Subject:- Electrical Machine – I

(EE213)

Prof. Dr. D. B. PARDESHI

Professor & Head of Department
E-mail : pardeshidipeshelect@sanjivani.org.in
Contact No: 9130191301 Ext :171, M-
9422230077
 UNIT 4: D.C. Machines
 Construction, main parts, magnetic circuits, poles, yoke, field
winding, armature core,
 Armature windings: Simple lap and wave winding,
 Commutator and brush assembly,
 Generating action, E.M.F equation, magnetization curve,
Flashing of Generator.
 Motoring action.
 Types of DC motors, Significance of back E.M.F
 Torque equation,
 Working at no-load and on-load.
 Losses,
 Power flow diagram and Efficiency.
 Descriptive treatment of armature reaction.
 Unit 05 : D.C. Machines
 Characteristics and applications of D.C. Shunt and
Series Motors,
 Starting of DC motors,
 Study of starters for series and shunt motor, solid state
starters,
 Speed control of various types of DC motors.
Commutation:
 Process of commutation, time of commutation,
 Reactance voltage,
 Straight line commutation, commutation with variable
current density,
 Under and over commutation, causes of bad
commutation and remedies,
 Inter poles, compensating windings. (Descriptive
treatment only)
Introduction :-
These can be divided into:
Generators – which convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy

Motors – which convert electrical energy into

mechanical energy

--- Both types operate through the interaction between

a magnetic field and a set of windings…
 The direct current (dc) machine can be
used as a motor or as a generator.
 DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
 The major advantages of dc machines are
the easy speed and torque regulation.
 However, their application is limited to
mills, mines and trains.
As examples,
Trolleys and underground subway
cars may use dc motors.
 In the past, automobiles were equipped
with dc dynamos to charge their batteries.
 The recent development of power electronics
has reduced the use of dc motors and
generators.
 The electronically controlled ac drives are
gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.
 A large number of dc motors are still used by
industry and several thousand are sold
annually.
Fleming’s left hand rule
 Fleming’s left hand rule
Used to determine the direction of force acting on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the left
hand are kept at right angles to one another .
The middle finger represent the direction of current
The fore finger represent the direction of magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction of force acting on
the conductor .
This rule is used in motors.
Fleming’s Right hand rule
 Fleming’s Right hand rule
Used to determine the direction of emf induced
in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one another.
The fore finger represent the direction of magnetic field
The thumb represent the direction of motion of the
conductor
The middle finger will indicate the direction of the
inducted emf . This rule is used in DC Generators
 Len’s Law
The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s law .

According to this law, the induced emf will be acting

in such a way so as to oppose the very cause of
production of it .

e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
Basics of a Electric Motor
D.C. Generator : Construction

A four-pole DC generator
Figure :General arrangement of a dc machine
Construction of DC Generator
Field system
Armature core
Armature winding
Commutator
Brushes
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
 Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within which
the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in comparison
with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size , produce
greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of the following parts
•Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke.
It is made up of cast iron or steel.
It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly ,
but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
•Poles and pole shoes:
Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding.
They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them.
Pole shoes serve two purposes;
(i) they support field coils
(ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
•Field winding or coils:
They are usually made of copper.
Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and are
connected in series.
They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form
alternate North and South poles.
Rotor Assembly of D.C. Machine
 The armature core is cylindrical
Armature core :- High permeability silicon steel stampings
Impregnated
•Armature core: Lamination is to reduce the eddy current loss
 Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine.
 It is cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature winding.
 The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for
reducing eddy current losses.
 It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling
purposes.
 Armature is keyed to the shaft.
•Armature winding:
 It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots.
 The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from
the armature core.
 Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods;
Lap winding or Wave winding.
 Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used.
 A double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry two
different coils.
 Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a Cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
 Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because
they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current through armature
Carbon is used for brushes, because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of
contact
Brush rock and holder
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush gear )
Front end cover
Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Bearing
Terminal box
D.C. Generator : Construction……

Commutator
 The stator of the dc motor has
poles, which are excited by dc
current to produce magnetic
fields.
DC Machines
 In the neutral zone, in the
middle between the poles,
commutating poles are placed to
reduce sparking of the
commutator.
The commutating poles are
supplied by dc current.

 Compensating windings are

mounted on the main poles.
These short-circuited windings
damp rotor oscillations.

27
 The poles are mounted on an
iron core that provides a DC Machines
closed magnetic circuit.

 The motor housing supports

the iron core, the brushes and
the bearings.

 The rotor has a ring-shaped

laminated iron core with slots.

 Coils with several turns are

placed in the slots. The
distance between the two legs
of the coil is about 180 electric
degrees.

28
 The coils are connected
in series through the
commutator segments.
DC Machines
 The ends of each coil are
connected to a
commutator segment.
 The commutator consists
of insulated copper
segments mounted on an
insulated tube.
 Two brushes are pressed
to the commutator to
permit current flow.
 The brushes are placed in
the neutral zone, where
the magnetic field is
close to zero, to reduce
arcing.

29
 The rotor has a ring- DC Machines
shaped laminated iron
core with slots.
 The commutator consists
of insulated copper
segments mounted on an
insulated tube.
 Two brushes are pressed
to the commutator to
permit current flow.
 The brushes are placed in
the neutral zone, where
the magnetic field is close
to zero, to reduce arcing.

30
 The commutator switches
the current from one rotor DC Machines
coil to the adjacent coil,
 The switching requires the
interruption of the coil
current.
 The sudden interruption of
an inductive current
generates high voltages .
 The high voltage produces
flashover and arcing
between the commutator
segment and the brush.
31
Action of a Commutator
A Two Pole DC Motor
 D. C. Generator :
Working principle of D.C. generator
Different instants of induced e.m.f
Summary of a DC Machine :-
• Basically consists of
1. An electromagnetic or permanent magnetic
structure called field which is static
2. An Armature which rotates.

• The Field produces a magnetic medium

• The Armature produces voltage and torque under the action

of the magnetic field
 D. C. Generator :
EMF equation of D C generator (Theoretical concept only)
When the rotor rotates in the field , a voltage is developed in the armature.

- the flux cut by one conductor in one rotation = .p

- therefore in n rotations, the flux cut by one conductor = .n.p

EMF equation of D C generator
(Theoretical concept only)
EMF
induced in
the armature
windings
Symbols that will be used.

 = Flux per pole

p = No. of poles
z = Total number of active conductors on the armature
a = No. of parallel paths in the armature winding

Aside: Lap Winding -> a = p

Wave Winding -> a = 2

n = speed of rotation of the armature in rpm

ω = speed in radians per second
 D. C. Motor :
T Working principle of D.C. motor ?

H
I S
N N
K Fixed Magnets

? D. C. Motor : Back EMF

 When current flows in a conductor it produces a magnetic
field about it - as shown in (a) below
 When the current-carrying conductor is within an externally
generated magnetic field, the fields interact and a force is
exerted on the conductor - as in (b)

Conductor

S
 Interaction of the DC Motor and
Mechanical Load
Ia Tload
+
+ Mechanical
VT
Ea DC Motor m Load
(Pump,
- - - Tdev Compressor)

Ea is Back EMF
VT is Applied voltage
Tdev is the Torque developed by DC Motor
Tload is the opposing load torque

Prof. D. B. Pardeshi 44
Interaction of Prime-mover DC Generator
and Load

Tdev Ia
+
+
Prime-mover m DC Generator Ea VL

Load
(Turbine) -
Tpm -

Ea is Generated voltage
VL is Load voltage
Tpm is the Torque generated by Prime Mover
Tdev is the opposing generator torque

dcmotor 45
D. C. Motor : Types of D. C. motor
 Separately Excited D.C. Motor
 Self Excited D.C. Motor
1. Shunt D. C. motor
2. Series D.C. Motor
3. Compound D.C. Motor
a) Cummulative Compound D.C. Motor
b) Differentially Compound D. C. Motor
OR i) Long Shunt Compound Motor
ii) Short Shunt Compound Motor
Separately Excited DC Machine
RA

+
Vf - Armature

Field Coil

dcmotor 47
 Shunt Excited DC Machine

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA

dcmotor 48
Series Excited DC Machine
RA

Armature

Series Field Coil

dcmotor 49
 Compound Excited DC Machine
Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA

• If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a

cumulatively excited machine

• If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a

differentially excited machine
Prof. D. B. Pardeshi 50
 D. C. Motor : Industrial applications
Instead of just stating the applications, the behaviour of the
various characteristics like speed, starting torque etc., which makes the
motor more suitable for the applications, is also stated in the Table .1
 Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a Cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
 Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because
they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current through armature
Carbon is used for brushes, because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of
contact
Brush rock
& holder
Action of a Commutator
 Commutation
 Process of commutation, time of commutation,
 Reactance voltage,
 Straight line commutation, commutation with
variable current density,
 Under and over commutation, causes of bad
commutation and remedies,
 Inter poles, compensating windings.
(Descriptive treatment only)
Thank You