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28 views9 pages

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Uploaded by

Airell Francis de Vera
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COMMUNICATIONS 2

LABORATORY
WEDNESDAY, 5:00 PM-8:50 PM
EXPERIMENT NO.: 4
EXPERIMENT TITLE: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

Digital Communications Laboratory Manual

ACTIVITY 4: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

4.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity


a. ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve engineering problems
b. ability to design and conduct fieldworks, as well as to analyse and interpret data
c. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

4.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)


At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. identify circuit necessary to produce quadrature phase shift keying
b. generate quadrature phase shift keying output waveforms
c. evaluate the precision of the experiment conducted

4.3 Objectives of the Activity


The objectives of this activity are to:
a. Sketch QPSK signal in the time domain using QPSK Generator.
b. Describe the characteristics of a QPSK signal.

4.4 Principle of the


Activity GENERATION

Consider the block diagram of Figure 1. It is a modulator.


Figure 1: Quadrature Modulator

1
ACTIVITY 4: QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
There are two messages, A and B. Whilst these are typically independent when they are
analog, it is common practice for them to be intimately related for the case of digital messages.
In the former case the modulator is often called a quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM),
whereas in the latter it is generally called a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) modulator.

Whilst the two messages are typically intimately related, having come from a single data
stream which has been split into two, for the purpose of demonstration (of both generation, and
later demodulation) these two messages can be independent. In this experiment they will be
independent.

DEMODULATION

X A/D

Φ
in
parallel-to-serial
π/2 carrier converter

X
A/D

Figure 2: A QPSK Demodulator

A QPSK demodulator is depicted in the block diagram in Figure 2 above. This demodulator
assumes the original message data stream was split into two streams, A and B at the transmitter,
with each converted to a PSK signal. The two PSK signal were then added, their carrier being in
phase quadrature.

The demodulator consists of two PSK demodulators, whose outputs, after analog-to-digital
(A/D) conversion, are combined in a parallel-to-serial converter. This converter performs the
recombination of the two channels to the original single serial stream. It can only do this if the
carriers at the demodulator are synchronous, and correctly phased, with respect to those at the
transmitter.

4.5 Materials/Equipment
1 unit Digital Oscilloscope
1 set BNC
1 set Connecting wires
Sequence Generator, 2 x Multiplier, Adder, Tunable LPF, Phase Shifter

2
ACTIVITY 4: QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
4.6 Circuit Diagrams / Figures

Figure 2: QPSK Generation

Figure 3: QPSK demodulator

4.7 Procedure/s
1. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 2 above.
2. Confirm that there are DSBSC at the output of each multiplier by connecting it to an
oscilloscope. Adjust their amplitudes to be equal at the output of the Adder, by using
the Adder gain controls (remove the “A” input when adjusting “g”, and the “B” input
when adjusting “G”.
3. Sketch the QPSK output waveform by connecting the Adder output to an
oscilloscope.

ACTIVITY 4: QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING 3


Note:
Since the QAM signal will be the input to an analog channel, its amplitude should be at
about 4 volts peak-to-peak.

4. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 3 above.


5. Sketch the output for I channel by connecting the Tuneable LPF output to an
oscilloscope.

4.7.1 Data and Results


QPSK OUTPUT WAVEFORM

QPSK INPUT WAVEFORM


I-channel Output:

I-channel Input:
Q-channel Output:

Q-channel Input:
4.7.2 Observations (if applicable)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, or QPSK, is a method of transmitting data by altering the
phase of a signal. Compared to more straightforward techniques, it can fit more data into
the same amount of signal because it employs four different phase shifts: 0°, 90°, 180°, and
270°. It is basically speedier and more efficient because it can send two bits of data at once.
Because of its ability to handle noisy or poor settings, it is frequently utilized in systems
where the signal quality may not always be ideal. Its complexity means that specific
equipment is required to decode it correctly, and if the signal is excessively distorted or
interfered with, its quality may degrade.

4.7.3 Conclusion/s

In conclusion, QPSK is a well-liked modulation technique that strikes a balance between


efficiency and dependability. By using four phase shifts to encode two bits per symbol, it
allows for faster data transmission than simpler methods. It is a good fit for many
communication systems since it performs effectively in loud environments. High levels of
distortion or interference can affect its performance, and more advanced decoding methods
are required due to its complexity. QPSK, in general, offers a feasible technique for data
transmission that is dependable and effective in a variety of situations.

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