This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E9 − 19

Standard Test Methods of

Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
Temperature1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
procedure for axial-force compression testing of metallic E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional require- someter Systems
ments pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1. E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
and Chord Modulus
NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
E209.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-

iTeh Standards
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only ing Rates and Strain Rates
and are not considered standard. E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
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safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method

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priate safety, health, and environmental health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
E2658 Practices for Verification of Speed for Material Test-
ing Machines
use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3. Terminology
ASTM E9-19
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3.1 Definitions: The definitions of terms in Terminology E6
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ization established in the Decision on Principles for the shall apply to these test methods. These terms include com-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- pressive strength, extensometer system, modulus of elasticity,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical necking, proportional limit, stress-strain curve, stress-strain
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. diagram, tangent modulus, testing machine, upper yield
2. Referenced Documents strength, yield strength, and Young’s modulus. The terms
precision, bias, coefficient of variation, repeatability,
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 reproducibility, and accuracy are used as defined in Practice
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast E177.
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
3.2.1 alignment device—a fixture for compression testing in
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
a testing machine that is an integral part of the load train and
Uniaxial Testing. that aids in achieving and maintaining axial forces.
Current edition approved April 15, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
published in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E9-09(2018). DOI:
3.2.2 anti-buckling fixture, n—a device that applies lateral
10.1520/E0009-19. support to a thin-sheet specimen to prevent it from buckling,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or but does not interfere with axial deformation.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3.2.3 solid cylindrical specimen, n—a specimen with solid
the ASTM website. cylindrical cross section that does not require lateral support to

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 E9 − 19
prevent buckling, but can require testing with an alignment (m/m). Lack of initial parallelism may be overcome by using
device or subpress to ensure that compressive forces are axial. adjustable bearing blocks (Note 3). The blocks shall be made
3.2.4 subpress, n—a fixture for compression testing in a of, or faced with, hard material. The specimen shall be
testing machine that is designed to be easily inserted into and carefully centered with respect to the testing machine heads,
removed from the load train and that aids in achieving and alignment device, or subpress if used (see 6.3, Alignment
maintaining axial forces. Device or Subpress).
3.2.5 thin-sheet specimen, n—a specimen that requires lat- NOTE 3—The purpose of an adjustable bearing block is to give the
eral support from an anti-buckling fixture to prevent buckling specimen as even a distribution of initial force as possible. An adjustable
during a compression test. bearing block cannot be relied on to compensate for any tilting of the
heads that can occur during the test. Tungsten carbide bearing blocks are
suitable for testing steel. Hardened steel bearing blocks (55 HRC or
4. Summary of Test Methods greater) are suitable for testing nonferrous materials such as aluminum and
copper.
4.1 The specimen is subjected to an increasing axial com-
NOTE 4—Appendix X2 describes some bearing blocks that have been
pressive force; both force and strain may be monitored either used successfully.
continuously or in finite increments, and the mechanical
properties in compression determined. 6.2.2 The bearing faces of adjustable bearing blocks that
contact the specimen shall be made parallel before the force is
5. Significance and Use applied to the specimen. If a bearing block with a spherical seat
is used, the spherical surface of the block shall be defined by a
5.1 Significance—The data obtained from a compression radius having its point of origin in the flat surface that bears on
test may include the yield strength, the upper yield strength, the the specimen.
Young’s modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive
strength (see Terminology E6). In the case of a material that 6.3 Alignment Device or Subpress:
does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compres- 6.3.1 Alignment devices and subpresses shall apply the
sive strength is a value that depends on total strain and force axially, uniformly, and with negligible “slip-stick” fric-
specimen geometry. tion.
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5.2 Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the
analyses of structures subject to compressive forces or bending
NOTE 5— It is usually necessary to use an alignment device or subpress,
unless the testing machine has been designed specifically for axial

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moments or both and in the analyses of metal working and
fabrication processes that involve large compressive deforma-
alignment. Appendix X2 shows some examples of alignment devices and
subpresses that have been used successfully

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tion such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile metals 6.3.2 The bearing blocks of the alignment device or sub-
that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, press shall have the same requirements for parallelism and
compression tests offer the possibility of extending the strain flatness as given in 6.2.1
range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is not 6.4 An anti-buckling fixture may be used to prevent thin-
complicated by necking as is the tension test forASTM certainE9-19
sheet specimens from buckling.
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metallic materials, buckling and barreling (see Appendix X1)
can complicate results and should be minimized. NOTE 6—Appendix X2 describes some anti-buckling fixtures and
thin-sheet specimens that have been used successfully.
6. Apparatus 6.5 Strain Measurements:
6.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for compression test- 6.5.1 Extensometer systems shall comply with the require-
ing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4 and shall ments for the applicable class described in Practice E83 and
be calibrated in compression. shall be verified in compression.
6.1.1 The bearing surfaces of the heads of the testing NOTE 7—In using these methods, a Class B-2 extensometer, as
machine shall be parallel at all times with 0.0002 in./in. (m/m) described in Practice E83, is sufficiently sensitive for most materials.
unless an alignment device or subpress of the type described in 6.5.2 Automatic devices that determine offset yield strength
6.3 is used. without plotting a stress-strain curve may be used if their
6.1.2 The dynamic response of the force-measuring system accuracy has been demonstrated to be satisfactory.
shall be sufficient to accurately measure the rate of force 6.5.3 Electrical-resistance strain gages (or other single-use
change on the specimen. devices) may be used provided the measuring system has been
NOTE 2—This requirement is of particular importance when testing verified and found to be accurate to the degree specified in
short specimens of materials with high modulus of elasticity. Practice E83. Electrical resistance strain gages shall have
6.1.3 Where verification of the testing machine speed is performance characteristics established by the manufacturer in
required, unless otherwise specified, Practices E2658 shall be accordance with Test Methods E251.
used, and the testing machine shall meet Class E. 6.6 Qualification of Test Apparatus—The complete
6.2 Bearing Blocks: compression-test apparatus, which consists of the testing ma-
6.2.1 If the axial force is transmitted through the ends of the chine and when applicable, the alignment device or subpress,
solid cylindrical or thin-sheet specimen, they shall bear on the anti-buckling fixture and the extensometer system, shall be
blocks with surfaces flat and parallel within 0.0002 in./in. qualified by the procedure in 6.6.1-6.6.2.

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 E9 − 19
6.6.1 Conduct tests to establish the elastic modulus of five dimensions and examples of anti-buckling fixtures that have been used
replicate thin-sheet specimens of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy successfully.
sheet or five replicate solid cylindrical specimens of 2024-T4 7.3 Preparation of Solid Cylindrical and Thin-Sheet
aluminum alloy bar in accordance with Test Method E111. Specimens—Lateral surfaces in the gauge length shall not vary
These qualification specimens shall be machined from sheet or in diameter, width, or thickness by more than 1 % or 0.002 in.
bar in the location specified in Test Methods B557. The (0.05 mm), whichever is less. If a reduced section is used, this
thickness of the sheet or diameter of the bar may be machined requirement applies only to the surface of the reduced section.
to the desired thickness or diameter. The extensometer shall be The centerlines of all lateral surfaces of the specimens shall be
properly seated on the specimen when this test is performed. coaxial within 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).
When the qualification specimens each provide a modulus 7.3.1 Surface Roughness—Machined surfaces of solid cy-
value of 10.7 × 106 psi (73.8 GPa) 65 %, the apparatus lindrical and thin-sheet specimens shall have a surface rough-
qualifies. ness of 63 µin. (1.6 µm) Ra or better. Machined lateral surfaces
6.6.2 The qualification procedure shall be performed using to which lateral support is applied shall have a surface
the thinnest thin-sheet specimen or smallest diameter solid roughness of 40 µin. (1.0 µm) Ra or better
cylindrical specimen to be tested in the apparatus. 7.3.2 Flatness and Parallelism—The ends of solid cylindri-
cal specimens from Table 2 and of thin-sheet specimens where
7. Test Specimens the force is applied through the ends of the specimen shall be
7.1 Specimens in Solid Cylindrical Form—Where feasible, flat and parallel within 0.0005 in./in. (mm/mm) and perpen-
compression test specimens should be in the form of solid dicular to the lateral surfaces to within 3' of arc.
circular cylinders. Three forms of solid cylindrical specimens NOTE 11—In most cases meeting this requirement can only be achieved
for metallic materials are recognized, and designated as short, by machining or grinding of the ends of the specimen.
medium, and long (Note 8). Suggested dimensions for solid
7.3.3 Edges of thin-sheet Specimens—A width of material
cylindrical specimens for general use are given in Table 1.
equal to at least the thickness of the thin-sheet specimen shall
NOTE 8—Short specimens typically are used for compression tests of be machined from all sheared or stamped edges in order to

iTeh Standards
such materials as bearing metals, which in service are used in the form of remove material with potentially altered properties. If a re-
thin plates to carry load perpendicular to the surface. Medium-length
specimens typically are used for determining the general compressive
duced section is used, this requirement applies only to the
edges of the reduced section. Thin-sheet specimens shall be
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strength properties of metallic materials. Long specimens are best adapted
for determining the modulus of elasticity in compression of metallic finished so that the surfaces are free of nicks, grooves, and
materials. The specimen dimensions given in Table 1 have been used burrs.

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successfully. Specimens with a L/D (length/diameter ratio) of 1.5 or 2.0
7.4 Gauge Length Location—The ends of the gauge length
are best adapted for determining the compressive strength of high-strength
materials. shall not be closer to the ends of the solid cylindrical or
7.2 Thin-sheet Specimens—Test specimens shall be flat and thinsheet specimen or the ends of the reduced section, than one
should be the full thickness of the material. The lengthASTM half of the diameter or one half of the width of the specimen.
shall beE9-19
sufficient to allow the specimen to shorten the amount required
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8. Procedure
to define the yield strength, or upper yield strength, but not
long enough to permit buckling in the unsupported portion. 8.1 Specimen Measurement—Measure the width and
thickness, or the diameter of the specimen along the gauge
NOTE 9—Where lateral support is necessary, the width and length section. Specimen dimensions greater than or equal to 0.10 in.
depend upon the dimensions of the anti-buckling fixture used to support
the specimen. (2.5 mm) should be measured to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02
NOTE 10—Appendix X2 describes dimensions of thin-sheet specimen mm), and those less than 0.10 in. (2.5 mm) should be measured
to the nearest 1 % of the dimension being measured. Calculate
TABLE 1 Suggested Solid Cylindrical Specimens A the average cross-sectional area of the specimen gauge section.
NOTE 1—Metric units represent converted specimen dimensions close 8.2 Cleaning—Clean the ends of the specimen and fixture
to, but not the exact conversion from inch-pound units. bearing blocks with acetone or another suitable solvent to
Diameter Length Approx remove all traces of grease and oil.
Speci- L/
mens D Ra- 8.3 Lubrication—Bearing surfaces, including the ends of
in. mm in. mm tio solid cylindrical specimens and the ends and faces of thin-sheet
Short 1.12 ± 0.01 30.0 ± 0.2 1.00 ± 0.05 25 ± 1 0.8 specimens may be lubricated.
0.50 ± 0.01 13.0 ± 0.2 1.00 ± 0.05 25 ± 1 2.0
NOTE 12—Bearing surface friction can affect test results (see Fig.
Medium 0.50 ± 0.01 13.0 ± 0.2 1.50 ± 0.05 38 ± 1 3.0 X1.2). Friction has been successfully reduced by lubricating the bearing
0.80 ± 0.01 20.0 ± 0.2 2.38 ± 0.12 60 ± 3 3.0 surfaces with TFE-fluorocarbon sheet, molybdenum disulfide, and other
1.00 ± 0.01 25.0 ± 0.2 3.00 ± 0.12 75 ± 3 3.0 materials summarized in (1).3
1.12 ± 0.01 30.0 ± 0.2 3.38 ± 0.12 85 ± 3 3.0
8.4 Specimen Installation—Place the specimen in the test
Long 0.80 ± 0.01 20.0 ± 0.2 6.38 ± 0.12 160 ± 3 8.0 fixture and carefully align the specimen to the fixture to ensure
1.25 ± 0.01 32.0 ± 0.2 12.50 min 320 min 10.0
A
Other length-to-diameter ratios may be used when the test is for compressive
3
yield strength. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard.

3
 E9 − 19
TABLE 2 Precision
95 % 95 %
Reproducibility standard Repeatability Reproducibility
Material YS(0.02% offset) Repeatability standard deviation
deviation limit (within a limit (between
laboratory) laboratories)
x̄ sr sR r R
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
AA2024–T351 346.2 3.8 6.8 10.7 19.1

Repeatability coefficient Reproducibility coefficient r R

of variation of variation
sr sR % %
CVr 5 CVR 5
x̄ x̄
AA2024–T351 1.1 % 2.0 % 3.1 % 5.5 %
The table was calculated using the relationship limit = 2.8 × standard deviation. The quantity 1.96=2 rounds to 2.77 or 2.8.

coaxial loading. Check that the specimen loading/reaction 8.6.2 Whatever the method, the specimen should be tested
surfaces mate with the respective surfaces of the fixture. If the at a uniform rate without reversals or sudden changes.
fixture has lateral supports, the sides of thin-sheet specimens 8.7 Test Conduct—After the specimen has been installed
should contact the supports with the clamping pressure recom- and aligned, and the strain- or deflection-measuring transducer
mended by the anti-buckling fixture manufacturer, or as deter- installed, activate the recording device(s) and initiate the test at
mined during the fixture-qualification tests. If screws are used the prescribed rate. Continue the test at a uniform rate until the
to adjust lateral support pressure, a torque wrench should be test has been completed as stated below.
used to ensure consistent pressure. 8.7.1 Ductile Materials—For ductile materials, if allowed
8.4.1 Transducer Attachment—If required, attach the exten- by the material specification, the test may be halted after the
iTeh Standards
someter or other transducers, or both, to the specimen gauge
section. The gauge length of solid cylindrical specimens shall
strain is large enough to determine the yield strength or upper
yield strength, or the strength at a strain greater than the yield
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be at least one half diameter away from the ends of the strain. For materials that exhibit a sharp-kneed stress-strain
specimen, and should be a full diameter away from the ends of curve or a distinctive yield point, the test may be terminated
the specimen. The gauge length of the thin-sheet specimen
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either after a sharp knee or after the drop in force is observed.
shall be at least one half the width away from the ends of the
specimen or ends of the reduced section, and should be at leastNOTE 14—For materials without sharp-kneed stress-strain diagrams, it
full width away. See 7.4. is useful to estimate the strain or deflection at yield and test the specimen
sufficiently beyond this estimate to ensure that the yield strength can be
8.5 Force-Strain Range Selection—Set the force ASTM
range ofE9-19
determined after the test (see 9.3).
the testing machine so the maximum expected force is at least
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8.7.2 Brittle Materials—Brittle materials that fail by crush-
one third of the range selected. If an autographic recorder is ing or shattering may be tested to failure.
used, select the strain or deflection scale so that the elastic
portion of the force-versus-strain or force-versus-deflection, is 8.8 Number of Specimens—Specimen blanks shall be taken
between 30° and 60° to the force axis. from bulk materials according to applicable specifications. The
number of specimens to be tested should be sufficient to meet
8.6 Testing Speed—For testing machines equipped with the requirements as determined by the test purpose, or as
strain-rate control, set the machine to strain the specimen at a agreed upon between the parties involved.
nominal rate of 0.005 in./in./min (m/m/min). For machine with
force control or with crosshead speed control, set the nominal NOTE 15—The larger the sample, the greater the confidence that the
rate so the specimen is tested at a rate equivalent to 0.005 sample represents the total population. In most cases, between five and ten
specimens are sufficient to determine the compressive properties of a
in./in.·min (m/m·min) strain-rate in the elastic portion. A sample with reasonable confidence.
nominal rate of 0.003 in./in./min (m/m/min) may be used if the
material is strain-rate sensitive. 8.9 Precautions:
8.6.1 For machines without automatic feedback control 8.9.1 Buckling—Long, slender specimens that are not later-
systems, maintain a constant crosshead speed to obtain the ally supported can buckle elastically and fly from the test setup.
desired average strain-rate from the start of loading to the end A protective device should be in place to prevent injury.
point of the test. 8.9.2 Shattering Fracture—Some materials fail by
shattering, which will cause pieces to be expelled from the test
NOTE 13—The average strain rate can be determined from a time- setup. A protective device should be in place to prevent injury.
interval-marked force-strain record, a time-strain graph, or from the time
of the start of loading to the end point of test as determined from a
time-measuring device, for example a stopwatch. Constant rate of 9. Calculations
crosshead movement does not ensure constant strain rate throughout a test.
The free-running crosshead speed can differ from the speed under load for 9.1 Determine the properties of the material from the
the same machine setting. Specimens of different stiffnesses can also result dimensions of the specimen and the stress-strain diagram as
in different rates, depending upon the testing machine and fixturing. described in the following paragraphs. For testing machines

4
 E9 − 19
that record force units instead of stress, convert the force- yield strength is the maximum stress attained just prior to the sudden drop
versus-strain diagram to units of stress by dividing the force by in stress.
the original cross-sectional area of the specimen gauge section. 9.5 Compressive Strength—For a material that fails in com-
9.2 Modulus of Elasticity—Calculate the modulus of elas- pression by crushing or fracturing, the compressive strength is
ticity. the maximum stress at or before fracture, as determined by
9.2.1 If the modulus of elasticity is the prime quantity to be dividing the maximum force by the initial cross-sectional area.
determined, follow the procedure and additional requirements For ductile materials, compressive strength may be determined
of Test Method E111. from the stress-strain diagram at a specified total strain. The
strain at which this stress was determined shall be specified.
NOTE 16—Meeting the extensometer class and configuration require-
ments of E111 can be challenging for short specimens and be outside the
scope of normal testing. 10. Report
9.3 Yield Strength—On the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 1) lay 10.1 Include the following information in the test report:
off Om equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn 10.1.1 Specimen Material—Describe the specimen material,
parallel to OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the alloy, heat treatment, mill batch number, grain direction, etc.,
stress-strain curve. The stress corresponding to the point r is as applicable.
the yield strength for the specified offset. 10.1.2 Specimen Configuration—Include a sketch of the
9.3.1 In reporting values of yield strength obtained by these specimen configuration or reference to the specimen drawing.
methods, the specified value of offset used should be stated in 10.1.3 Specimen Dimensions—State the actual measured
parentheses after the term yield strength. Thus: dimensions for each specimen.
Yield strength ~ offset 5 0.2 % ! 5 52.0 ksi ~ 359 MPa ! (1)
10.1.4 Test Fixture and Lubricant—If used, describe the
alignment device or subpress, anti-buckling fixture, test fixture,
9.3.2 If the force drops before the specified offset is reached, or refer to drawings of these. Specify the lubricant used, if any.
technically the material does not have a yield strength (for that 10.1.5 Testing Machine—Include the make, model, and
offset). In this case, the stress at the maximum force before the force range of testing machine.

iTeh Standards
specified offset is reached may be reported instead of the yield 10.1.6 Speed of Testing—Record the test rate and mode of
strength and shall be designated as the upper yield strength. control.
10.1.7 Stress-Strain Diagram—Include, if possible, the
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9.4 Upper Yield Strength—For testing machines without
strain- or deflection-recording capabilities, the upper yield stress-strain diagram with scales, specimen number, test data,
strength may be determined by noting the force at which the rate, and other pertinent information.
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force suddenly drops with the testing machine running at a
steady rate.
10.1.8 Modulus of Elasticity—Report the modulus of elas-
ticity when required, as determined according to 9.2.
NOTE 17—Materials that exhibit a sharp-kneed stress-strain diagram
10.1.9 Yield Strength—Report the yield strength or upper
The upperE9-19 strength when required and the method of determination,
often exhibit a distinct drop in stress with increasing strain. ASTM yield
as calculated in 9.3 and 9.4.
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10.1.10 Compressive Strength—Report the compressive
strength for material exhibiting brittle failure. A compressive
strength at a specified total strain may be reported for ductile
materials. If so, report the strain at which the compressive
strength was determined.
10.1.11 Type of Failure—When applicable, describe the
type of specimen failure.
10.1.12 Anomalies—State any anomalies that occurred dur-
ing the test that possibly affected the test results.
10.2 For commercial acceptance testing the report may be
limited to four parts: 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.9, and 10.1.11.

11. Precision and Bias

11.1 Interlaboratory Test Program—Ten laboratories par-
ticipated in an interlaboratory study (ILS) in 2009. Each
laboratory conducted compression strength tests using
AA2024–T351 solid cylindrical specimens with nominal di-
ameter d = 12.6 mm and nominal length, l = 47.6 mm. This
specimen is similar to, but longer than the suggested medium
cylindrical specimen in Table 1. Each laboratory used an
extensometer to measure the specimen strain. The nominal
FIG. 1 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Strength strain rate was ε̇ = 0.005 in. ⁄in. ⁄min ( 0.005 mm/mm/min). The
by the Offset Method design and analysis of the ILS followed Practice E691 and are

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 E9 − 19
documented in ASTM Research Report No. E28-10424 and (2). of variation. These terms (95 % repeatability limit, r, and 95 %
11.2 Test Result—Each laboratory reported the 0.2% offset reproducibility limit, R) are used in as specified in Practice
yield strength, YS(0.2% offset) determined for the stress-strain E177. Their respective standard deviations, sr and sR, which are
curve for n=7 tests. The precision information in 11.3 is based also shown in Table 2 can be obtained by dividing by 2.8.
on those results. 11.4 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material,
11.3 Precision—Table 2 summarizes the precision of the test method, or laboratory suitable for determining the bias for the
method based on the ILS. Results are given for the 95 % procedure in this test method for measuring compressive
repeatability limit (within a laboratory), r, and the 95 % strength of metallic materials at room temperature, no state-
reproducibility limit (between laboratories), R. in addition the ment of bias is being made.
values of r and R are expressed as their respective coefficients
12. Keywords
4
12.1 anti-buckling fixture; axial compression; barreling;
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report: RR:E28-1042. Contact ASTM Cus- bearing blocks; buckling; stress-strain diagram; subpress; test-
tomer Service at service@astm.org. ing machine

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CEMENTED CARBIDES

A1.1 Characteristics of Cemented Carbides

iTeh Standards
A1.1.1 Cemented carbides are manufactured in a range of of
A1.2.4 In order to minimize detrimental end effects, a shim
0.001 in. (0.025 mm) in thickness, of standard cold-rolled

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compositions having hardness from 81.0 HRA to 93.0 HRA steel shim stock, shall be interposed between each specimen
and compressive strengths 300 ksi to over 800 ksi (2100 MPa end and the bearing block. Each shim shall be used only once
to 5500 MPa). They fail by shattering fracture (see 6.1.2 and (see 3).
8.9.2). Document Preview A1.3 Test Specimens
A1.2 Apparatus and Fixtures
A1.3.1 Size and Shape—The solid cylindrical specimens
A1.2.1 Bearing Blocks—Cemented carbide bearing ASTM
blocksE9-19
shall be in the form of circular cylinders 0.375 6 0.01 in. (10.0
shall be used. They shall be of a hardness such that the block
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6 0.2 mm) in diameter and 1.00 6 0.05 in. (25.0 6 1.0 mm)
faces will not suffer significant permanent deformation during long.
test (suggested hardness of 92 HRA).
A1.3.2 Preparation of Solid Cylindrical Specimens—The
A1.2.2 Bearing Block Preparation—The block diameter
ends of a specimen shall be plane and normal to the specimen
shall be at least three times the diameter of the specimen. Its
longitudinal axis. They shall be parallel within a maximum of
thickness shall be at least two thirds the block diameter. Faces
of the bearing blocks shall be flat within 60.0002 in./in. (m/m), 60.0005 in./in. (m/m), flat within 60.0002 in./in. (m/m), and
parallel within 0.0005 in./in. (m/m), and have a surface finish have a surface roughness of 8 µin. (0.2 µm) Ra.
of 8 µin. (0.2 µm) arithmetic average (aa). The blocks shall be A1.4 Speed of Testing
used in conjunction with devices such as those shown in
Appendix X2. A1.4.1 Speed of testing shall be specified in terms of rate of
A1.2.3 The total accumulated lack of parallelism in the test stressing the specimen, and shall not exceed 50.0 ksi/min
assembly shall not exceed 0.0005 in./in. (m/m). (345 MPa/min).