T h e orderofel
ementsinasetisundefined th ough it
may consistofvariousel
ements.

1. C reate aSetinPyth on: Setscanbe created by usingth e buil

t- inset( ) functionwith
aniterabl
e objectorasequence by pl
acingth e sequence inside curl
y braces, separated by
a‘comma’ . T h e type ofel
ementsinasetneed notbe th e same, variousmixed- updatatype
val
uescanal
so be passed to th e set.

Exampl
e: T h e code isanexampl
e ofh ow to create setsusingdifferenttypesofval
ues,
such asstrings, l
ists, and mixed val
ues

set1 = set( )
print( " Initialbl
ank Set: " )
print( set1 )
set1 = set( " G eeksF orG eeks" )
print( " \nSetwith th e use ofString: " )
print( set1 )
set1 = set( [" G eeks" , " F or" , " G eeks" ])
print( " \nSetwith th e use ofL ist: " )
print( set1 )
set1 = set( [1 , 2 , 'G eeks', 4 , 'F or', 6 , 'G eeks'])
print( " \nSetwith th e use ofM ixed V al
ues" ) print( set1 )

O utput:
Initialbl
ank Set:
set( )
Setwith th e use ofString:
{ 'F ', 'o', 'G ', 's', 'r', 'k', 'e'}
Setwith th e use ofL ist:
{ 'G eeks', 'F or'}

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Setwith th e use ofM ixed V al
ues
{ 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 'G eeks', 'F or'}

2. A ccessSetItems: Setitemscannotbe accessed by referringto anindex, since sets

are unordered th e itemsh ave no index. B utyoucanl
oopth rough th e setitemsusingaforl
oop,
orask ifaspecified val
ue ispresentinaset, by usingth e inth e keyword.

Exampl
e: T h isPyth oncode createsasetnamed set1 with th e
val
ues“ G eeks”, “ F or”and “ G eeks”. T h e code th enprintsth e initialset, th e el
ementsofth e set
inal
oop, and ch ecksifth e val
ue “ G eeks”isinth e setusingth e ‘in’ operator

set1 = set( [" G eeks" , " F or" , " G eeks" ])

print( " \nInitialset" )
print( set1 )
print( " \nEl
ementsofset: " )
fori inset1 :
print( i, end= " " )
print( " G eeks" inset1 )

O utput:
Initialset:
{ 'G eeks', 'F or'}
El
ementsofset:
G eeksF or
T rue

2 . 4 . 6 Dictionary DataT ype inP yth on

A dictionary inPyth onisanunordered col

lectionofdataval
ues, used to store data
val
uesl
ike amap, unl
ike oth erPyth onDataT ypesth ath ol
d onl
y asingl
e val
ue asanel
ement, a
Dictionary h ol
dsakey: val
ue pair. K ey- val
ue isprovided inth e dictionary to make itmore
optimiz ed. Each key- val
ue pairinaDictionary isseparated by acol
on: , wh ereaseach key is
separated by a‘comma’ .

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
1. C reate aDictionary inPyth on: InPyth on, aDictionary canbe created by pl
acinga
sequence ofel
ementswith incurl
y { } braces, separated by ‘comma’ . V al
uesinadictionary can
be ofany datatype and canbe dupl
icated, wh ereaskeyscan’ tbe repeated and mustbe
immutabl
e. T h e dictionary canal
so be created by th e buil
t- infunctiondict( ) . A nempty
dictionary canbe created by justpl
acingitincurl
y braces{ }. N ote – Dictionary keysare case
sensitive, th e same name butdifferentcasesofK ey wil
lbe treated distinctl
y.

Exampl
e: T h iscode createsand printsavariety ofdictionaries. T h e firstdictionary is
empty. T h e second dictionary h asintegerkeysand stringval
ues. T h e th ird dictionary h asmixed
keys, with one stringkey and one integerkey. T h e fourth dictionary iscreated using
th e dict( ) function, and th e fifth dictionary iscreated usingth e [( key, val
ue) ]syntax.

Dict= { }
print( " Empty Dictionary: " )
print( Dict)
Dict= { 1 : 'G eeks', 2 : 'F or', 3 : 'G eeks'}
print( " \nDictionary with th e use ofIntegerK eys: " )
print( Dict)
Dict= { 'N ame': 'G eeks', 1 : [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]}
print( " \nDictionary with th e use ofM ixed K eys: " )
print( Dict)
Dict= dict( { 1 : 'G eeks', 2 : 'F or', 3 : 'G eeks'})
print( " \nDictionary with th e use ofdict( ) : " )
print( Dict)
Dict= dict( [( 1 , 'G eeks') , ( 2 , 'F or') ])
print( " \nDictionary with each item asapair: " )
print( Dict)

O utput:
Empty Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary with th e use ofIntegerK eys:
{ 1 : 'G eeks', 2 : 'F or', 3 : 'G eeks'}

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Dictionary with th e use ofM ixed K eys:
{ 1 : [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], 'N ame': 'G eeks'}
Dictionary with th e use ofdict( ) :
{ 1 : 'G eeks', 2 : 'F or', 3 : 'G eeks'}
Dictionary with each item asapair:
{ 1 : 'G eeks', 2 : 'F or'}

2. A ccessingK ey- val

ue inDictionary : Inorderto accessth e itemsofadictionary refer
to itskey name. K ey canbe used inside square brackets. T h ere isal
so ameth od cal
led get( ) th at
wil
lal
so h el
pinaccessingth e el
ementfrom adictionary.

Exampl
e: T h e code inPyth onisused to accessel
ementsinadictionary. H ere’ swh atit
does, Itcreatesadictionary Dictwith keysand val
uesas{ 1 : ‘G eeks’ , ‘name’ : ‘F or’ , 3 :
‘G eeks’ } . Itprintsth e val
ue ofth e el
ementwith th e key ‘name’ , wh ich is‘F or’ . Itprintsth e
val
ue ofth e el
ementwith th e key 3 , wh ich is‘G eeks’ .

Dict= { 1 : 'G eeks', 'name': 'F or', 3 : 'G eeks'}

print( " A ccessingael
ementusingkey: " )
print( Dict['name'])
print( " A ccessingael
ementusingget: " )
print( Dict. get( 3 ) )

O utput:
A ccessingael
ementusingkey:
F or
A ccessingael
ementusingget:
G eeks

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
C H A P T E R - 3

B A SIC P R O G R A M M IN G IN P Y T H O N
3 . 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N

C onditional
sal
low usto make decisionsinourcode. B y usingstatementsl
ike if, el
if, and el
se, we can
execute differentbl
ocksofcode based onspecificconditions. T h isenabl
esourprogramsto respond
dynamical
ly to varyinginputsand situations. L oopsare powerfulconstructsth atenabl
e usto repeata
bl
ock ofcode mul
tipl
e times. W e wil
ldel
ve into two primary typesofl
oopsinPyth on: forl
oopsand
wh il
eloops. T h ese tool
sare inval
uabl
e fortasksth atrequire iteration, such asprocessingitemsinal
ist
orexecutingabl
ock ofcode untilacertainconditionismet. F unctionsare reusabl
e piecesofcode th at
perform aspecifictask. B y definingfunctions, we canorganiz e ourcode into manageabl
e sections,
makingiteasierto read, maintain, and debug. W e wil
llearnh ow to create functions, passarguments,
and returnval
ues, wh ich wil
lenh ance ourprogrammingefficiency. F inal
ly, we wil
lexpl
ore modul
es,
wh ich are fil
escontainingPyth oncode th atcanbe imported and used inoth erprograms. M odul
esal
low
usto organiz e ourcode into separate fil
es, promotingreusabil
ity and modul
arity. W e wil
ldiscussh ow
to create ourownmodul
esand h ow to l
everage existingonesfrom th e Pyth onStandard L ibrary.

3 . 2 C O N DIT IO N A L ST A T EM EN T S

C onditionalStatementsare statementsinPyth onth atprovide ach oice forth e controlfl

ow based ona
condition. Itmeansth atth e controlfl
ow ofth e Pyth onprogram wil
lbe decided based onth e outcome
ofth e condition.

3 . 2 . 1 IfC onditionalStatem entinP yth on

Ifth e simpl
e code ofbl
ock isto be performed ifth e conditionh ol
dsth enth e ifstatement
isused. H ere th e conditionmentioned h ol
dsth enth e code ofth e bl
ock runsoth erwise not.

SyntaxofIfStatement:
ifcondition:
# Statementsto execute if
# conditionistrue
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

C ode:
if1 0 > 5 :
print( " 1 0 greaterth an5 " )
print( " Program ended" )

O utput:
1 0 greaterth an5
Program ended

3 . 2 . 2 Ifel
se C onditionalStatem entinP yth on
InaconditionalifStatementth e additionalbl
ock ofcode ismerged asanel
se statement
wh ich isperformed wh enifconditionisfal
se.

SyntaxofPyth onIf- El
se:

if( condition) :
# Executesth isbl
ock if
# conditionistrue
el
se:
# Executesth isbl
ock if
# conditionisfal
se

C ode:
x= 3
ifx= = 4 :
print( " Y es" )
el
se:
print( " N o" )

O utput:
N o

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
3 . 2 . 3 N ested if. . el
se C onditionalStatem entinP yth on
N ested if. . el
se meansanif- el
se statementinside anoth erifstatement. O rinsimpl
e words
first, th ere isanouterifstatement, and inside itanoth erif– el
se statementispresentand such
type ofstatementisknownasnested ifstatement. W e canuse one iforel
se ifstatementinside
anoth eriforel
se ifstatements.

C ode:
l
etter= " A "
ifl
etter= = " B " :
print( " l
etterisB " )
el
se:
ifl
etter= = " C " :
print( " l
etterisC " )
el
se:
ifl
etter= = " A " :
print( " l
etterisA " )
el
se:
print( " l
etterisn'tA , B and C " )

O utput:
l
etterisA

3 . 2 . 4 If- el
if- el
se C onditionalStatem entsinP yth on
T h e ifstatementsare executed from th e topdown. A ssoonasone ofth e conditions
control
lingth e ifistrue, th e statementassociated with th atifisexecuted, and th e restofth e
l
adderisbypassed. Ifnone ofth e conditionsistrue, th enth e final“ el
se”statementwil
lbe
executed.

C ode:
l
etter= " A "
ifl
etter= = " B " :
print( " l
etterisB " )
el
ifl
etter= = " C " :
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
print( " l
etterisC " )
el
ifl
etter= = " A " :
print( " l
etterisA " )
el
se:
print( " l
etterisn'tA , B orC " )

O utput:
l
etterisA

3 . 2 . 5 T ernary ExpressionC onditionalStatem entsinP yth on

T h e Pyth onternary Expressiondeterminesifaconditionistrue orfal
se and th enreturns
th e appropriate val
ue inaccordance with th e resul
t. T h e ternary Expressionisusefulincases
wh ere we need to assignaval
ue to avariabl
e based onasimpl
e condition, and we wantto keep
ourcode more concise — al
linjustone l
ine ofcode.

Syntax: [on_true]if[expression]el
se [on_fal
se]
expression: conditional
_expression| l
ambda_expr

C ode:
a= 2 , b= 1 0
print( " B oth aand bare equal
" ifa= = bel
se " aisgreaterth anb"
ifa> bel
se " bisgreaterth ana" )

O utput:
bisgreaterth ana

3 . 3 L O O P IN G ST A T EM EN T S

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Pyth onprogrammingl
anguage providestwo typesofPyth onl
oopsh eckingtime : F orl
oopand W h il
e
l
oopto h andl
eloopingrequirements.

3 . 3 . 1 W h il
e L oopinP yth on
InPyth on, awh il
eloopisused to execute abl
ock ofstatementsrepeatedl
y untilagiven
conditionissatisfied. W h enth e conditionbecomesfal
se, th e l
ine immediatel
y afterth e l
oopin
th e program isexecuted.

Pyth onW h il
e L oopSyntax:
wh il
e expression:
statement( s)

Al
lth e statementsindented by th e same numberofch aracterspacesafteraprogramming
constructare considered to be partofasingl
e bl
ock ofcode. Pyth onusesindentationasits
meth od ofgroupingstatements.

Exampl
e: T h e givenPyth oncode usesa‘wh il
e'l
oopto print“ H el
lo G eek”th ree times
by incrementingavariabl
e cal
led ‘count'from 1 to 3 .

count= 0
wh il
e ( count< 3 ) :
count= count+ 1
print( " H el
lo G eek" )

O utput:
H el
lo G eek
H el
lo G eek
H el
lo G eek

3 . 3 . 2 F or L oopinP yth on

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 2 9
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
F orl
oopsare used forsequentialtraversal
. F orexampl
e: traversing
al
ist orstringorarray etc. InPyth on, th ere is“ forin”l
oopwh ich issimil
arto foreach l
oopin
oth erl
anguages. Itcanbe used to iterate overarange and iterators.

F orL oopSyntax:
foriterator_varinsequence:
statements( s)

Exampl
e:
T h e code usesaPyth onforl
oopth atiteratesoverth e val
uesfrom 0 to 3 ( notincl
uding
4 ) , asspecified by th e range( 0 , n) construct. Itwil
lprintth e val
uesof‘i'ineach iterationofth e
l
oop.

n= 4
fori inrange( 0 , n) :
print( i)

O utput:
0
1
2
3

3 . 4 P yth onF unctions

F unctionisabl
ock ofstatementsth atreturnth e specifictask. T h e ideaisto putsome commonl
y
orrepeatedl
y done taskstogeth erand make afunctionso th atinstead ofwritingth e same code again
and againfordifferentinputs, we cando th e functioncal
lsto reuse code contained initoverand over
again.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 0
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

Some B enefitsofU singF unctions:

1. Increase C ode R eadabil
ity
2. Increase C ode R eusabil
ity

Pyth onF unctionDecl

aration:
T h e syntaxto decl
are afunctionis

F ig3 . 1 : P yth onF unction

3 . 4 . 1 C reatingaF unctioninP yth on

W e candefine afunctioninPyth on, usingth e defkeyword. W e canadd any type of
functional
itiesand propertiesto itaswe require. B y th e fol
lowingexampl
e, we canunderstand
h ow to write afunctioninPyth on. Inth isway we cancreate Pyth onfunctiondefinitionby using
defkeyword.

Exampl
e:

deffun( ) :
print( " W el
come to G F G " )

3 . 4 . 2 C al
lingaF unctioninP yth on

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
A ftercreatingafunctioninPyth onwe cancal
litby usingth e name ofth e functions
fol
lowed by parenth esiscontainingparametersofth atparticul
arfunction.

Exampl
e:

defadd( num1 : int, num2 : int) - > int:

num3 = num1 + num2
returnnum3

num1 , num2 = 5 , 1 5
ans= add( num1 , num2 )
print( f" T h e additionof{ num1 } and { num2 } resul
ts{ ans}. " )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

C H A P T E R - 4

O B JEC T O R IEN T ED P R O G R A M M IN G IN P Y T H O N

4 . 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N

O bjectO riented ProgrammingisafundamentalconceptinPyth on, empoweringdevel

opersto buil
d
modul
ar, maintainabl
e, and scal
abl
e appl
ications. B y understandingth e core O O P principl
es— cl
asses,
objects, inh eritance, encapsul
ation, pol
ymorph ism, and abstraction— programmerscanl
everage th e ful
l
potentialofPyth on’ sO O P capabil
itiesto designel
egantand efficientsol
utionsto compl
exprobl
ems.
O bject- oriented Programming( O O Ps) isaprogrammingparadigm th atusesobjectsand cl
assesin
programming. Itaimsto impl
ementreal
- worl
d entitiesl
ike inh eritance, pol
ymorph isms, encapsul
ation,
etc. inth e programming. T h e mainconceptofobject- oriented Programming( O O Ps) oroopsconceptsin
Pyth onisto bind th e dataand th e functionsth atwork togeth erasasingl
e unitso th atno oth erpartof
th e code canaccessth isdata.

O O P C oncepts:

Cl
assinPyth on

O bjectsinPyth on

Pol
ymorph ism inPyth on

Encapsul
ationinPyth on

Inh eritance inPyth on

DataA bstractioninPyth on

4 . 2 P yth onC l
ass

A cl
assisacol
lectionofobjects. A cl
asscontainsth e bl
ueprintsorth e prototype from wh ich th e objects
are beingcreated. Itisal
ogicalentity th atcontainssome attributesand meth ods.
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

Some pointsonPyth oncl

ass:

1. C l
assesare created by keyword cl
ass.

2. A ttributesare th e variabl
esth atbel
ongto acl
ass.

3. A ttributesare al
wayspubl
icand canbe accessed usingth e dot( . ) operator.

Eg. : M ycl
ass. M yattribute

Cl
assDefinitionSyntax:

cl
assC l assN ame:
# Statement- 1
.
.
.
# Statement- N

Exampl
e:

cl
assDog:

pass

4 . 3 P yth onO bjects

Inobjectoriented programmingPyth on, T h e objectisanentity th ath asastate and beh aviorassociated

with it. Itmay be any real
- worl
d objectl
ike amouse, keyboard, ch air, tabl
e, pen, etc. Integers, strings,
fl
oating- pointnumbers, evenarrays, and dictionaries, are al
lobjects. M ore specifical
ly, any singl
e
integerorany singl
e stringisanobject. T h e number1 2 isanobject, th e string“ H el
lo, worl
d”isan
object, al
istisanobjectth atcanh ol
d oth erobjects, and so on.

A nobjectconsistsof:

State: Itisrepresented by th e attributesofanobject. Ital

so refl
ectsth e propertiesofanobject.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
B eh avior: Itisrepresented by th e meth odsofanobject. Ital
so refl
ectsth e response ofanobjectto oth er
objects.

Identity: Itgivesaunique name to anobjectand enabl

esone objectto interactwith oth erobjects.

T o understand th e state, beh avior, and identity l

etustake th e exampl
e ofth e cl
assdog.

T h e identity canbe considered asth e name ofth e dog.

State orA ttributescanbe considered asth e breed, age, orcol

orofth e dog.

T h e beh aviorcanbe considered asto wh eth erth e dogiseatingorsl

eeping.

C reatinganO bject:

T h iswil
lcreate anobjectnamed objofth e cl
assDogdefined above.

obj= Dog( )

4 . 4 T h e P yth onsel
f

Cl
assmeth odsmusth ave anextrafirstparameterinth e meth od definition. W e do notgive aval
ue for
th isparameterwh enwe cal
lth e meth od, Pyth onprovidesit. Ifwe h ave ameth od th attakesno
arguments, th enwe stil
lh ave to h ave one argument. T h isissimil
arto th ispointerinC + + and th is
reference inJava.

W h enwe cal
lameth od ofth isobjectasmyobject. meth od( arg1 , arg2 ) , th isisautomatical
ly converted
by Pyth oninto M yC l
ass. meth od( myobject, arg1 , arg2 ) – th isisal
lth e specialsel
fisabout.

4 . 5 T h e P yth on__init__M eth od

T h e __init__meth od issimil
arto constructorsinC + + and Java. Itisrunassoonasanobjectofacl
ass
isinstantiated. T h e meth od isusefulto do any initial
iz ationyouwantto do with yourobject. N ow l
etus
define acl
assand create some objectsusingth e sel
fand __init__meth od.

C reatingacl
assand objectwith cl
assand instance attributes

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

cl
assDog:

# cl
assattribute

attr1 = " mammal

"

# Instance attribute

def__init__( sel
f, name) :

sel
f. name = name

# Drivercode

# O bjectinstantiation

R odger= Dog( " R odger" )

T ommy = Dog( " T ommy" )

# A ccessingcl
assattributes

print( " R odgerisa{ }" . format( R odger. __cl

ass__. attr1 ) )

print( " T ommy isal

so a{ }" . format( T ommy. __cl
ass__. attr1 ) )

# A ccessinginstance attributes

print( " M y name is{ }" . format( R odger. name) )

print( " M y name is{ }" . format( T ommy. name) )

O utput

R odgerisamammal

T ommy isal
so amammal

M y name isR odger

M y name isT ommy

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

4 . 6 P yth onInh eritance

InPyth onobjectoriented Programming, Inh eritance isth e capabil

ity ofone cl
assto derive orinh eritth e
propertiesfrom anoth ercl
ass. T h e cl
assth atderivespropertiesiscal
led th e derived cl
assorch il
d cl
ass
and th e cl
assfrom wh ich th e propertiesare beingderived iscal
led th e base cl
assorparentcl
ass. T h e
benefitsofinh eritance are:

Itrepresentsreal
- worl
d rel
ationsh ipswel
l.

Itprovidesth e reusabil
ity ofacode. W e don’ th ave to write th e same code againand again. A l
so, it
al
lowsusto add more featuresto acl
asswith outmodifyingit.

Itistransitive innature, wh ich meansth atifcl

assB inh eritsfrom anoth ercl
assA , th enal
lth e
subcl
assesofB woul
d automatical
ly inh eritfrom cl
assA .

T ypesofInh eritance

Singl
e Inh eritance: Singl
e- l
evelinh eritance enabl
esaderived cl
assto inh eritch aracteristicsfrom a
singl
e- parentcl
ass.

M ul
til
evelInh eritance: M ul
ti- l
evelinh eritance enabl
esaderived cl
assto inh eritpropertiesfrom an
immediate parentcl
asswh ich inturninh eritspropertiesfrom h isparentcl
ass.

H ierarch icalInh eritance: H ierarch ical

-levelinh eritance enabl
esmore th anone derived cl
assto inh erit
propertiesfrom aparentcl
ass.

M ul
tipl
e Inh eritance: M ul
tipl
e- l
evelinh eritance enabl
esone derived cl
assto inh eritpropertiesfrom
more th anone base cl
ass.

4 . 7 P yth onP ol
ym orph ism

Inobjectoriented ProgrammingPyth on, Pol

ymorph ism simpl
y meansh avingmany forms. F orexampl
e,
we need to determine ifth e givenspeciesofbirdsfl
y ornot, usingpol
ymorph ism we cando th isusinga
singl
e function.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Exampl e : T h iscode demonstratesth e conceptofPyth onoopsinh eritance and meth od overridingin
Pyth oncl asses. Itsh owsh ow subcl assescanoverride meth odsdefined inth eirparentcl
assto provide
specificbeh aviorwh il e stil
linh eritingoth ermeth odsfrom th e parentcl
ass.

cl
assB ird:

defintro( sel
f) :

print( " T h ere are many typesofbirds. " )

deffl
igh t( sel
f) :

print( " M ostofth e birdscanfl

y butsome cannot. " )

cl
asssparrow( B ird) :

deffl
igh t( sel
f) :

print( " Sparrowscanfl

y. " )

cl
assostrich ( B ird) :

deffl
igh t( sel
f) :

print( " O strich escannotfl

y. " )

obj_bird = B ird( )

obj_spr= sparrow( )

obj_ost= ostrich ( )

obj_bird. intro( )

obj_bird. fl
igh t( )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
obj_spr. intro( ) obj_spr. fl
igh t( )

obj_ost. intro( ) obj_ost. fl

igh t( )

O utput

T h ere are many typesofbirds.

M ostofth e birdscanfl
y butsome cannot.

T h ere are many typesofbirds.

Sparrowscanfl
y.

T h ere are many typesofbirds.

O strich escannotfl
y.

4 . 8 P yth onEncapsul
ation

InPyth onobjectoriented programming, Encapsul ationisone ofth e fundamentalconceptsinobject-

oriented programming( O O P) . Itdescribesth e ideaofwrappingdataand th e meth odsth atwork ondata
with inone unit. T h isputsrestrictionsonaccessingvariabl esand meth odsdirectl y and canpreventth e
accidentalmodificationofdata. T o preventaccidentalch ange, anobject’ svariabl e canonly be ch anged
by anobject’ smeth od. T h ose typesofvariabl esare knownasprivate variabl es. A cl assisanexampl e
ofencapsul ationasitencapsul atesallth e datath atismemberfunctions, variabl es, etc.

F ig4 . 1 : Encapsul
ation

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 3 9
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

C H A P T E R - 5

C O N N EC T IN G T O SQ L IT E DA T A B A SE IN P Y T H O N

5 . 1 IN T R O DU C T IO N

Pyth onSQ L ite3 modul

e isused to integrate th e SQ L ite database with Pyth on. Itisastandardiz ed
Pyth onDB IA PI2 . 0 and providesastraigh tforward and simpl
e- to- use interface forinteractingwith
SQ L ite databases. T h ere isno need to instal
lth ismodul
e separatel
y asitcomesal
ongwith Pyth onafter
th e 2 . 5 xversion.

Pyth oncomeswith buil

t- insupportforSQ L ite th rough th e sql
ite3 modul
e, wh ich al
lowsyouto interact
with anSQ L ite database directl
y from Pyth oncode. T h ismakesitanexcel
lentch oice forappl
ications
th atrequire al
igh tweigh tdatabase with outth e overh ead ofaful
ldatabase managementsystem.

pysql
ite isanexternall
ibrary inPyth onth atprovidesSQ L ite database access. Itwasth e original
interface to th e SQ L ite rel
ationaldatabase managementsystem before itbecame integrated into
Pyth on’ sstandard l
ibrary assql
ite3 . Since Pyth on2 . 5 and above, sql
ite3 isincl
uded inPyth on’ s
standard l
ibrary, wh ich essential
ly providesth e same functional
itiesaspysql
ite. Ifyouare usingPyth on
2 . 5 orl
ater, itisrecommended to use sql
ite3 instead. H ere’ sabasicexampl
e ofusingsql
ite3 :

C h aracteristicsofSQ L ite Database :

SQ L ite isaC - l
anguage l
ibrary th atimpl
ementsasmal
l, fast, sel
f- contained, h igh - rel
iabil
ity, ful
l-
featured, SQ L database engine.
Itisembedded into th e end program. SQ L ite readsand writesdirectl
y to ordinary disk fil
es. A compl
ete
SQ L database with mul
tipl
e tabl
es, indices, triggers, and views, iscontained inasingl
e disk fil
e.
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 0
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
Itisused predominantl
y forappl
icationsth atneed al
igh tweigh tdatabase with outth e need fora
network- accessibl
e database managementsyste

5 . 2 C O N N EC T IN G T O DA T A B A SE

C onnectingto th e SQ L ite Database canbe establ

ish ed usingth e connect( ) meth od, passingth e name of
th e database to be accessed asaparameter. Ifth atdatabase doesnotexist, th enit’ l
lbe created.

sql
iteC onnection= sql
ite3 . connect( 'sql
. db')

T o execute some queriesafterth e connectionisbeingmade. F orth at, acursorh asto be created using
th e cursor( ) meth od onth e connectioninstance, wh ich wil
lexecute ourSQ L queries.

cursor= sql
iteC onnection. cursor( )
print( 'DB Init')

T h e SQ L query to be executed canbe writteninform ofastring, and th enexecuted by cal

ling
th e execute( ) meth od onth e cursorobject. T h en, th e resul
tcanbe fetch ed from th e serverby using
th e fetch al
l( ) meth od, wh ich inth iscase, isth e SQ L ite V ersionN umber.

query = 'SQ L query; '

cursor. execute( query)
resul
t= cursor. fetch al
l()
print( 'SQ L ite V ersionis{ }'. format( resul
t) )

T h e bel
ow exampl
e wil
lconnectto anSQ L ite database and wil
lrunasimpl
e query sel
ect
sql
ite_version( ) ; to find th e versionofth e SQ L ite we are using.

Exampl
e:

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

im portsql
ite3

try:

# C onnectto DB and create acursor

sqliteC onnection= sql ite3 . connect( 'sql
. db')
cursor= sql iteC onnection. cursor( )
print( 'DB Init')

# W rite aquery and execute itwith cursor

query = 'selectsql ite_version( ) ; '
cursor. execute( query)

# F etch and outputresul t

result= cursor. fetch all()
print( 'SQ L ite V ersionis{ }'. format( resul
t) )

# Cl ose th e cursor
cursor. cl
ose( )

# H andl e errors
exceptsql ite3 . Erroraserror:
print( 'Erroroccurred - ', error)

# Cl ose DB C onnectionirrespective ofsuccess

# orfail ure
finall
y:

ifsqliteC onnection:
sql iteC onnection. close( )
print( 'SQ L ite C onnectioncl
osed')

F ig5 . 1 : SQ L IT E C O N N EC T IO N IN P Y T H O N

5 . 3 SQ L IT E DA T A B A SE

SQ L ite isah igh l

y efficient, serverl
ess, and sel
f- contained SQ L database engine th atstandsout
foritssimpl
icity and ease ofintegration. Designed to be embedded with in
DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
appl
ications, SQ L ite el
iminatesth e need forseparate database serverprocessesand compl
ex
configurations.

1. SQ L ite isal
igh tweigh t, serverl
ess, sel
f- contained, and h igh l
y rel
iabl
e SQ L database engine. Itis
widel
y used due to itssimpl
icity, ease ofsetupand z ero- configurationnature.

2. SQ L ite isanin- processl

ibrary th atimpl
ementsasel
f- contained, serverl
ess, z ero-
configuration, transactionalSQ L database engine. Itisapopul
arch oice asanembedded database
forl
ocal
/ cl
ientstorage inappl
icationsoftware such aswebbrowsers. Itisal
so used inmany oth er
appl
icationsth atneed al
igh tweigh t, embedded database.

3. SQ L ite isA C ID- compl

iantand impl
ementsmostofth e SQ L standards, usingadynamical
ly and
weakl
y typed SQ L syntaxth atdoesnotguarantee domainintegrity.

4. O ne ofth e mainbenefitsofusingSQ L ite isth atitisvery easy to getstarted with . T o create anew
database inSQ L ite, yousimpl
y need to create anew fil
e onyourfil
esystem and connectto itusingth e
SQ L ite3 A PI.

5 . 3 . 1 A DV A N T A G ES O F SQ L IT E

T h ere are severalreasonswh y youmigh tch oose to use SQ L ite inyourproject:

1. Ease ofuse: SQ L ite isvery easy to getstarted with , asitrequiresno setuporconfiguration. Y oucan
simpl
y incl
ude th e l
ibrary inyourprojectand startusingit.

2. Embeddabil
ity: SQ L ite isdesigned to be embedded into oth erappl
ications. Itisasel
f- contained,
serverl
essdatabase engine, wh ich meansyoucanincl
ude itinyourappl
icationwith outth e need fora
separate database server.

3. L igh tweigh t: SQ L ite isavery l

igh tweigh tdatabase engine, with asmal
llibrary siz e ( typical
lyl
ess
th an1 M B ) . T h ismakesitwel
l- suited foruse inappl
icationswh ere th e database isembedded directl
y
into th e appl
icationbinary, such asmobil
e apps.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
4. Serverl
ess: A smentioned earl
ier, SQ L ite isaserverl
essdatabase engine, wh ich meansth ere isno
need to setupand maintainaseparate database serverprocess. T h ismakesiteasy to depl
oy and
manage, asth ere are no additionaldependenciesto worry about.

5. C ross- pl
atform: SQ L ite isavail
abl
e onmany pl
atforms, incl
udingL inux, macO S, and W indows,
makingitagood ch oice forcross- pl
atform devel
opment.

6. Standal
one: SQ L ite storesal
lofth e datainasingl
e fil
e onth e fil
esystem, wh ich makesiteasy to
copy orbackupth e database.

7. H igh rel
iabil
ity: SQ L ite h asbeenwidel
y tested and used inproductionsystemsformany years, and
h asareputationforbeingarel
iabl
e and robustdatabase engine.

5 . 3 . 2 SQ L IT E C O M M A N DS

InSQ L ite, DDL ( DataDefinitionL anguage) isused to create and modify database objectssuch as

tabl
es, indices, and views. Some exampl
esofDDL statementsinSQ L ite are:

C R EA T ET A B L E: createsanew tabl
e inth e database.

A L T ER T A B L E: modifiesanexistingtabl
e inth e database.

DR O P T A B L E: del
etesatabl
e from th e database.

C R EA T EIN DEX : createsanew indexonatabl

e.

DR O P IN DEX : del
etesanindexfrom atabl
e.

DM L ( DataM odificationL anguage) isused to modify th e datastored inth e database. Some exampl
es

ofDM L statementsinSQ L ite are:

IN SER T IN T O : insertsanew row into atabl

e.

U PDA T E: updatesth e datainone ormore rowsofatabl

e.

DEL ET EF R O M : del
etesone ormore rowsfrom atabl
e

DQ L ( DataQ uery L anguage) isused to retrieve datafrom th e database. Some exampl

esofDQ L

statementsinSQ L ite are:

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
SEL EC T : retrievesdatafrom one ormore tabl
esinth e database.

JO IN : retrievesdatafrom mul
tipl
e tabl
esbased onacommonfiel
d.

G R O U P B Y : groupsth e resul
tsofaquery by one ormore fiel
ds.

H A V IN G : fil
tersth e resul
tsofaquery based onacondition

C H A P T ER – 9

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
A S S IG N M EN T

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

SO L U T IO N

Y our reason for

Datafiel
d identifier Datatype Exam pl
e using th is
datatype
N ames may
contain l etters
pl
ayer_name String V iratK oh l
i
and any oth er
ch aracters.
C ountry name
may contain
country String India
letters and any
oth erch aracters.
fours Integer 1 2 0
N umber of
N umber_of_match es integer 3 3 9 match es contain
integerval
ue
india= [" virat
koh l i" , " " m. s. dh oni" ,
A ch angeabl e
" yuvraj singh " , " roh it
T eam L ist collection of
sh arma" , " B h uvnesh w
playernames.
ar
kumar" , " " a. rah ane" ]
p1 = { 'name': 'V irat
K oh l i', 'runs': 2 5 2 3 8 , T h is is a
'4 ( fours) ': 1 2 0 , '6 ( sixes col lection of
pl
ayer_stats Dictionary
) ': 8 0 , 'bal ls': 1 1 9 , relevant pl ayer
'rol e': 'bat', stats.
'fiel d': 0 , ’ 1 0 0 ’ : 8 3 }
R un rate is th e
runs required per
run_rate Fl oat 3 .2 delivery. T h is
canh ave decimal
values.

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 4 9
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 0
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

SO L U T IO N

# score_cal
cul
ator. py

# functionsused forscore cal

cul
ation

defbatscore( x) :

runs= x['runs']

strike_rate = runs/ x['bal

ls']

score = runs/ / 2 + ( 5 ifruns> = 5 0 el

se 0 ) + ( 1 0 ifruns> = 1 0 0 el
se 0 ) + ( 2 ifstrike_rate > = 8 0 / 1 0 0

and strike_rate < = 1 el

se 0 ) + ( 4 ifstrike_rate > 1 el
se 0 ) + x['4 ']+ x['6 ']* 2

returnscore

return{ 'name': x['name'], 'batscore': score}

defbowl
score( x) :

wkts= x['wkts']

economy_rate = x['runs']/ x['overs']

fiel
ds= x['fiel
d']

score = 1 0 * wkts+ ( 1 0 * fiel

dsiffiel
ds> = 1 el
se 0 ) + ( 5 ifwkts> = 3 el
se 0 ) + ( 1 0 ifwkts> = 5 el
se 0 ) +

( 4 ifeconomy_rate> = 3 . 5 and economy_rate< = 4 . 5 el

se 0 ) + ( 7 ifeconomy_rate> = 2 and

economy_rate< 3 . 5 el
se 0 ) + ( 1 0 ifeconomy_rate< 2 el
se 0 )

returnscore

return{ 'name': x['name'], 'bowl

score': score}

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 1
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

# main. py

importscore_cal
cul
ator# Importingscore_cal
cul
atormodul
e

# G ivingInputsasdictionary

p1 = { 'name': 'V iratK oh l

i', 'rol
e': 'bat', 'runs': 1 1 2 , '4 ': 1 0 , '6 ': 0 , 'bal
ls': 1 1 9 , 'fiel
d': 0 }

p2 = { 'name': 'duPl
essis', 'rol
e': 'bat', 'runs': 1 2 0 , '4 ': 1 1 , '6 ': 2 , 'bal
ls': 1 1 2 , 'fiel
d': 0 }

p3 = { 'name': 'B h uvnesh warK umar', 'rol

e': 'bowl
', 'wkts': 1 , 'overs': 1 0 , 'runs': 7 1 , 'fiel
d': 1 }

p4 = { 'name': 'Y uz vendraC h ah al

', 'rol
e': 'bowl
', 'wkts': 2 , 'overs': 1 0 , 'runs': 4 5 , 'fiel
d': 0 }

p5 = { 'name': 'K ul
deepY adav', 'rol
e': 'bowl
', 'wkts': 3 , 'overs': 1 0 , 'runs': 3 4 , 'fiel
d': 0 }

pl
ayers= [p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 ] # M akingal
istofdictionariesso th atwe caniterate th rough each dictionary

scores= { }

fori inpl
ayers:

ifi['rol
e']= = 'bat':

score = score_cal
cul
ator. batscore( i)

scores[i['name']]= score

print( " 'name': { }, 'batscore': { }" . format( i['name'], score) )

el
se:

score = score_cal
cul
ator. bowl
score( i)

scores[i['name']]= score

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 2
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
print( " 'name': { }, 'bowl
score': { }" . format( i['name'], score) )

max_scorer= max( scores, key= scores. get)

print( " T h e maximum scoreris{ } with score { }" . format( max_scorer, max( scores. val
ues( ) ) ) )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 3
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 4
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
SO L U T IO N

# main. py

cl
assbook:

" " " B O O k detaail

s. " " "

def__init__( sel
f, a= 'C onceptofph ysics', b= 'R . K B ansal
', c= 'S> L A rorah ', d= 5 0 0 , q= 6 0 0 ) :

sel
f. titl
e= a

sel
f. auth or= b

sel
f. publ
ish er= c

sel
f. price= d

sel
f. quan= q

royal
= 0

defget_titl
e( sel
f) :

returnsel
f. _titl
e

defset_titl
e( sel
f, a) :

sel
f. titl
e= a

return

defget_auth or( sel

f) :

returnsel
f. auth or

defset_auth or( sel

f, b) :

sel
f. auth or= b

return

defget_publ
ish er( sel
f) :

returnsel
f. publ
ish er( )

defset_publ
ish er( sel
f, c) :

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 5
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
sel
f. publ
ish er= c

return

defget_price( sel
f) :

returnsel
f. price

defset_price( sel
f, d) :

sel
f. price= d

return

defget_quan( sel
f) :

returnsel
f. quan

defset_quan( sel
f, e) :

sel
f. quan= e

return

defroyal
ty( sel
f) :

ifsel
f. quan< = 5 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 * sel
f. price* sel
f. quan

el
ifsel
f. quan> 5 0 0 and sel
f. quan< = 1 5 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 2 5 * sel
f. price* ( sel
f. quan- 5 0 0 ) + . 1 * sel
f. price* 5 0 0

el
ifsel
f. quan> 1 5 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 * sel
f. price* 5 0 0 + . 1 2 5 * sel
f. price* 1 0 0 0 + . 1 5 * sel
f. price* ( sel
f. quan- 1 5 0 0 )

returnroyal

cl
assebook( book) :

" " " E- B O O K Detais" " "

def__init( sel
f, aa= 'PDF ') :

sel
f. _fromat= aa

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 6
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
defget_format( sel
f) :

returnsel
f. format

defset_format( sel
f, b) :

sel
f. format= b

return

defroyal
ty( sel
f) :

ifsel
f. quan< = 5 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 * sel
f. price* sel
f. quan

el
ifsel
f. quan> 5 0 0 and sel
f. quan< = 1 5 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 2 5 * sel
f. price* ( sel
f. quan- 5 0 0 ) + . 1 * sel
f. price* 5 0 0

el
ifsel
f. quan> 1 0 0 0 :

royal
= . 1 * sel
f. price* 5 0 0 + . 1 2 5 * sel
f. price* 1 0 0 0 + . 1 5 * sel
f. price* ( sel
f. quan- 1 5 0 0 )

royal
= royal
- ( . 1 2 * royal
)

returnroyal

a= input( " Enterth e titl

e ofth e book " )

b= input( " Enterth e auth orofth e book " )

c= input( " Enterth e publ

ish erofbook " )

d= int( input( " Enterth e price ofth e book " ) )

e= int( input( " Enterth e totalnumberofbookssol

d" ) )

f= int( input( " Enter1 fornormalbook and enter2 fore book " ) )

x= book( )

x. set_titl
e( a)

x. set_auth or( b)

x. set_publ
ish er( c)

x. set_price( d)

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 7
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N
x. set_quan( e)

y= ebook( )

iff= = 1 :

z = x. royal
ty( )

print( " T itl

e is{ } \nPubl
ish eris{ } \nA uth oris{ } \nPrice was{ } \nT otalsol
d { } \nR oyal
ty is{ }

\n" . format( x. titl

e, x. publ
ish er, x. auth or, x. price, x. quan, z ) )

iff= = 2 :

print( " b" )

g= input( " Enterth e formatofebook" )

z = y. royal
ty( )

y. set_format( g)

print( " T itl

e is{ } \nPubl
ish eris{ } \nA uth oris{ } \nPrice was{ } \nT otalsol
d { } \nF ormatis{ } \n

R oyal
ty is{ } \n" . format( y. titl
e, y. publ
ish er, y. auth or, y. price, y. quan, y. format, z ) )

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 8
 PR O G R A M M IN G W IT H PY T H O N

B IB L IO G R A P H Y

F orsuccessful
ly compl
etingmy projectreport, Ih ave takenreferencesfrom th e fol
lowing

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/

h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- data- types/
h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ loops- in- pyth on/
h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ pyth on- oops- concepts/
h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ introduction- to- sql ite/
h ttps: / / www. geeksforgeeks. org/ conditional - statements- in- pyth on/

DEPA R T M EN T O F C SE, M B SC ET 5 9