COLLEGEOF

SCHOOL OFICT
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

YEAR OF STUDY: four
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023 - 2024

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE PORTAL

NAMES AND REG NUMBERS

Jean Marie Vianney CYUBAHILO - 220004893

Jack MANZI -220006913
Merchior NIKWIGIZE - 220000226

SUPERVISOR: Mr. Iddi KAJEGUHAKWA

Done at Kigali, on November 11, 2024

[March 2024]
DECLARATION
We, Jean Marie Vianney CYUBAHILO, Jack MANZI, Merchior NIKWIGIZE hereby
declare that this project work entitled, “Child and Family Welfare Portal” is original and has
never been submitted to any University or other Institution of Higher Learning.
It is our own research whereby other scholar’s writings were cited and references provided. We
thus declare that this work is ours and was completed successfully under the supervision of Mr.
Iddi KAJEGUHAKWA

Students Names Reg. No Signature

Jean Marie Vianney CYUBAHILO 220004893 ……………

Jack MANZI 220006913 ………........
Merchior NIKWIGIZE 220000226 …………….

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DEDICATION

We, Jean Marie Vianney CYUBAHILO, Jack MANZI, and Merchior NIKWIGIZE, solemnly
dedicate this work to the Almighty GOD for His enduring love, grace, and steadfast support that
has sustained us throughout this endeavor. Our profound appreciation extends to our family,
friends, relatives, and cousins for their unwavering support and encouragement. Furthermore, we
express gratitude to our esteemed lecturers for imparting the knowledge and skills essential for
the fulfillment of this project, with acknowledgment of our supervisor, Mr. Iddi
KAJEGUHAKWA, for his indispensable guidance and contributions to the project's
accomplishment.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty for granting us the resilience to see this
project to fruition and for His unwavering support throughout its entirety.
Our appreciation extends to the UR-CST School of ICT, particularly the Department of
Computer Science, for their invaluable assistance in developing the program that facilitates
student research projects during their senior academic year.
We are deeply thankful to our families for their financial support, and to all the lecturers at
URCST, particularly those within the School of ICT, for their guidance and expertise. Also, we
thank our friends, family, and all others who contributed to this project's success. Your assistance
has been truly appreciated. Thank you.

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APPROVAL
This is to certify that this project entitled “Child and Family Welfare Portal” has been submitted under approval of
supervisor Mr. Iddi KAJEGUHAKWA

Supervisor’s name: Kigali, …. /…… /2024

Signed……………………………
Mr. Iddi KAJEGUHAKWA

Approved by: Kigali, …. /…… /2024

Signed and Stamp……………………………...

HOD name:
Head Of Department

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ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................................ii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1

1.3 Objectives of the study.........................................................................................................................................4

1.1.1 General objectives................................................................................................................................4

1.1.2 Specific objectives................................................................................................................................4

1.2 Interest of the project.....................................................................................................................................5

1.2.1 Personal interest....................................................................................................................................5

1.2.2 Governmental interest..........................................................................................................................5

1.2.3 Community interest..............................................................................................................................5

1.4 Methodology.................................................................................................................................................7

1.5 Organization of the project............................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................9

2.2 Definitions of terminologies..........................................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Children................................................................................................................................................9

2.2.2 Family...................................................................................................................................................9

2.2.3 Parenting...............................................................................................................................................9

2.2.4 Child development..............................................................................................................................10

2.2.5 Family support....................................................................................................................................10

2.3 Related studies.............................................................................................................................................10

2.3.1 Existing Studies and Initiatives..........................................................................................................10

2.3.2 Gaps and Limitations..........................................................................................................................11

2.3.3 Contribution of the Child and Family Welfare Portal........................................................................11

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 2.4 Tools and Programming Languages............................................................................................................12

2.4.1 Frontend development........................................................................................................................12

2.4.2 Backend development........................................................................................................................13

2.4.3 Database management........................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................14

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................14

3.2 Software Development Process Models......................................................................................................14

3.3 Data Collection Techniques........................................................................................................................16

3.3.1 Observations.......................................................................................................................................16

3.3.2 Internet search....................................................................................................................................16

3.3.3 Interviews...........................................................................................................................................16

3.4. Target Population..............................................................................................................................................17

3.4.1 Sampling Procedure and size......................................................................................................................17

3.2.2. Purposive sampling....................................................................................................................................18

3.2.3. The stratified random sampling.................................................................................................................18

3.4. Validity and Reliability.....................................................................................................................................19

3.5. Ethic consideration............................................................................................................................................19

3.6 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................................20

REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................i

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

● CFWP: Child and Family Welfare Portal
● UR: University of Rwanda
● NGOs: Non-governmental organizations
● BMI: Body Mass Index
● WWW: World Wide Web
● HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
● CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
● JS: JavaScript
● UI: User Interface

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 ● I/O: Input/output

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Agile development model.............................................................................................................................11

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CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The Child and Family Welfare Portal is a pioneering initiative aimed at addressing the diverse needs of children and
families in Rwanda through an innovative digital platform. By leveraging state-of-the-art technologies such as AI,
real-time tracking functionalities, and user-centered design principles, the portal aims to optimize system functionality
and enhance user experiences.(Godara et al., 2019)
The Child and Family Welfare Portal is an essential tool in ensuring the well-being and protection of children and
families in our society. This portal serves as a centralized platform for accessing vital resources, services, and support
systems for families in need. By providing a comprehensive range of services, including healthcare, education,
financial assistance, and counseling, the portal aims to address various challenges and vulnerabilities faced by children
and families(Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006).

This system will delve into the significance of the Child and Family Welfare Portal, its impact on the community, and
the measures taken to ensure its effectiveness. Furthermore, it will explore the role of technology in facilitating access
to these crucial services and the potential challenges in implementing and maintaining a successful welfare
portal(Musgrave, 2004). The Child and Family Welfare Portal has revolutionized the way social services are
delivered, making it easier for families to access the support they need. One of the key advantages of the portal is its
ability to streamline the process of applying for assistance, reducing the bureaucratic hurdles that often deter families
from seeking help. Additionally, the portal's user-friendly interface and accessibility through various devices ensure
that families from diverse backgrounds can easily navigate and utilize its resources. This not only empowers families
but also strengthens the fabric of our society by promoting the well-being of our most vulnerable members. (Baxter et
al., 2014)

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1.2 Background of the study
The people of Rwanda are young. About 5.4 million out of its estimated 11.8 million people (about twice the
population of Arizona) are under 18 years old. In Rwanda, where cultural heritage intertwines with the pursuit of
progress, the issue of child and family welfare stands as a paramount concern. Despite significant strides in various
sectors, challenges persist in ensuring the well-being of the nation's youngest citizens and their families. These
challenges stem from a myriad of factors, including socioeconomic disparities, limited access to essential services and
gaps in information dissemination. [1]

Children represent the very fabric of a nation’s future and safeguarding their well-being is not just a moral obligation
but also pivotal for sustained national progress. Rwanda has made significant advancements across multiple sectors,
including the welfare of children and families. Yet challenges persist, especially among vulnerable groups.

As final-year students committed to social development, we proposed the platform aimed at bolstering child and
family welfare in Rwanda. Introducing the Child and Family Welfare portal, a comprehensive digital platform
meticulously crafted to address the specific needs and challenges faced by children and families. Our endeavor seeks
to establish a centralized, user-friendly online hub where individuals, families, social workers and diverse stakeholders
can effortlessly access crucial information, vital resources and essential services tailored to the sphere of child and
family welfare.

The development of the Child and Family Welfare Portal is not merely a response to existing challenges but a
proactive step towards building a more resilient and inclusive society. It reflects Rwanda's commitment to leveraging
innovation to address pressing social issues and ensure the well-being of its citizens, particularly its most vulnerable
members.

As a result of the design of the Rwandan growth charts used before May 2009, malnourished children were
underdiagnosed and undertreated. For example, a six-month-old boy weighing 4 kilograms would be classified as
severely malnourished under the 2006 WHO growth standards and require hospital admission given the high risk of
mortality. Using Ifishi Y'Ubuzima Bw'umwana, this same child would be classified as being of normal weight would
therefore be sent home without further assessment or treatment.

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Figure 1Comparison of weight-for-age charts of infants under 1 year

1.3 Statement of the problem

Malnutrition poses a significant threat to child health and development in Rwanda, highlighting the urgent need for a
centralized information management system to aid parents in monitoring their child's growth and nutritional status.
Despite progress in various aspects of child and family welfare, several challenges persist, particularly in addressing
malnutrition and promoting optimal child growth.
 Limited Parental Awareness: Many parents, especially new couples and single parents, lack sufficient
knowledge and experience in recognizing signs of malnutrition and monitoring their child's growth trajectory.
This lack of awareness hampers early intervention efforts and contributes to the persistence of malnutrition
among children.
 Barriers to Accessing Healthcare: Ensuring access to quality healthcare, including maternal and child health
services, remains a challenge for many families. Limited access to healthcare facilities and services further
exacerbates the prevalence of malnutrition and hinders timely intervention and treatment for affected
children.
 Social Isolation and Support: Busy working parents often struggle to connect with other parents and access
support networks due to time constraints. This social isolation inhibits the exchange of information and
collective efforts to address childcare issues, including malnutrition prevention and management.
 Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge: Many parents also lack the necessary knowledge and skills to prepare
nutritious meals for their children, further exacerbating the prevalence of malnutrition. The absence of

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 guidance on balanced diets and age-appropriate nutrition contributes to poor dietary habits and nutritional
deficiencies among children.
Addressing these challenges requires the development of a comprehensive digital platform that provides parents with
accessible resources, guidance, and support for monitoring their child's growth, nutritional status, and meal
preparation. By empowering parents with the knowledge and tools to recognize signs of malnutrition, track their
child's growth trajectory, and prepare nutritious meals, the proposed system aims to mitigate the impact of
malnutrition and promote the overall health and well-being of children in Rwanda.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.1.1 General objectives

The main goal of this project is to design and develop secure web-based application for Child and Family Welfare
Portal which facilitates family to get efficient information and offers parental skills, fosters communication and
collaboration among parents or guardians and provide a user-friendly interface to promote accessibility, engagement
among those involved in protecting and supporting the well-being of children and families.

1.1.2 Specific objectives

 To design and develop a responsive graphical user interface of the system which is appropriate for users.
 To design a system that provides some parenting tips and videos.
 To design a system that can show first aid tips for children if they meet a problem.
 To design BMI calculator to evaluate children's growth and identify potential health concerns that help to track
their children's physical development effectively.
 To facilitate community engagement and collaboration by providing a platform for sharing information and
resources among various stakeholders involved in child and family welfare.
 To display government and NGOs awareness programs about issues affecting children and families and
mobilize support for policy changes.
 Check and deliver notification to users regarding the scheduled timing for the upcoming events like
Vaccination date and awareness campaign.

1.2 Interest of the project

The development and implementation of the Child and Family Welfare Portal holds significant interest and
importance for government, community members and most importantly for children and families themselves. The
project's relevance and potential impact extend across multiple dimensions, highlighting its significance in the context
of Rwandan society.

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 1.2.1 Personal interest

Child and Family Welfare Portal implement our knowledge gained from our bachelor’s studies, improve our analytical
and programming skills, increase our competency and confidence and the successful implementation of this project
will allow us to gain experience in the applicable technologies as well as getting our degrees.

1.2.2 Governmental interest

From a governmental perspective, the Child and Family Welfare Portal aligns with Rwanda's commitment to
promoting social welfare and inclusive development. By centralizing information and resources related to child and
family welfare, the portal supports government efforts to improve access to essential services and enhance the well-
being of the nation's citizens. Moreover, the project reflects the government's emphasis on leveraging technology to
address social challenges and empower communities.

1.2.3 Community interest

At the community level, the Child and Family Welfare Portal represents a valuable resource for individuals and
families seeking support and guidance in nurturing healthy, thriving children. The portal's comprehensive features,
including parenting tips, child development resources and health and safety protocols, cater to the diverse needs of
families across Rwanda. By providing accessible and relevant information, the portal empowers community members
to make informed decisions and take proactive steps to safeguard their children's well-being.

1.3 Scope of the project

1.5.1. Content Scope:
The content scope of the Child and Family Welfare Portal encompasses a wide range of resources and services tailored
to meet the needs of children and families in Rwanda. This includes parenting tips, child development resources, first
aid guidance, educational materials, and awareness campaigns. Additionally, the portal will feature interactive tools
such as BMI evaluation, chat boards for communication, event notifications, and contact information for support in
cases of child abuse. The content scope is designed to be comprehensive, addressing various aspects of child welfare
and family well-being to provide users with holistic support and guidance.

1.5.2 Geographical Scope:

Initially, the geographical scope of the project will focus on pilot implementation in Musanze District, Rwanda.
However, the goal is to extend the reach of the Child and Family Welfare Portal to cover all regions of the country. By
targeting Musanze District as a pilot location, the project aims to gather valuable insights, test functionalities, and
refine features before scaling up to a nationwide level. This phased approach ensures that the portal's resources and
services are tailored to the specific needs and contexts of Rwandan communities, maximizing its impact and
effectiveness across diverse geographical regions.
1.5.3. Time Scope:
The project's time scope includes the development, implementation, and evaluation phases of the Child and Family
Welfare Portal. The project timeline includes milestones for each stage, with specific timelines for design,
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development, testing, and launch. Additionally, ongoing monitoring and evaluation activities will be conducted to
assess the portal's performance, user engagement, and impact over time. While the initial implementation phase may
have a defined timeframe, the project's time scope extends beyond the launch to include continuous updates,
enhancements, and adaptations to meet evolving user needs and technological advancements.

1.4 Methodology

Research methodology outlines a mixed-methods approach designed to comprehensively investigate the

implementation and impact of the Child and Family Welfare Portal in Rwanda. It integrates interviews, internet search
and observations to capture a nuanced understanding of user interactions, experiences, and perceptions.
The research methodology aims to provide a holistic assessment of our project, ensuring its effectiveness in addressing
child and family welfare needs while respecting the ethical rights and well-being of the participants. The study
recognizes potential limitations, such as the context-specific nature of findings and reliance on self-reported data.
Despite these limitations, the research methodology is structured to generate robust and meaningful insights,
contributing to the ongoing discourse on digital platforms in the realm of child and family welfare.

1.5 Organization of the project

The Child and Family Welfare Portal is composed of 5 chapters classified as follows:
Chapter One, this chapter provides an overview of the entire project where it contains the general introduction,
background, statement of the problem, specific objectives, interest of the project, scope of the study, methodology and
organization of the project.

Chapter Two, this chapter focuses on describing the current system, related studies to Child and Family Welfare
Portal and its contributions, tools and programming which will be used in our project development.

Chapter Three, this chapter describes the methodology that can be used to achieve the stated objectives, Software
development methodologies and data collection techniques used to collect data.

Chapter Four, this chapter presents the existing system, proposed system, the design and implementation of the
system by explaining how it works, expected results and different diagrams.

Chapter Five, this chapter provides conclusion based on the conducted research and the outcomes and
recommendations to different parties that could be interested in or get advantages from the system.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

families. The first source, "The Child Welfare Challenge," provides an overview of the interrelationships between
policy, practice, and research in child welfare. It highlights the importance of addressing various issues in supporting
children and strengthening families. This source emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach in child welfare
and supports the idea of a Child and Family Welfare Portal as a one-stop solution for accessing information, resources,
and services. The second source discusses the importance of parental engagement in child protection services and the
challenges some parents may face in engaging with professionals.

2.2 Definitions of terminologies

In this section, we define key concepts central to the Child and Family Welfare Portal project, providing clarity and
understanding of the terminology and theoretical frameworks underpinning the project's objectives.

2.2.1 Children

Children are human beings between the stages of birth and puberty or between the developmental period of infancy
and puberty. [2]

2.2.2 Family

A family is a group of people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together. It can also include people who
are related biologically or through legal contracts but do not live together.

2.2.3 Parenting

Parenting encompasses the multifaceted roles, responsibilities, and practices involved in nurturing and raising
children. It involves providing emotional support, guidance, discipline, and care to promote the well-being and
development of children from infancy to adolescence. Understanding parenting dynamics and practices is essential for
designing effective interventions and resources to support parents in their caregiving roles.[3]

2.2.4 Child development

Child development refers to the sequential and cumulative process of growth, learning, and maturation that occurs
from infancy through adolescence. It encompasses physical, social and emotional domains, with developmental
milestones and stages marking progress and transitions in each area. Recognizing the complexities and nuances of

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child development is essential for tailoring interventions and resources to meet the diverse needs of children at
different stages of development.

2.2.5 Family support

Family support encompasses the resources, services, and networks available to families to promote their well-being,
resilience, and functioning. Its initiatives may include parent education programs, peer support groups, counseling
services and access to community resources such as childcare, healthcare, and social services. Strengthening family
support systems is critical for enhancing parental capacities, strengthening family relationships, and improving
outcomes for children and families.

2.3 Related studies

In this section, we review existing studies, research papers, and initiatives related to child and family welfare, with a
focus on digital platforms and technology-driven interventions. By synthesizing current literature, we aim to identify
gaps, limitations and areas for improvement and highlight the unique contributions and innovative features of our
project.

2.3.1 Existing Studies and Initiatives

Numerous studies and initiatives have explored various aspects of child and family welfare, including parenting
support, child development and family interventions. These include:

1 Parenting Programs
Research has shown the effectiveness of parenting programs in promoting positive parent-child relationships, reducing
behavioral problems, and enhancing parental well-being. Programs such as the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program
and Incredible Years have demonstrated positive outcomes in improving parenting practices and child behavior.[10]

2 Community-Based Initiatives
Community-based initiatives, such as support groups and home visiting programs, play a crucial role in providing
holistic support to families. These initiatives often involve collaborations between government agencies, non-profit
organizations, and community to address the diverse needs of families and promote child well-being.

2.3.2 Gaps and Limitations

Despite the abundance of research and initiatives in the field of child and family welfare, several gaps and limitations
persist:

1 Accessibility

Many existing programs and resources may not be readily accessible to all families, particularly those from
marginalized or underserved communities. Barriers such as cost, language, cultural relevance, and geographical
location may hinder access to essential services and support.
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 2 Tailoring and Personalization

One-size-fits-all approaches to parenting support and child welfare may not adequately meet the diverse needs of
families. There is a need for more tailored and personalized interventions that consider individual family
circumstances, cultural backgrounds, and developmental needs.

3 Integration of technology

While digital platforms show promise in delivering parenting support and child welfare services, there is a need for
greater integration of technology into existing systems and services. This includes addressing technological barriers,
ensuring user-friendly interfaces, and maintaining data privacy and security.

2.3.3 Contribution of the Child and Family Welfare Portal

The Child and Family Welfare Portal project aims to address these gaps and limitations by offering a comprehensive
and user-friendly digital platform that centralizes information, resources and services related to child and family
welfare. Key contributions of the portal include:

1 Accessibility

The portal will be accessible on multiple devices and available in multiple languages, ensuring broad reach and
inclusivity.

2 Tailored Support

The portal will offer personalized recommendations and resources based on user preferences, demographics, and
child's developmental stage, enhancing relevance and effectiveness.

3 Integration of Technology

Leveraging React.js for front-end development and MongoDB for database management, the portal will offer a
seamless and secure user experience, with robust features for user authentication, data privacy and security.

2.4 Tools and Programming Languages

This section discusses the tools, programming languages, and technologies pertinent to the development of the Child
and Family Welfare Portal. It elucidates the rationale behind the selection of specific tools and languages, emphasizing
their suitability for achieving the project's objectives.

2.4.1 Frontend development

1 JavaScript

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JavaScript is a programming language and core technology of the WWW, alongside HTML and CSS. It serves as the
foundational language for front-end development, enabling dynamic and interactive user interfaces. Its versatility and
widespread adoption make it an ideal choice for building responsive web applications.[4]

2 React.js framework

React.js is a popular JavaScript library developed by Facebook and facilitates the creation of reusable UI components,
simplifies state management and enhances code maintainability, scalability, and performance.[5]

2.4.2 Backend development

1 Node.js

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment that runs on the V8 engine and
executes JavaScript code outside a web browser. It is employed for backend development used to build scalable and
high-performance server-side applications. Its single-threaded, asynchronous nature enables efficient handling of
concurrent requests and seamless integration with frontend technologies.[6]

2 Express.js framework

Express.js is a minimalist web application framework for Node.js, utilized for its simplicity, flexibility, and robust
middleware ecosystem. It streamlines the development of RESTful APIs, routing logic and middleware functions,
facilitating the creation of scalable and modular backend architectures.[7]

Integration with AI Tools

In addition to the technologies, the Child and Family Welfare Portal will integrate AI tools to enhance its functionality
and user experience. AI algorithms will be employed to analyze user interactions, personalize content
recommendations, and automate repetitive tasks, thereby optimizing system performance and responsiveness. By
harnessing the power of AI, the portal aims to provide tailored support and insights to users, furthering its mission to
promote child welfare and family well-being.

2.4.3 Database management

MongoDB is chosen as the database management system for its document-oriented, NoSQL architecture, which offers
flexibility, scalability, and performance advantages for storing and retrieving unstructured data of the Child and
Family Welfare Portal.[8]

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter is essential for delineating the approach and strategies employed in the development and evaluation of the
Child and Family Welfare Portal. It encompasses the methods, techniques and frameworks utilized to achieve the
project's objectives. By outlining the research methodology, this chapter provides transparency and rigor in the
research process, guiding readers through the logical progression of the study.

3.2 Software Development Process Models

In this section we select the software development model that is going to be used in the Child and Family Welfare
Portal project. Based on flexibility, user involvement, complexity, and uncertainty we use the agile development
model. The Agile Model is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and
customer feedback. Agile's emphasis on adaptability, collaboration and customer satisfaction aligns with the project's
objectives of delivering a user-centric and continuously evolving digital platform for child and family welfare.[9]

Figure 2: Agile development model.

The agile methodology has distinct phases include the following:

 Requirement gathering: In this phase, we must gather the requirements by interaction with the parents and
caregivers. And we plan the time and effort needed to build the Child and Family welfare portal project.
 Design the requirement: When you have identified the project, we work with stakeholders to define
requirements. We show the work of new features and show how it will apply to your existing systems.

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  Construction/Iteration: In this phase, we will start working on the Child and Family welfare portal project,
with the aim of deploying a working system.
 Testing/ Quality assurance: In this phase, we will examine the system’s performance and look for the bugs
to ensure that the software system meets the requirements of the users and that it works correctly.
 Deployment: In this phase, we will deploy the working system to end users.
 Feedback: This is the last phase; we will receive feedback about the system and work on correcting bugs
based on feedback provided by the end users.

3.3 Data Collection Techniques

This section delineates the data collection techniques employed in the study to gather information for the
development and evaluation of the Child and Family Welfare Portal. Those techniques are:
 Observation
 Internet search
 Interviews

3.3.1 Observations

Observational techniques are employed to gather firsthand observations of user behavior, interactions, and preferences
in real-world settings. We will observe how parents and caregivers engage with existing resources and support
services related to child and family welfare, noting pain points, preferences, and unmet needs. Observations provide
valuable contextual insights into users' everyday experiences and practices, informing the design and implementation
of the portal.

3.3.2 Internet search

We will use this data collection technique that involves using online resources such as government officials, existing
systems, and websites to gather vast amounts of information from these sources.

3.3.3 Interviews

Semi-structured interviews are conducted with key stakeholders, including domain experts, child welfare professionals
and potential users of the portal. Interviews allow for in-depth exploration of stakeholders' experiences, perspectives,
and suggestions for enhancing the portal's functionality and impact. Through open-ended questioning and probing,
interviews facilitate a nuanced understanding of stakeholder needs and priorities, informing the design and
development of the portal.

This chapter of Research methodology describes the details of the software engineering development methodology. It
attempts to indicate the source of data, the methods, scheduling, and techniques used to collect data that was analyzed
and interpreted to develop the project.

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 3.4. Target Population

The target population for the Child and Family Welfare Portal comprises parents and caregivers in Rwanda who face
challenges in ensuring adequate nutrition and monitoring the growth and development of their children. This includes
newly formed couples, single parents, and families with limited experience or resources in providing nutritious meals
and addressing nutritional deficiencies among children.

3.4.1 Sampling Procedure and size

The sampling procedure for this study will involve a multi-stage sampling technique to ensure representation of the
target population of parents and caregivers in Rwanda.

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 Sampling Procedure:

2 Selection of Regions: Initially, regions within Rwanda will be selected to ensure geographical diversity and
representation. This may include urban and rural areas to capture variations in socio-economic status and access
to resources.
3 Selection of Districts: Within each selected region, specific districts will be randomly chosen to further diversify
the sample. Factors such as population density and demographic characteristics will be considered during district
selection.
4 Selection of Participants: Within the chosen districts, households with children will be identified as potential
participants. A systematic random sampling method will then be employed to select households from each
district.
5 Inclusion Criteria: Participants will include parents or primary caregivers of children aged 0-5 years who
express interest in participating in the study. Efforts will be made to ensure a diverse representation of parents
from different socio-economic backgrounds, education levels, and household compositions.

3.2.2. Purposive sampling

This is a form of non-probability sampling in which decisions concerning the individuals to be included in the sample
are taken by the researcher, based upon a variety of criteria which may include specialist knowledge of the research
issue, or capacity and willingness to participate in the research. Some types of research design necessitate researchers
deciding about the individual participants who would be most likely to contribute appropriate data, both in terms of
relevance and depth. With this technique, the researcher chose only those respondents that were suitably provided
required information.

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 3.2.3. The stratified random sampling

Methods were used as the methods to arrange the respondents according to their sub-groups and select them randomly
from each group. The researcher also used the simple random sampling method because among many cases he/she
was selected, one representing another having the same characteristics.

3.2.4. Determination of the sample size

The determination of the sample size for this study involves a comprehensive assessment of numerous factors,
including the research design, desired level of precision, expected variability within the population, statistical power
considerations, and practical feasibility constraints. By carefully balancing these factors and employing appropriate
statistical methods, the sample size will be determined to ensure robust and meaningful findings while respecting
ethical principles and optimizing the use of available resources. This process will involve the utilization of statistical
formulas and software tools to estimate the sample size based on specified parameters, enabling the study to achieve
its objectives effectively within the constraints of the research context.

The Sloven formula was used to determine the minimum sample.

n=

Where: n = number of samples

N = total population

e = margin of error;

the level of significance is fixed at 0.05

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 3.4. Validity and Reliability

Validity is about what an instrument measures and how well it does so, whereas reliability concerns the truthfulness in
the data obtained and the degree to which any measuring tool controls random error.

So, our research will lead to revolutionary advances that help promote infant health. also

infant death rates in our country will drop significantly and many infant nutrition outcomes will be improved greatly.

3.5. Ethic consideration

The future health of infants and children is dependent on the performance of research in which infants participate.
Achieving a proper balance between this social good and the obligation to protect infants who participate in research is
a significant challenge. As investigators design and implement research protocols, they should be aware of the ethical
and legal requirements that govern research with infants. For research to satisfy ethical and legal requirements it must
be scientifically sound and significant, subject selection must be fair, approaching families for enrollment must avoid
pressure, the risks to participants cannot be excessive and must be minimized, risks must be justified by the benefits of
the research, valid and voluntary informed consent must be obtained.

3.6 Conclusion

This system is an immense help in following up day to day life of each single child in a growing field in Rwandan
villages to make it easier for the institutions in charge. This system was administered by an appointed system
administrator and was to be used by children’s parents.

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CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE PORTAL

4.1. Introduction

In this chapter, we delve into the design and implementation of the Child and Family Welfare
Portal, a comprehensive platform aimed at improving the well-being of children and families in
Rwanda. This chapter begins with an examination of the existing systems and their limitations,
which highlights the need for the proposed portal. We then outline the proposed system, detailing
its objectives and features designed to address the identified gaps.

The core of this chapter is dedicated to the system design, where we present the architectural
framework of the portal, supported by various design diagrams such as use case, class, and
sequence diagrams. These diagrams illustrate the structural and behavioral aspects of the system,
providing a clear blueprint for development.

Following the design, the implementation section discusses the practical steps taken to build the
system, including the choice of technologies, development methodology, and the integration of
various modules. This section offers a comprehensive view of how theoretical designs were
translated into a functional system.

Finally, we discuss the testing phase, where we outline the strategies employed to ensure the
system's robustness and reliability. We present test cases and results, along with user feedback
gathered during the testing phase, to demonstrate the system's effectiveness and areas for
improvement.

Overall, this chapter provides a detailed account of the journey from conceptual design to practical
implementation, showcasing the technical and methodological rigor involved in developing the
Child and Family Welfare Portal.

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 4.2 Existing system

4.2.1 Overview

The existing system for child and family welfare in Rwanda involves a combination of
government initiatives, NGO programs, and community-based services. These efforts aim to
address various aspects of child health, education, protection, and family support. Despite
significant strides in improving child welfare, the current system faces several limitations that
hinder its effectiveness.

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 4.2.2 Government Initiatives

The Rwandan government has implemented several programs and policies to promote child and
family welfare. These include:

 National Early Childhood Development Program (NECDP): Focuses on providing

early childhood education, nutrition, and healthcare services.
 Community Health Workers (CHWs): A network of trained volunteers who deliver
healthcare services and education to families at the community level.
 Social Protection Programs: Such as the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (VUP), which
provides financial support to vulnerable families.
4.2.3 NGO Programs

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in supplementing government efforts

by providing specialized services, including:

 Health and Nutrition: NGOs like World Vision and Save the Children offer programs that
focus on maternal and child health, nutrition, and disease prevention.
 Education and Training: Programs aimed at improving access to education and
vocational training for children and parents.
 Child Protection: Initiatives to prevent child abuse, trafficking, and exploitation, and to
support victims through counseling and legal aid.
4.2.4 Community-Based Services

Community-based services include local initiatives and informal support networks that provide:

 Parenting Support: Local groups that offer parenting classes and peer support.
 Health Education: Community meetings and workshops on health and hygiene practices.
 Social Services: Assistance with accessing government programs and services.
4.2.5 Limitations and Challenges

Despite these efforts, the existing system has several limitations:

 Fragmentation: Lack of coordination among various stakeholders leads to fragmented

services and inefficiencies.
 Accessibility: Rural and remote areas often have limited access to services and
information.
 Awareness: Low levels of awareness and education about available services and their
benefits.
 Resource Constraints: Insufficient funding and resources limit the reach and quality of
programs.
 Data Management: Inadequate data collection and management systems hinder effective
monitoring and evaluation of programs.
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 4.2.6 Need for the Proposed System

The identified limitations highlight the need for a comprehensive, integrated solution like the
Child and Family Welfare Portal. This portal aims to:

 Enhance Coordination: By providing a centralized platform for all stakeholders.

 Improve Accessibility: Making information and services more accessible to all regions.
 Increase Awareness: Through educational resources and outreach programs.
 Optimize Resources: By streamlining processes and reducing duplication of efforts.
 Data-Driven Decision Making: Implementing robust data collection and analytics to
improve program effectiveness.
4.3 Proposed System

4.3.1 Use case diagram

Figure 3Use case diagram

Description
 Parent brings the child to the health center.
 Parent completes a health questionnaire, providing essential health information about the
child.
 Health Worker weighs the child and measures the child’s height.
 The Health Worker records the weight and height in the system.
 The System or Health Worker analyzes the child’s health condition using the recorded
data.
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 A decision point evaluates whether the child is healthy:
o If the child is healthy, the process ends here.
o If the child is not healthy, the Health Worker refers the child to a rehabilitation
program and provides nutrition counseling to the parent.

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 4.4 Implementation

The implementation phase involves translating the design of the Child and Family Welfare Portal into an operational
system

Development Environment and Tools

The system was developed using the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js)
combined with TypeScript. MongoDB was chosen for its flexibility and scalability in managing
child information.

Express.js facilitated the development of a robust backend server.

React.js was used for creating dynamic and interactive front-end components, while Node.js
supported efficient and event-driven server-side operations.

TypeScript was employed to enhance code reliability and maintainability through static typing.

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 Features and Functionalities

Key features of the implemented system include:

Login page:

The login page is a critical component of the Child and Family Welfare Portal, providing a secure
entry point for users to access the system. Below is the design and implementation of the login
page.

Signup Page:

The sign-up page allows new users to register for an account on the Child and Family Welfare
Portal. It is designed to be user-friendly while ensuring data integrity and security.

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Verification email link

The verification email link is a critical component of the user registration process. It ensures that
the email address provided by the user is valid and belongs to them. This step enhances the
security and integrity of the system by preventing the use of fake or invalid email addresses.

Dashboard

The dashboard serves as the central hub for users after they have logged into the Child and Family
Welfare Portal. It provides an overview of key information, quick access to various features, and
relevant updates.

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Register new child
The "Register New Child" form allows authorized users, such as parents or advisors, to register a new child in the
Child and Family Welfare Portal. This form collects essential information about the child to access to welfare services.

View list of children

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The "View List of Children" feature allows authorized users, such as parents, guardians, or welfare
officers, to view a list of registered children in the Child and Family Welfare Portal. This
functionality provides a comprehensive overview of the children’s profiles, making it easier to
manage and access their information.

Measurement View
The Measurement View is a key component of the Child and Family Welfare Portal that allows
parents to view and track various health and development measurements of a child. This view
provides a comprehensive overview of the child's growth and health metrics over time, helping
caregivers and healthcare providers monitor and manage the child's well-being.

26
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