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13 views45 pages

Unit Ii - WC

Uploaded by

trth4524
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR SAGUNTHALA R AND D INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION - 10211EC112

UNIT II

DR.D.FERLIN DEVA SHAHILA


MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Overview of digital modulation – Linear modulation: Principles of


Offset QPSK, π/4 QPSK –Constant envelope modulation : Minimum
Shift Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, –Spread spectrum
modulation techniques: DS-SS, FH-SS – Modulation performance in
fading and multipath channels.

2
Modulation

3
Overview of digital modulation

• Digital modulation is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the
amplitude, phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal.

• Digital modulation provides excellent security and allows information to be sent fast.

• They offer a high capacity for transferring enormous amounts of data via an analog
medium, which is why they are in high demand.

• Linear modulation is a scheme in which the base-band signal is linearly related to the
modulated signal

4
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase


Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once, selecting
one of four possible carrier phase signal.

• The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with


local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to parallel converter, and a
summer circuit.
5
• A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has many data inputs and a
single output, depending on control or select inputs.

• A local oscillator (LO) is an electronic oscillator used with a mixer to change


the frequency of a signal. This frequency conversion process, also called
heterodyning, produces the sum and difference frequencies from the
frequency of the local oscillator and frequency of the input signal.

6
Phase Shifter

7
QPSK MODULATION

The QPSK Modulator uses a


bit-splitter, two multipliers
with local oscillator, a 2-bit
serial to parallel converter,
and a summer circuit.

8
• At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e., 2 nd
bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit, 3 rd bit, 5th bit,
etc.) are separated by the bits splitter and are multiplied with the
same carrier to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI) and even

BPSK (called as PSKQ).

• The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before being


modulated.
9
QPSK DEMODULATION

The QPSK Demodulator uses


two product demodulator
circuits with local oscillator,
two band pass filters, two
integrator circuits, and a 2-bit
parallel to serial converter.
10
• The two product detectors at the input of demodulator
simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK signals.

• The pair of bits are recovered here from the original data.
These signals after processing, are passed to the parallel to
serial converter.

11
CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM

180 degree Phase shift

12
DRAW BACKS OF QPSK

Non Linearity effects in the system

Because of this effect this system attracts the side lobes.

Linear amplifiers used in the system cannot amplify the


signal.

13
OFFSET OF QPSK

• Offset QPSK, which involves adding a delay to one of two


digital data streams used in the modulation process.

• It reduces the maximum phase Shift to 90°.


• The amplitude fluctuations or variations in a QPSK signal are generally
on the order of 30 dB and in an offset-QPSK signal; the variations are on
the order of only 3 dB.
14
This makes it possible to achieve a relatively higher Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR) and a lower BER while maintaining the
same signal bandwidth as that of QPSK.
Offset quadrature phase-shift keying OQPSK is a variant of
Phase Shift Keying modulation using 4 different values of the
phase to transmit.

15
• It is sometimes called Staggered quadrature phase shift
keying SQPSK

• OQPSK limits the phase-jumps that occur at symbol


boundaries to no more than 90°

• Two signals namely the in-phase and Quadrature Signal


component are then added at the mixer to obtain the OQPSK
signal.

16
OFFSET QPSK

17
CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM

18
19
20
21
22
Diff.Encoder

23
24
Remove Extract the Extract the
Fluctuation Frequency Phase

25
MINIMUM SHIFT KEY MODULATION

Minimum Shift Key Modulation is another type of digital


modulation technique used to convert a digital signal into
analog signals.
It is also called Minimum-shift keying (MSK) or Advance
Frequency Shift Keying because it is a type of continuous-
phase frequency-shift keying.
26
In Minimum-shift keying, bits are separated in even and odd bits
and each bit's duration is doubled.
Frequency is separated into two types of frequencies f1 and f2.
Here, f1 determines/denotes the low frequency, and f2 denotes the
high frequency.
Original or inverted signals are chosen from the frequency
generating table according to the bit values if they are even or odd.

27
 The modulating data signal changes the frequency of the signal
and there are no phase discontinuities .

28
MSK TRANSMISSION

RECTANGULAR
HIGH FREQ.COM BITS

29
ODD BITS 2 BIT DURATION

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31
32
33
FHSS
DSSS
DHSS
42
43
44
45

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