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Lecture 1 Eee 2405

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23 views18 pages

Lecture 1 Eee 2405

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weaverjordan210
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© © All Rights Reserved
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POWER ELECTRONICS

1
 The study of electronic circuits intended to control the flow of electrical energy.
 All power electronic circuits manage the flow of electrical energy between an
electrical source and a load.
 The function of a power converter is to control the energy flow between a source
and a load as shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 :A general system for electrical power conversion

9/16/2024
Power electronics devices: Characteristics of
2
power devices – characteristics of SCR, DIAC,
TRIAC.

9/16/2024
Thyristor/ SCR
3  The thyristor is the most important type of semiconductor
devices.
 Used in large scale in power electronic circuits.
 Also known as Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR).
 Consist of four layers of semiconductor material (p-n-p-n),all
brought together to form one unit.
 Has three terminals, anode ,A,cathode,K and gate G.
 The anode and cathode are connected to main power
circuit.
 The gate terminal is connected to control circuit.
 It carry low current in the direction from gate to cathode.

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 Thyristor
4

Figure 2: Schematic diagram and the symbol for SCR

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5  Incase of zero gate current and forward voltage applied
across the device, i.e anode is made positive with respect to
cathode, junction 𝐽1 and 𝐽3 are forward bias while junction
𝐽2 remains reverse bias and so the anode current is so small
leakage current.
 If the forward voltage reaches a critical limit called forward
break over voltage, the thyristor switches into high
conduction thus forward biasing 𝐽2 to turn thyristor, thus
reducing the forward break over voltage.

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Thyristor Cont’
6
 Is turned by applying a short pulse across the gate and
cathode.
 Once it turns on, the gate loses its control to turn off the
device.
 The turn off is achieved by applying a reverse voltage
across the anode and cathode.

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 If reverse voltage is applied across the thyristor,i.e anode is made
7 negative with respect to cathode,the outer junction 𝐽1 and 𝐽3 are
reverse bias while the central junction 𝐽2 is forward based.
 So only a small leakage current flows.
 If the reverse voltage is increased, then at the critical breakdown level
known as reverse breakdown voltage ,avalanche will occur at 𝐽1 and
𝐽3 and the current will sharply increase and if not limited to safe value,
it will destroy the thyristor.

 The gate current is applied at the instant turn on is desired. The thyristor
turn on provided at higher anode voltage than cathode. After turn on
when the current reaches a value known as latching current, it
continues to conduct even when the gate signal has been removed,
Hence only a pulse of gate current is only required to turn the thyristor
on.

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8

Figure 3: Thyristor symbol and its volt ampere


characteristics
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9

Figure 4 :Closing conditions of SCR

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10

Figure 5: Opening conditions of SCR

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11 DIAC
 A three layer, low voltage, low current semiconductor
switch. The symbol and the structure is as shown in Figure 6.
 Can be switched from the OFF to the ON state for either
polarity of applied voltage.
 When the anode 1 is made more positive than Anode 2,a
small leakage current flows until the break over voltage VBO
is reached.

power electronics notes EEE 1211 9/16/2024


 DIAC
12

Figure 6 DIAC symbol


(a) and structure (b)

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 DIAC
13  DIAC unlike SCR, it does not have a gate terminal.
 It conducts current in both directions depending on the
voltage connected to its terminals.
 When the voltage between the two terminals is greater than
breakdown voltage, the DIAC conducts and the current
flow from higher voltage point to the lower voltage point as
shown in Figure 7.

power electronics notes EEE 1211 9/16/2024


14

Figure 7 : The DIAC VI characteristics

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Bi-Directional –Triode thyristor (TRIAC)
15  Used for the control of power in AC circuits.
 Equivalent of two reverse parallel connected SCRs with one
common gate.
 Conduction can be achieved in either direction with
appropriate gate current.
 Therefore ,it is a bi-directional gate controlled thyristor with
three terminals as shown in Figure 8

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 TRIAC symbol (a) and its Volt Ampere characteristics (b)

16

Figure 8

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 Worthy noting;
17  Latching current
-After turn on when the current reaches a value known as latching
current, it continues to conduct even when the gate signal has been
removed-Latching current is the minimum required anode current to
turn ON SCR.
If the value of anode current is less than this value, the SCR will not
continue to conduct in forward direction if gate signal is removed. But
once anode current becomes more than latching current, gate losses
its control and it may be removed. The SCR will continue to conduct.
 Holding current
-Holding current of an SCR is the minimum value of current below
which anode current must fall to come in OFF state. This means if the
value of holding current is 5 mA, then anode current of SCR must
become less than 5 mA to stop conducting.
 Generally latching current is 2-3 times of holding current.

9/16/2024
18 Applications of SCRs

power control uses from lighting control to


AC power motors, and other switching
applications.

9/16/2024

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