10/20/2024

STEEL STRUCUTRES 3

Dr. Bora AKŞAR

Mail : bora.aksar@isikun.edu.tr

IŞIK ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Engineering Faculty

COURSE ASSESSMENT POLICY

Activities Number Approximate Unit Contribution

Duration Contribution (%) (%)

Pop Up Quizes 4 15 min 5 20

Mid Term 1 120 min 25 25
Homework 2 --- 10 20
Final 1 150 min 35 35
Total 100

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COURSE PLAN
Week Subjects

1 Introduction to steel structures, historical background, material properties of steel

Design methods, load and resistance factor design (LRFD), allowable stress design(ASD), loadings and load combinations
2

3 Bolted connections, types of structural bolts, failure modes of bolted connections

4 Welded connections, types of structural welds, failure modes of welded connections

Tension members, behavior and design of members in tension, tensile strength of steel, limit states in tension
5

Tension members, behavior and design of members in tension, tensile strength of steel, limit states in tension
6

7 Compression members (columns), column design, buckling of columns

8 Compression members (columns), colum design, buckling of columns-

9 Flexural members (Beams), bending strength, shear strength, design of flexural members -MIDTERM

10 Flexural members (Beams), bending strenth, shear strength, design of flexural members

11 Flexural and axial actions of members (Columns-Beams)

12 Flexural and axial actions of members (Columns-Beams)

13 Types and behavior of connections in steel structures, shear connections, moment connections

14 Types and behavior of connections in steel structures, shear connections, moment connections

CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Joints are used in steel structures for given situations
below;
• Connection of different members in structures (column-column,
column-beam etc.)
• Extension of the length of the element
• Increasing the element cross section

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Joints in Strucutal System

Column Splice
Connection

Column – Beam
Connection

Column – Beam - Brace

Connection Column – Foundation
Connection

CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Connection of different members in structures
Column – Foundation Connection
Column – Beam Connection

Column – Beam Connection Column – Beam - Brace Connection

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Extension of the length of the element

CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Increasing the element cross section

Castellated beam

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Increasing the element cross section

Build – Up Column

CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Types of connection tools used today;
• Bolted connection
• Welded connection
• Rivet Connection (not commonly used today)

Bolted Connection Welded Connection Rivet Connection

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

• Joints are of great importance for all structures.
• The type of connection is a factor that directly affects the design of
the members. Therefore, the joints are decided before the structural
system and member design.
• Nowadays, bolts and welding are used as joining tools. Riveted joints
are no longer preferred for reasons such as low strength and high
manufacturing costs.
• Although welded joints are more effective connection method,
welding on site is difficult, costly and time consuming. For this
reason, bolts are preferred in the construction site and welding in the
workshop.
• Fatigue cracks can be seen in welded joints under repeated loads (eg
in bridges).

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

• It is possible to check and change the bolts on site.
• The choice of joints belongs entirely to the engineer who made the
design, and the decision should be made by considering the joints
behavior, economy and manufacturing speed.
• Many factors should be taken into consideration, such as how to
assemble, tolerances, having enough distance to tighten bolts,
welding method, controlling, protection of the surface (paint,
galvanization) and maintenance.
• In the calculations, loads and moments in the final limit state are
taken.
• Linear elastic or elastic plastic design can be made.

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Types of Joint
Joints can be designed in three different types according to the working
principle;
• Released Joints
These joints are designed and calculated in such a way that they do not create
moment while transferring the internal forces of the member, and they must also have
sufficient rotation capacity under design loads.
• Fixed Joints
These joints are designed with the capacity to transfer all internal forces in the
members that are connected to each other. These joints must have sufficient
rotational rigidity in order to fully ensure continuity.
• Semi - Fixed Joints
Joints between relased and fixed joints.

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CONNECTİON TOOLS in STEEL STRUCTURES

Types of Joint
Fixed
Joints

Moment

Released Joints
Rotation

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
hexagonal head

cylindrical body

Thread part

• Bolts are hexagonal head, cylindrical body, thread on the end.

• Two types of bolts are used in the joints of steel structures,
normal bolts and high strength (prestressed) bolts.
• In rigid column-beam joints, bolts are examined according to
shear and tension.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Nuts
Washer

Bolt

Head Shank Nuts

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
There are three problems that require solutions in the combination of
steel elements.

1. Properties of the joint type (Bolt diameter or weld thickness)

It is determined depending on the thickness of the joined elements.

2. The amount of the required joining tools (Number of bolts or welding

field)
Determined depending on the required strength (Ru) and characteristic
strength (Rn) of members in the joint.

3. Arranging the joining tools formation at the joint and drawing the
detailed drawings
Arrangements are made according to the constructive rules specified in
the regulation.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Use of different joining tools together in a joint

Sizing of bolts and welds to transfer the same force or the

same component of a force together is not allowed.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Characteristic Yield Strength, Fyb and Tensile Strength, Fub, of Bolts (Mpa)

Bolt Grade : 4.6

Tensile Strength : 4*100=400 N/mm2 ve
Yield Strength : 0.6*400=240 N/mm2

Bolt grades 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8 and 6.8 are normal bolts
Bolt grades 8.8 and 10.9 high strength bolts
Bolts are expressed as M20 - 8.8, M24 - 5.6 in project and static reports.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Where Do We Use Bolted Connection

• Temporary joints and structures

• Site joints and attachments
• Transfer of dynamic loads (prestressed bolts)
• Joining different materials to each other
• If the location, shape or dimensions of the parts in the structure are
not suitable for the use of other joining tools
• As pins in joints

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Bolt Calculations

• Bolts can work perpendicular to their axes, parallel to their axes and
both perpendicular and parallel to their axes.

• Crushing between the bolt body and the hole surface and shear
stresses in the cross section of the bolt body occur when bolts are
forced to work perpendicular to their axis.

• In addition, bolts try to bend as well as crush and shear. However,

due to the ratio of bolt diameter to plate thickness, the bending
stress is very small and can be neglected in bolts.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Installation conditions and constructive rules of bolts
The maximum hole sizes and spacing / edge distances to be used for bolts are given
below.
Hole sizes for bolts (dh)(mm)

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Installation conditions and constructive rules of bolts
Minimum edge distances of circular holes (mm)

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Bolts transfer loads in various ways depending on the type of joint properties.

In general joints are divided in to 3 groups;

• Bearing type joints,

• Axial tensile type joints
• Friction type (slip controlled) joints

Various combinations of these general states can occur in some combinations.

For example a crushing and axial tensile type can occur together in the joint.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Bolted Connections in Regulations

➢ Bearing type joints,

➢ Friction type (slip controlled) joints

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
These are the joints that transfer force with the shear strength of the bolt body
and the crushing strength of the hole circumference.

• Normal bolts or high strength bolts can be used in these connections.

• Large circular holes cannot be used in these joints.
• Oval holes can be used with the oval direction perpendicular to the load
direction.

Oval hole position in BEARING TYPE

connection
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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
Crush and shear effects in BEARING TYPE joints.

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS

Limit states in BEARING TYPE joints

Plastic Deformation
under Crushing

Shear failure limit state in bolt body Crushing limit state in bolt hole

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
In Steel Regulation, 2018

The characteristic strength of a bolt in a crushing connection shall be the

smaller of the characteristic shear strength calculated using Equation
(13.10b) for the bolt body failure limit state under shear and the
characteristic crushing strength of the bolt hole calculated according to
Section 13.3.13. The strength of the connection shall be calculated by
taking the sum of the strengths of each bolt in the connection (Section
13.3.9).
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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
A. Cutting off the bolt body from shear plane:

Deformation in bolts forced to

be cut from two sections Bolts cut from two sections
Cut Bolts

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
Two limits states are found with respect to strength

A. Cutting off the bolt body from shear plane:

If the number of assembled elements is two, the bolt is cut from the contact
surface of the two elements.

Shear stress
Rapture from single section (cut-off)

Rapture from two section (cut-off)

Shear stress

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
Characteristic Tensile and Shear strength of the bolts (13.3.4)
The characteristic tensile strength of the bolts, Fnt, will be calculated by
equation 13.7 according to the the characteristic tensile strength of the bolt,
material Fub, given in table 2.2

The characteristic shear strength of the bolts, Fnv, will be calculated by

considering two situation below

a) If the threaded body portion of the bolt is in the shear plane , equation 13.8
will be used

b) If the threaded body portion of the bolt is in the shear plane , equation 13.9
will be used

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS

Shear
plane
Threads are not in shear plane
Threads in shear plane

The characteristic shear strength of normal bolts will be calculated

independently of the threaded body section only by

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS

Threads in
shear plane

Threads not
in shear plane

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
In this limit state, the shear stresses in the bolt cross-section area (Ab) are
effective.
Based on this, the characteristic shear strength (Rnv1) of a bolt is determined
by the following expression.

Characteristic shear strength of bolt (from regulation)

Shear plane number (Is taken 1 in a two-element combination and 2 in a

three-element combination)

Unthreaded bolt body cross section area

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
Characteristic strength of the joint;

Number of Bolt

Design strength of the joint;

 is taken as 0.75

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
B. Crushing limit state in bolt hole
Depending on the position of the bolts, ovalization of the hole circumference
by crushing is observed or tear in the combined element is observed.

Ovalization of Hole Hole rupture Deformation of Bolt

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
B. Crushing limit state in bolt hole
In this limit state, compressive stresses around the hole (at the element)
or shear stresses in the region between the hole and the element edge
(at the element) are effective.
Based on this, the characteristic crush strength (Rnu1) of a bolt is
determined by the following expressions.
For hole ovalisation (Upper limit):

Fu : Characteristic tensile strength of the connected element (taken from

the Regulation)
d : Bolt body diameter
t : Thickness of the member
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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
B. Crushing limit state in bolt hole
For hole rapture:

lc: Net distance between hole edge and element edge or distance
between two hole edges (tear between two holes is also controlled)

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
B. Crushing limit state in bolt hole
For hole rapture:
The lowest strength between two conditions is selected.
This process is applied separately for each bolt in different positions and
all are summed for the strength of the joint.

Characteristic strength of the joint :

Design strength of the joint :

(= 0.75 taken)

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS
B. Crushing limit state in bolt hole
For hole rapture:

In the connection, following equations are used in case of a force

perpendicular to the long direction of the long oval holes.

For hole ovalization : Rnu1 = 2,0 * d * t * Fu

For hole rupture : Rnu1 = 1,0 * lc * t * Fu

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS
BEARING TYPE JOINTS

Characteristic strength values for steel strucutral elements

Characteristic thickness, t (mm)
Codes and Steel Grades

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BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1
Required strength of the given bolted connection is 152 kN.
According to given load,
a) Are the configuration of bolts are suitable ?
b) The strength of the given bolts are adequate enough to resist loading?

Given:
Steel grade of profile and plate: S235
Bolts: M20-5.6, Standard bolt hole is used, Threads not in shear plane

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1 - Solution
• Given connection is BEARING TYPE connection
• Bolts should be checked under shear and hole ovalisation / rapture limit state
• Edge and intermediate distances related to the placement of the bolts should be
controlled

Characteristic shear strength of one bolt: Rnv1=Fnv*nsp*Ab

Fnv : Characteristic shear stress of bolt = 225 Mpa (from Table)
nsp : Shear plane number = 1 Characteristic Shear
Ab : Cross Section are of unthread region of bolt Bolt Grade Stress, Fnv
(mPa)
Ab : π*d2/4 = π*202/4 = 314.16 mm2
Rnv1 : 225*1*314.16=70686N =70.68kN
Characteristic shear strength of connection:
Rnv=3*70.68=212.04 kN

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1 - Solution
Characteristic crush strength of one bolt (Rnu1)
Fu : For hole ovalisation (upper limit): Rnu1 = 2.4*d*t*Fu
Fu : Characteristic tensile strength of connecting members = 360 Mpa
d : Thickness of the members : 10mm (thinner will be crush)
Rnu1 = 2.4*20*10*360 = 172800N = 172.8 kN

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION
Example 1 - Solution

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1 - Solution

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1 - Solution

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ÇELİK YAPILAR 1 -ÖZET

BEARING TYPE BOLTED CONNECTION

Example 1 - Solution

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

For hole ovalisation (upper limit) :

𝑅𝑛𝑢1 = 2.4 × 20 × 12 × 360 = 207.36𝑘𝑁 55

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2
Characteristic crushing strength of a bolt hole
For each side bolt hole

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

For each other bolt hole

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

For side bolt holes

For other bolt hole

Characteristic crushing strength of connection, Rn

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Connections and Connecting Tools / Bolts

Example 2

LRFD ASD
Required Tensile Strength Force

c. Allowable strength of the

Design Strength of the connection
connection

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
FRICTION TYPE (SHEAR CONTROLLED) CONNECTIONS: In order to prevent slipping between
the contact surfaces of the joining parts, the bolts are tightened (prestressing), and load transfer is
ensured by friction force. In addition, the shear strength of the bolt body and the crushing strength
of the hole periphery are also effective in force transmission.
Tb : Pre-tensile force on the bolt due to
tightening torque

friction friction

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS

Requirements of Friction - Effective Connections :

❑ It is obligatory to use high strength bolts (8.8 and 10.9) in these joints.

❑ All hole types can be used regardless of the load direction, but in the case of using
a long oval hole, the oval hole is only allowed in one of the joined parts.

❑ Column splices, beam-column connections of all multi-storey structures with a

height exceeding 40 m, splices of structures with a crane capacity exceeding 50
kN, supports of machines, and connections to which repetitive/impact loads are
transferred must be made as friction-effective joints.

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
CONTROLS TO BE MADE

• Shear failure limit state in bolt body

• Crushing (Bearing) limit state in bolt hole (ovalization /

rapture)

• In addition, a slipping limit state check is performed.

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
The characteristic slipping strength (Rns1) of a bolt is determined by the expression
below.

 : It is the coefficient of friction. It is taken from TS EN 1090-2 according to the characteristics of

the friction surface. The surface properties and friction coefficients given in this standard are given
below.

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
The characteristic shear strength (Rns1) of a bolt is determined by the
expression below.

 : It is the coefficient of friction. It is taken from TS EN 1090-2 according to

the characteristics of the friction surface. The surface properties and friction
coefficients given in this standard are given below.
Du : It is the coefficient that expresses the ratio of the average pretension force
applied during bolt assembly to the characteristic minimum pretension force.
Usually 1 is taken. It can be increased up to Du ≤ 1.13, provided that conformity
is demonstrated.

hf : Packing plate coefficient

• In cases where the packing plate is not used or the packing plates are
connected with bolts, hf = 1.0
• In cases where the packing plates are not connected with bolts;
❖ For single packing plate hf = 1.0
❖ If there are two or more packing plates hf = 0.85.
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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
The characteristic shear strength (Rns1) of a bolt is determined by the expression
below.

Tb : Minimum pre-tensioning force applied to the bolt (Taken from Table)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
Number of shear plane (for two member 1 is used, for three member 2 is used)

The coefficient used for the design strength (Rn) and allowable strength (Rn /Ω) in friction-
effect connection is determined according to the characteristics of the hole.
a) For standard holes and oval holes with longitudinal axis perpendicular to the load direction

 =  (LRFD) and  =  (ASD)

b) For large holes and oval holes with the longitudinal axis parallel to the load direction
 =  (LRFD)
and
 =  (ASD)

c) For elongated oval holes with longitudinal axis parallel to the load direction

 =  (LRFD) and  =  (ASD)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the tensile force P, that the connection detailed below can safely resist ?
Given
Steel grade of profile and plate : S355
Bolts : M16 -8.8
• Pre-tension is applied to bolts
• Class B surface preparation has been made for the joint surface.
• A standard circular hole has been used.
• the threaded region of the block is outside the slip plane

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
SOLUTION

❑ The given joint is a friction effective connection.

❑ It is necessary to check for the limit state of sliding for the friction surface in
the connection, shear in the bolts and the bearing limit states around the hole
(ovalization / rapture).

❑ Edge and intermediate distances related to the placement of the bolts should
be checked. (Not checked in this example as the layout dimensions are the
same as in the previous implementation)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
Characteristic slipping strength of a bolt
( For class B surface application )

Du = 1.0 ( Characteristic Pre-Tensioning force is applied)

Hf = 1.0 (Packing plates are not used)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
( From Table for M16)

Shear Planes

(Since the three elements are combined, there are 2 friction surfaces)

Characteristic slipping strength of the connection Rns = 3*70.40 = 211.20 kN

Design slipping strength of the connection Rns = 1.0*211.20 = 211.20 kN
(For standard hole = )

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
Characteristic shear strength of a bolt : (Rnv1)

Characteristic shear strength of the connection Rnv= 3*180.86 = 542.58 kN

Design shear strength of the connection *Rnv = 0.75 * 542.58 = 406.93 kN

Characteristic bearing strength of a bolt (Rnu1)

Hole ovalisation (upper limit) :

Plate

hole ovalization

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
For hole rapture : (for plate t=12 mm)
Hole diameter dh : 18 mm (for M16)

For bolt a and b : (Crush)(hole ovalization)

For bolt c : (Rapture)

Characteristic bearing strength of a bolt Rnu = 227.66 + 235 + 235 = 697.66 kN < 3*235 =705 kN
Design bearing strength of the connection (*Rnu ) = 0.75 * 697.66 kN = 523.24 kN

As a result :
In the design of the connection, slipping limit state is effective on the friction surface.
Load that can be safely transferred by bolts in the connection (design load) = 211.20 kN

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 4

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 4 - SOLUTION

Friction Coefficient

Class B surface application (Code Table 13.11)

 = 0.40

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 4 - SOLUTION
Minimum Pretension Force

Tb = 137 kN (Code Table 13.6)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 4 - SOLUTION
a. Defining characteristic strength of the connection
Fricition effective characteristic slipping strength of a bolt, Rn (Code 13.3.11)

( Packing plate is not used, code 13.3.11(a))

Characteristic slipping strength of bolt group, Rn

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 4 - SOLUTION
LRFD ASD
Required tension force

a. Design strength check of the connection b. Allowable strength check of the connection

In accordance with the regulation 13.3.13, the shear failure of the bolt body and the crushing
limit conditions around the bolt hole should be evaluated separately as explained in
EXAMPLE -2. (All controls made in Application 2 should be done for this connection, and
the lowest strength should be taken as the strength of the joint)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
They are the connections that transfer force with the axial tensile strength of the bolt body.
In these connections, high strength bolts must be used and prestress must be applied to the
bolts.
There is no limit state in terms of strength in these joints.
Rupture limit state in the bolt body. Bolts broken under
axial tension

Characteristic tensile strength of a bolt, (Rnt1)

Fnt : Characteristic tensile stress of a bolt (from code)

Ab : Cross-sectional area of Unthreaded body (Ab = *d2/4) [d: bolt diameter]

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BOLTED CONNECTION
AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS

Characteristic tensile strength of the connection :

Design strength of the connection )

Characteristic tensile stress of bolts

Characteristic tensile
Bolt Grade stress, Fnt (Mpa)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the tensile force P, that the connection detailed below can safely resist ?

Given
Steel grade of profile and plate : S355
Bolts : M24 -8.8, A standard circular hole has been used, Pre-tension is applied to bolts

Front View A-A Section View

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BOLTED CONNECTION
AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5 - SOLUTION
• The given joint is a tension effective connection.
• it is necessary to check the bolts according to the axial tension limit state.

Characteristic tensile strength of a bolt :

Fnt : Characteristic tensile stres of a bolt = 600 Mpa (from table)

Unthreaded body cross-sectional area

Characteristic tensile strength of the connection

Design strength of the connection

Load that can be safely transferred by bolts in the connection (design load) = 813. 87 kN

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
This connection occurs when bolts are also under axial tension in bearing effective
connection. An example of this is the cantilever beam-column connection shown below.
Since the bolts are subjected to both shear and axial tension in such connections, the
interaction must be taken into account.

Normal strength
bolt are used

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
The Tensile and Shear Force Strength Of Bolts (13.3.9)
The characteristic tensile force or shear force strength of prestressed high
strength bolts, simply tightened bolts and threaded rods shall be calculated
based on the limit states of failure under tension or failure under shear.

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
Eq. (13.10a)

Eq. (13.10b)

Design tensile strength or shear strength, Rn (LRFD)

Allowable tensile strength or shear strength, Rn/ (ASD)

 = 0.75 (LRFD) or  = 2.00 (ASD)

Ab : Unthreaded body cross-sectional area

Fnt : Characteristic tensile stress (Table 13.7 )
Fnv : Characteristic shear stress (Table 13.7 )
Rnt : Characteristic tensile strength
Rnv : Characteristic shear strength
nsp : Number of shear plane

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
The required tensile strength will also include the additional lifting force
parallel to the bolt axis caused by the deformation of the joint.

Axial force

Lifting
force
Bolt axial force

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
Bearing connections under the combined effect of tensile and shear forces (13.3.10)
Characteristic tensile strength of a bolt under the combined effect of tension and shear force
will be calculated according to eq.(13.11)

Design tensile strength or shear strength, Rn (LRFD)

Allowable tensile strength or shear strength, Rn/ (ASD)

 = 0.75 (LRFD) or  = 2.00 (ASD)

F’nt : Reduced characteristic tensile stress obtained by taking into account of the
shear force effect
Fnt : Characteristic tensile stress (Table 13.7 )
Fnv : Characteristic shear stress (Table 13.7 )
Frv : Maximum characteristic shear stress in the body area under the LRFD and GKT
load components

(LRFD) (ASD)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS

Characteristic Shear
location of the
treaded area Stress, Fnv
(mPa)

In the slip plane

Not in the slip plane
In the slip plane
Not in the slip plane

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
Interaction of tensile and shear force
Required tensile stress, ft

Required shear stress, fv

The effects need not be considered together if the shear stress in the bolt is less
than or equal to 30% percent of the design or allowable shear stress ( fv ≤ 0.30Fv ).

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5
The bearing effective bolted connection detailed in the figure below, is under tensile
forces of PG=200 kN and PQ=480 kN under dead and live loads, respectively.
a. Check the design strength of the bolt group (LRFD)
b. Check the allowable strength of the bolt group (ASD)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5 - SOLUTION
Given
Steel grade of profile and plate : S235 Fy = 235 Mpa Fu = 360 Mpa
Bolts : M24 -8.8, A standard circular hole has been used, Pre-tension is applied to bolts

Member Thickness
tf = 18.0 mm t = 20.0 mm

LRFD ASD
Required tension force

Horizontal (H) and vertical (V) component of central tensile force

91

BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5 - SOLUTION
Characteristic shear strength of a bolt

(bolt number)

LRFD ASD
Horizontal (H) and vertical (V) component of central tensile force for one bolt

Design shear strength Allowable shear strength

of the connection of the connection

Interaction of tensile and shear force components

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5 - SOLUTION

The effects of tensile and shear force need be considered together (code 13.3.10)

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BOLTED CONNECTION
BEARING AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 5 - SOLUTION
LRFD ASD
Characteristic tensile strength of the bolt group,

Design tensile strength Allowable tensile strength

of the bolt group of the bolt group

The bearing strength control of the joining parts can be done as described in
EXAMPLE 1, taking into account only the shear force (for vertical component).

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BOLTED CONNECTION
FRICTION AND AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
This connection occurs when bolts are also under axial tension in friction effective
connection. An example of this is the cantilever beam-column pre-tensioning
connection shown below.

pre-tension bolts
are used

In this type of connection, the tensile effect acting on the connection reduces the friction
force on the joint surfaces. Therefore, the interaction must be taken into account.

95

BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
Friction connections under the combined effect of tensile and shear forces
(13.3.12)

If an external tensile force also acts on a frictional connection, the frictional shear
strength calculated for each bolt according to section 13.3.1 will be reduced by
multiplying with the coefficient ksc . ksc is obtained as follows.

(LRFD) (ASD)

Ta : Required tensile force under ASD load combinations

Tu : Required tensile force under LRFD load combinations
nb : Bolt number under tensile force

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BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6
The friction effective bolted connection , detailed in the figure below, is under tensile
forces of PG=200 kN and PQ=450 kN under dead and live loads, respectively.

a. Calculate the characteristic slipping strength of the connection

b. Check the design strength of the bolt group (LRFD)
c. Check the allowable strength of the bolt group (ASD)

PG=200 kN
PQ=450 kN

97

BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6
Given
Steel grade of profile and plate : S275 Fy = 275 Mpa Fu = 430 Mpa
Bolts : M24 -10.9, A standard circular hole has been used, Pre-tension is applied to
bolts

Member Thickness
tf = 18.0 mm t = 20.0 mm

Friction Coefficient

Class B surface preparation has been made for the joint surface.

Minimum pre-tensioning force

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BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6 - SOLUTION

LRFD ASD
Required tension force

Horizontal (H) and vertical (V) component of central tensile force

99

BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6 - SOLUTION
Fricition effective characteristic slipping strength of a bolt, Rn (Code 13.3.11)

( Packing plate is not used, code 13.3.11(a))

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BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6 - SOLUTION

LRFD ASD
a. Calculating characteristic slipping strength of the connection

101

BOLTED CONNECTION
SÜRTÜNME VE AXIAL TENSION - EFFECTIVE CONNECTIONS
EXAMPLE 6 - SOLUTION

b. Design strength of the c. Allowable shear strength

connection (code 13.3.11) of the connection (code 13.3.11)

In accordance with the code (13.3.13), the bearing strength and shear strength control of the
joining parts need to be done as described in EXAMPLE 1.

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