QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. If A = find the eigen values of A - 2A + I.

2

Ans: Characteristic equation of A is |A - λI| = 0

⇒ λ - 7λ + 6 = 0
2

⇒ (λ − 6)( λ - 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 6,1.

⸫ the eigen values of A - 2A + I are 6 −2·6 + 1, 1 − 2 · 1 + 1 ⇒ 25, 0

2 2 2

2. Prove that and -3A have the same eigen values.

-1

Ans: Characteristic equation of A is |A - λI| = 0

Hence the eigen values of A and −3A are the same.

-1

3. Two eigen values of the matrix A = are equal to 1 each, find

the eigen values of A .
-1

Ans: Given two eigen values of A are 1, 1. Let λ be the third eigen value.

⸫1+1+λ=2+3+2⇒λ=5

⸫ the eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5

⸫ the eigen values of A are 1, 1, 1/5 -1

4. If the product of two eigen values of the matrix A = is 2,

find the third eigen value.

Ans: Let λ , λ , λ be the eigen values of A.

1 2 3

Given λ λ = 2. We know λ λ λ = |A|=8

⸫ 2λ = 8 ⇒ λ = 4.
1 2 1 2 3

5. Find the sum and product of the eigen value of the matrix

Ans: Sum of the eigen values = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6

Product of the eigen values = |A| = 2(4 − 0) + 1(−2) = 6

6. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 × 3 matrix A are equal,
find the value of |A|.

Ans: Let λ , λ , λ be the eigen values of A

1 2 3

Then λ + λ + λ = trace of A
1 2 3

But, given λ + λ = trace of A

⸫λ +λ+λ =λ +λ⇒λ =0
1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3

⸫ |A| = λ λ λ = 0
1 2 3

7. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix has 3 and -2 as
eigen values.
Ans: Let A =

Given eigen values are 3, -2

But the eigen values of A are a and b

8. Two eigen values of A = are equal and they are double

the third. Find the eigen values of A . 2

Ans: Let the third eigen value be λ. Then the other two eigen values are 2λ, 2λ

⸫ 2 λ + 2λ + λ = 4 + 3 + (−2),

⇒ 5λ = 5 ⇒ λ = 1

⸫ eigen values of A are 2, 2, 1

⸫ eigen of A are 2 , 2 , 1 ⇒ 4, 4, 1.
2 2 2 2

9. If λ , λ , …, λ are the eigen values of an n × n matrix A, then show that λ ,

1 2 n 1
3

λ , …, λ are the eigen values of A .

2
3
n
3 3

Ans: Let λ be any eigen value of A. Then we can find a column matrix X ≠ 0
such that
⸫ λ is an eigen value of A , by definition.
3 3

This is true for all eigen values of A.

⸫ λ , λ , …, λ are eigen values of A .

1
3
2
3
n
3 3

10. If the eigen values of a 3 × 3 matrix A are 2, 3, 4, find the eigen values of
adj A.

Ans: The eigen values of A are 2, 3, 4

⸫ the eigen values of A are

-1

11. The matrix A = has an eigen vector find the

corresponding eigen value of A.

Ans: Let λ be the eigen value of A for which X = is an eigen vector.

Then (A - λ I)X = 0
⸫ Corresponding eigen value is -2.

12. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse of

Ans: Let A =

The characteristic equation of A is |A – λI| = 0

⇒ λ - 4λ – 5 = 0
2
(1)

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem A satisfies (1)

⸫ A - 4A – 5I = 0
2

⇒ 5I = A - 4A
2

Multiply by A , -1

5A =A-4AA
-1 -1

= A – 4I
13. If 2, 3 are eigen values of a square matrix A of order 2, express A in 2

terms of A and I.

Ans: Given eigen values of A are 2, 3.

The characteristic equation of A is λ - S λ + S = 0 2

1 2

where S = sum of the diagonal elements

1

= sum of eigen values

=2+3=5

S = |A| = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
2

⸫ the characteristic equation is λ - 5 λ + 6 = 0 2

A satisfies it, by Cayley-Hamilton theorem

⸫ A - 5A + 6I = 0
2

⇒ A = 5A – 6I
2

14. If A is an orthogonal matrix, show that A is also orthogonal. -1

Ans: Given A is orthogonal.

⸫ A = A = B, say
T -1

then B (A ) = (A )
T -1 T T -1

⇒B =B T -1

⸫ B is orthogonal i.e., A is orthogonal.-1

15. Find the nature of the quadratic form 2x + 2xy + 3y . 2 2

Ans: Matrix of the quadratic form is A =

The principal minors are D = 2 > 0, D = |A| = 5 > 0

1 2

⸫ the Q.F is positive definite.

16. If the quadratic form ax + 2bxy + cy is positive definite (or negative
2 2

definite) then prove that the quadratic equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has
imaginary roots.

Ans: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =

Then the principle minors are D = a, D = |A| = ac – b

1 2
2

If the quadratic form is positive definite then D > 0 and D > 0

1 2

17. Find the nature of the quadratic form 2x x + 2 x x - 2 x x .

1 2 1 3 2 3

Ans: The matrix of the Q.F is A =

The principle minors are

D = |A| = -2 < 0
3

⸫ the quadratic form is indefinite.

18. Find the index and signature of the quadratic form x + 2x - 5x .
1
2
2
2
3
2

Ans: Since only square terms are there, it is in canonical form λ = 1, λ = 2, λ =

1 2 3

−5

⸫ Index = number of +ve eigen values = 2

Signature = difference between the number of positive and negative eigen

values = 2 – 1 = 1

19. What is the sum of the squares of the eigen values of

Ans: We know the eigen values of a triangular matrix are the diagonal elements
of the matrix.

⸫ the eigen values are 1, 2, 5

⸫ sum of the squares = 1 + 2 + 5 = 30

2 2 2

20. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form

2x + 0y + 8z + 4xy + 10xz – 2yz.

2 2 2

Ans: The given quadratic form is

21. For a given matrix A of order 3, │A│= 32 and two of its eigen values
are 8 and 2. Find the sum of the eigen values

Ans: Given |A| = 32 and two of the eigen values are 8 and 2.

Since A is a 3 × 3 matrix, it has another eigen value.

Let it be λ. We know product of the eigen values = |A|

But |A| = 32

⇒ 8.2λ = 32 ⇒ λ = 2

22. Check whether matrix B is orthogonal? Justify.

Ans: Given B =
BB = B B = I
T T

⸫ B is orthogonal.

23. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find A – 4A - 5A + A + 2I when

4 3 2

Ans: Given A =

⸫ characteristic equation is |A-λI| = 0

24. True or false: If A and B are two invertible matrices then AB and BA
have the same eigen values.

Ans: True. Given A and B are invertible.

⸫ A and B exist.
-1 -1

Now A (AB)A = (AA )BA = IBA = BA.

-1 -1
So, AB and BA are similar.

We know that similar matrices have the same eigen values.

⸫ AB and BA have same eigen values.

25. If the sum of the eigen values of the matrix of the quadratic form is
equal to zero, then what will be the nature of the quadratic form?

Ans: If the quadratic form is in two variables, then the matrix of the quadratic
form is a 2 × 2 matrix.

Let λ , λ be the eigen values.

1 2

If λ + λ = 0, then λ and λ have opposite signs.

1 2 1 2

So, the quadratic form is indefinite.

26. A is a singular matrix of order three, 2 and 3 are the eigen values.

Find the third eigen value.

Ans: A is 3 × 3 matrix.

Given |A| = 0 and 2 and 3 are two eigen values.

Let λ be the third eigen value.

3

But the product of the eigen values = |A| = 0

⇒2×3×λ =0

⇒λ =0
3

27. Find the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 1 of the matrix
Ans: Given 1 is the eigen value of the matrix

Let be the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 1.

28. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix

Ans: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the diagonal elements of A

= 1 + 0 - 3 = -2

Product of the eigen values = |A|

= − 1(−6 − 2) − 3(−1 + 4)

[expanding by the second row]

= 8 – 9 = -1

29. Find the nature of the quadratic form 2x – x . 1

2
2
2

Ans: Q.F is 2x – x 1
2
2
2

Since only square terms are there, it is in Canonical form.

There are positive and negative terms and hence the Q.F is indefinite.

30. If 2 is an eigen value of A = find the other eigen values.

Ans: Given 2 is an eigen value of A. Let λ , λ be the other eigen values of A.

2 3

⸫ 2 + λ + λ = Sum of the diagonal elements of A.

⇒ 2+λ +λ =2+1−1
2 3

⇒ λ +λ =0
2 3

⇒λ=-λ
2 3

2 3 (1)

We have 2 λ λ = |A| 2 3

⸫ the other two eigen values are -2, 2

31. Discuss the nature of the following quadratic form 3x + 3 x - 5 x - 2x x
1
2
2
2
3
2
1 2

− 6 xx − 6 xx.
1 2 3 1

Ans: The matrix of the Q.F is A =

The principal minors are D = 3 > 0, 1

= 3(−15+9) +1(5 −3) + (−3)(−3 + 3)

= -18 + 2 + 0 = -16 < 0

Since D > 0, D > 0 and D < 0, the Q.F is indefinite.

1 2 3

32. Two of the eigen values of A = are 3 and 6. Find the

eigen values of A . -1

Ans: Let λ , λ , λ A, be the three eigen values of A.

1 2 3

Let λ = 3, λ = 6
1 2

⸫ λ + λ + λ = Sum of the diagonal elements of A.

⇒3+6+λ =3+5+3⇒λ =2
1 2 3

3 3

⸫ the eigen values of A are 2, 3, 6.

Hence the eigen values of A are ½, 1/3, 1/6 -1

33. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of the matrix

Ans: Since A is upper triangular matrix, the eigen values are the diagonal
elements of A. i.e., the eigen values of A are 1, 2, 5.

⸫ sum of the squares of the eigen values = 1 + 2 + 5 = 30

2 2 2

34. State the nature of quadratic form 2xy + 2yz + 2zx.

Ans: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =

Since D = 0, D < 0, D > 0, the nature of the quadratic form is indefinite.

1 2 3

35. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form Q(x, y) = 3x + 2y - 4xy.
2 2

Ans: The quadratic form is 3x + 2y - 4xy

2 2

⸫ the matrix of the quadratic form is A =

36. Two eigen values of matrix A = are 3 and 0. What is the

third eigen values?
3 + 0 = 8 + 7 + 3 ⇒ λ = 15.
Ans: Given two eigen values are 3 and 0. Let λ be the third eigen value then λ +

37. If the eigen values of the matrix A of order 3 × 3 are 2, 3, and 1, then
find the eigen values of adjoint A.

Ans: Given the eigen values of a matrix A are 2, 3, 1.

But |A| = product of eigen values = 2 × 3 × 1 = 6

Eigen values of A are 1/2, 1/3, 1

-1

⸫ Eigen values of adj A =

38. If λ is the eigen values of the matrix A then prove that λ is the eigen
2

value of A . 2

Ans: Given λ is the eigen value of A, then there exists a non zero column matrix
X such that

AX = λX ⇒ A X = A(AX) = A(λX) = λ (AX) = λ (λX) = λ X

2 2

⸫ λ is the eigen of value of A .

2 2

39. Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadrate form 2x 2 + 5x +

1 2
2

4x x + 2x x
1 2 3 1

Ans: Given quadratic form is 2x 2 + 5x + 4x x + 2x x .

1 2
2
1 2 3 1

The matrix of the quadratic form is A =

40. What is the nature of the quadratic form x + y + z in four variables?
2 2 2

Ans: The quadratic form in four variables is x + y + z + 0 ⋅ w

2 2 2 2

⸫ the nature of quadratic form is positive semi-definite

41. Find the Eigen values of 3A +2I, where A =

Ans: Given A =

Since A is Lower triangular matrix, the eigen values are the diagonal elements
of A.

The eigen values of A are 2, 5.

The eigen values of I are 1, 1.

⸫ the eigen values of 3A +2I are 3⸱2 + 2 ⸱1, 3⸱5 + 2⸱1 = 8, 17

42. Give the nature of a quadratic form whose matrix is

Ans: Since the given matrix is a lower triangular matrix,

its eigen values are −1, −1, −2 and they are all negative.

⸫ the quadratic form is negative definite.

43. If 2, 3 are the eigen values of then find the value of b.

Ans: Let A = and let λ , λ , λ be the eigen values of A.

1 2 3

Given 2 and 3 are two eigen values of A.

Let λ = 2 and λ = 3
1 2

We know λ + λ + λ = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6

2+3+λ =6⇒λ =6–5=1

1 2 3

3 3

6 = 8 - 2b ⇒ -2b = -2 ⇒ b = 1

UNIT II

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Find the domain of f(x) =

Ans: Domain is the set of all real x for which f(x) is real

⸫ 1 - x ≥ 0 ⇒ x – 1 ≤ 0 ⇒ -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 2

⸫ D = [-1, 1]
f
2. Find the domain of the function f(x) =

Ans: f(x) is real if x - 2x + 5 ≥ 0, since x + 1 ≠ 0 ∀ x∈ℝ

2 2

For this quadratic, discriminant D = 4 - 4.5 = -16 < 0

⸫ x - 2x + 5 ≥ 0 ∀ x∈ℝ
2

Hence, D = ℝf

3. Find the domain of

Ans: f(x) is real if 1 – x > 0, 1 - x ≠ 1 and x + 2 ≥ 0

⇒ x - 1 < 0, x + 1 and x + 2 ≥ 0

⇒ x < 1 and x ≥ −2 ⇒ −2 ≤ x < 1, x ≠ 0

⸫ D = [−2, 0) ∪ (0, 1)
f

4. If f(x) = then find the domain of

Ans: f(x) = 3√x - 2

5. If f(x) = find the domain of fg and

Ans: f(x) = log(4 - x )

2

⸫ D is given by 4 − x > 0 ⇒ x − 4 < 0 ⇒ (x + 2)(x − 2) < 0

2 2

⇒
f

-2 < x <2

⸫ D = (−2, 2)
f

6.

Find the values of ƒ (0), ƒ (1), ƒ(1.5)

Ans:

When x = 0, ƒ(0) = |0 +1| = 1

When x = −1, ƒ(−1) = |−1+1| = 0

and when x = 1.5, ƒ(1.5) = |1.5 - 1| = |+0.5| = 0.5

7. Is the function in the question no.6 even?

Ans:

Hence, ƒ is even.

8. If f(x) = − Test ƒ is even or odd

Ans:
Hence, ƒ is odd

9. If then ƒ is even - True or False.

Ans:

10. is even, True or False

Ans:

Hence, ƒ is odd

⸫ f(x) is even is false

11. If then find f(g(2)) and g(f(2))

Ans:

12. If f(x) = x + 5, g(x) = x + 3 find f(g(0)) and ƒ(ƒ(−5))

2

Ans:
13. If

then find g(f(3)) and g(f(2)).

Ans:
Put x = 3, then g(f(3)) = 3 − 2 = 1, Put x = 2, then g(f(2)) = 1 - 2 = −1

14. If where a > 0 and is a positive integer, show that

f(f(x)) = x.

Ans: Given f(x) =

⸫ f(f(x)) = x

15. If ƒ is an even function defined on [−5, 5] and if f(x) = find

the number of solutions of this equation in [−5, 5].

Ans: Given f is an even function

⸫ There are 4 solutions in [-5, 5]

16. In the above problem if the interval is [−2, 2]. Find the number of
solutions.

Ans: Only 3 solutions belong to [−2, 2]

17. If f(x) = then for what values of a, f(f(x)) = x?

Ans:

18. Find the inverse of f(x) = x +1, x ∈ ℝ

3

Ans: Given f(x) = x +1, x ∈ ℝ

3

Clearly if x ≠ x , then f(x ) ≠ f(x )

1 2 1 2

⸫ f is one-one

Let y = x + 1 ⇒ x = y – l ⇒ x = (y - 1)
3 3 1/3

⸫ The inverse is ƒ (y) = (y − 1) , y∈ℝ

-1 1/3
or ƒ (x) = (x − 1) , x∈ℝ
-1 1/3

19. Find the inverse of f(x) =

Ans:

Clearly f is one-one

20. Prove that the inverse of

Ans:
21. If where [x] is the greatest integer ≤ x,

then find the values of

Ans: Given f(x) = cos[π ]x + cos[-π ]x

2 2

We know π = 3.14 (approximately).

⸫ π = 9.9 (approximately)
2
22. Find the vertical asymptote of the graph of the function

Ans:

23. Find

Ans:
24. is not true, why?

Ans:

Hence, we can not write as difference of limits.

25. Evaluate

Ans:

26. is not true. Why?

Ans:

27. The equation x - 10x + 5 = 0 has a root in the interval (0, 2) True or
10 2

false.

Ans: Let f(x) = x - 10x + 5. It is continuous in (0, 2). ƒ(0) = 5 > 0 and f(1) = 1
10 2

− 10 + 5 = −4 < 0

Since ƒ(0) and ƒ(1) have opposite signs, there is a root between 0 and 1.

Hence there is a root in (0, 2) – True

28. Ifƒ'(r) exists, then True or false

Ans: True, since differentiability ⇒ continuity

29. Find the expression for the function whose graph is the line segment
joining the points (-5, 10) and (7,−10)

Ans: Equation of the line joining the points(-5, 10) and (7, −10) is
30. Find means x degrees.

Ans: We know 180° is π radian

31. Find

Ans:
32. Find

Ans:
Hence, f is continuous at x = 1.

32.

Ans:

33. If

Ans:

34. If ƒ and g are are continuous functions with f(3) = 5 and

Ans: Given ƒ and g are continuous

35.

Ans:
36. If ƒ is an odd function and if exists, find its value.

Ans:

37.

Test the continuity of the function

Ans:

Hence, ƒ is continuous at x = 0 and hence, ƒ is continuous ∀x.

38. is continuous at x = 2

Find the value of a

Ans: g is continuous at x = 2

39. If ƒ is continuous at x = 0, find K.

Ans: Given f is continuous at x = 0

40. If

Ans:
41. Ifƒ'(2) = 4, g(3) = 6 and g′(3) = 5

find h'(3) if h(x) =

Ans:

42. If f(x) = mx + c and ƒ(0) = ƒ'(0) = 1, then what is ƒ'(2) ?

Ans:
f(x) = mx + c

⸫ f'(x) = m

f'(0) = 1 ⇒ m = 1

Hence, f'(x) = 1 ⸫ ƒ'(2) = 1

43. At what point on the curve y = [In (x + 4)] is the tangent horizontal?
2

Ans:

⸫ the point is (−3, 0)

44. true or false

Ans: Let ƒ(x) = |x + x|

2
45. If the line x + y = a is a tangent to the curve then find the
value of a

Ans: The line x + y = a ⇒ y = a - x will touch if it intersects the ellipse in

coincident points. The point of intersection are given by

46. If the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (3, 4) makes an angle
with the positive x-axis, then find the value of ƒ’(3).

Ans: f'(3) is the slope of the tangent at (3, 4) on y = f(x)

Given normal at (3, 4) makes angle of 3π/4

⸫ Slope of the normal = tan 3π/4 = -1

47. If the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (4, 3) passes through the
point (0, 2), then find the value of ƒ' (4).

Ans: Slope of the tangent at (4, 3) on y = f(x) is ƒ'(4) since the tangent passes
through (0, 2).

ƒ'(4) = slope the line joining the points (4, 3) and (0, 2).

48. At what point on the curve y = e , the tangent line is parallel to y = 2x?
x

Ans:
⸫ the point is (log 2,2)
e

49. Find the point at which f(x) is maximum.

Ans:

Hence, f(x) changes from positive to negative as x increases in a ngd. Of 1/4

⸫ ƒ has max at x = 1 / 4

50. Find the absolute maximum of f(x) =

Ans:
ƒ'(0) does not exist

⸫ x = 0 is a critical point

which is the absolute maximum at the end point x = 3.

Note that the absolute minimum is f(0) = 0, at the critical point x = 0

51. Determine the critical points of the function

Ans:

g'(x) does not exist when x = 0 or 2; which are the end points and so not 1
critical points. So the only critical point is x = 1

[Note that initial points are interior points of the domain]

52. If an odd function ƒ has a local minimum at x = e, then what can you
say about the value of ƒ at x = −e.

Ans: At x = -e, the function has an local maximum

53. Find the maximum value of the product of two numbers whose sum is
12.

Ans: Let x; y be the numbers x + y = 12 ⇒ y = 12 - x

P = xy = x(12 - x) = 12x - x
2

⸫ Maximum value = 6⸱6 = 36

Unit iii

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

Ans:
2.

Ans:

So, u(x, y) is homogeneous of degree 0.

So, by Euler's theorem

3.

Ans:
⸫ f(x, y) is a homogeneous of degree 1/2.

By Euler's theorem.

4.

Ans:

Ans: Given z = f(x, y) and x and y are functions of u and v. So z is a composite

function of u and v.

x = u - v, y = uv
5.

Ans:
6. If u If u = f(x, y) and x = r + s, y = r - s prove that

Ans: u is a composite function of r and s.

Given x = r + s and y = r - s
7.

Ans:

We know that
8.

Ans:

⸫ u(x, y, z) is homogeneous of degree 0.

9. Find

Ans:
10.

Ans:

Given the implicit equation x + y = a

y x
11.

Ans:

Given x = y ⇒ x - y = 0 which is an implicit equation

y x y x

12.

Ans:
13.

Ans: Given x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

⸫r =x +y
2 2 2

Differentiating partially w.r.to x

14.

Ans:

15.
Ans:

Given z = f(x + ay) + g(x − ay)

16.

Ans:
17.

Ans:

Given u = x + y, y = uv

⸫ u = x + uv ⇒ x = u - uv

18.

Ans:

Given x = u(1 + v) y = v(1 + u)

= (1 + u)(1 + v) - uv

= 1 + u + v + uv - uv

=1+u+v
19.

Ans:

20.
Ans:

Given u and v are functions of x, y and x and y are functions of r, θ. So, u, v are
composite functions of r, θ.

= 4x + 4y
2 2

= 4(x + y ) = 4r
2 2 2

Since x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

21.

Ans:
22. If x y + 3y – 2 is expanded as Maclaurin's series, find the value at the
2

point (1, 0).

Ans:

Let f(x, y) = x y + 3y – 2. Since f(x, y) is a polynomial in x and y, when it is

2

expanded as a Maclaurin's series, we will get the same polynomial.

⸫ f(1, 0) = −2.

23. Find the Taylor's series expansion of x near the point (1, 1) upto first
y

degree terms.

Ans:

Given f(x, y) = x y

Taylor's expansion about (1, 1) is

24. Evaluate [(1.03) + (0.98)
1/3 1/4
−1] approximately using linear
appropriation of Taylor's series.

Ans:

Let ƒ(x, y) = x + y − 1.
1/3 1⁄4

Required value at the point (1.03, 0.98) which is close to (1, 1).

So we shall expand about (1, 1)

is the linear
approximation.

ƒ(1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1
= 1 + 0.01– 0.005 = 1.005

25. Find the stationary points of f(x, y) = x − xy + y − 2x + y

2 2

Ans:

Given f(x, y) = x − xy + y − 2x + y
2 2

Its stationary points are given by f = 0, ƒ = 0

x y

f = 2x - y −2, f = −x + 2y + 1
x y

Solving 2x - y − 1 = 0 and -x + 2y + 1 = 0, we get

x = 1, y = 0

⸫ the stationary point is (1, 0)

26. Find the stationary points of f(x, y) = x + 3xy - 15x – 15y + 72x
3 2 2 2

Ans:

Given f(x, y) = x + 3xy - 15x – 15y + 72x

3 2 2 2

The stationary points are given by ƒ = 0, ƒ = 0 x y

Now ƒ = 3xy + 3y - 30x + 72

x
2 2

f = 6xy - 30y
y
⸫ the points are (5, 1), (5, −1).

So, the stationary points are (6, 0), (4, 0), (5, 1) and (5, −1).

27. Find the maximum value of 3x - y + x .

2 2 3

Ans:

Let f(x, y) = 3x - y + x
2 2 3
28. State the necessary and sufficient condition for f(x, y) to have a relative
maximum at (a, b).

Ans:

The conditions are f = 0, f = 0 and rt - s > 0 and r < 0 at (a, b)

x y
2

29. State the condition for the stationary point (a, b) of f(x, y) be a
minimum.

Ans:

At the point (a, b), rt - s > 0 and r < 0, where r = f , s = ƒ , t = f

2
xx xy yy

30. If (1, 1) is a stationary point of a function f(x, y) and if f = 6xy , f =xx

3
xy

9x y, f = 6x y, then find the nature of (1, 1).

2
yy
3

Ans: At the point (1, 1), r = f = 6, s = f = 9, t = f = 6

xx xy yy

⸫ rt - s = 6.6 - 9 < 0
2 2
⸫ (1, 1) is a saddle point.

31. Find the nature of the stationary point (0, −1) of the function f(x, y) if f xx

= 4 - 12x , f = 0, f = −4 + 12y .
2
xy yy
2

Ans: At the point (0, -1), r = f = 4 xx

s = f = 0, t = f = −4 + 12 = +8
xy yy

⸫ rt - s = 32 > 0, r > 0
2

⸫ (0, -1) is a minimum point.

32. Using Euler's theorem, given u (x, y) is a homogeneous function of

degree n, prove that

Ans: Refer Page No. 3.13

33. Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of du/dt, given u =
y - 4ax, x = at , y = 2at
2 2

Ans:

Given u = y - 4ax; x = at , y = 2at

2 2

So, u is a composite function of t.

34.

Ans: Given u = x y + x y where x = at , y = 2at

3 2 2 3 2

So, u is a composite function of t.

35.

Ans: Refer Worked Example 6, Page No. 3.47

36.

Ans:
So, f(x, y) is a homogeneous of degree 0.

Hence, by Euler's theorem

37.

Ans: Given x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

⸫x +y =r
2 2 2

Differentiating partially w.r.to ‘x'

38. Find the minimum value of F = x + y subject to the constraint x = 1.
2 2

Ans: Given F = x + y and x = 1

2 2

⸫F=1+y 2

Differentiating w.r.to y,

⸫ F is minimum at (1, 0) and minimum value of F = 1.

39.

Ans:
40.

Ans: