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13 views13 pages

ppt4 Embedded

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mathuriyaditya002
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Embedded System

Embedded Systems: G P Computer System:


 Electronics system that contains  Contains general purpose (GP)
embedded processor (MCU/DSP/ microprocessor, primary & secondary
ASIP etc.) and peripherals which are
configured to perform specific function memories, keyboards, monitor etc. It
performs variety of tasks such as
It has single unified software called word processing, accounting,
Embedded Software scientific computing, email,
multimedia, database system etc.
It ensures performance and it
guarantees timing  It runs variety of softwares and uses
general purpose OS
 Most embedded systems are tightly
constraint.
 Offers average performance and
cannot guarantee timing
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
 Single functioned – doing dedicated task repetitively
 Tightly Constrained – in area, power, cost
 Reactive and Real time – Airbag control, Automatic braking, Missile tracking
 Safety critical (Dependable) system – Flight control, Fire control, Atomic
power plant etc.
 Availability (Deliver service when requested), Reliability (Deliver service

as specified), Safety (Must operate without failure), Security (Protect


against intrusion)
 Interacting with harsh physical environment
(vibrations, shock, supply variations etc.)

Other desirable characteristics:


 Maintainability
 Time to Market
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
Design Metrics:
 Cost
 Power, Performance, Size
 Flexibility
Classification of Embedded
Systems
 Small scale
 electronic toy, digital watch, home security system, barcode reader, data

acquisition system, lighting control, elevator control


 Medium scale
 audio/video compression, image processing, digital camera, portable

video games, ATM, TV set top box, medical instruments


 Complex (Sophisticated)
 High speed routers, Flight control, Sophisticated industrial control &

Automation, Mobile phones

What skills and knowledge required in each case?


 Example (Telegraph) :

 Embedded software has to handle many real-world issues such as


 Network Data may be out of order, lost or arrive twice
 Other computers on Network also want to print
 Need to provide status of printer to computers
 It need to respond quickly and keep track of time
 Design Metrics => throughput (speed), response time, power consumption, flexibility
Example (Digital Camera- Medium
Scale):

 Requirement=> Immediately process and store images after Capture, Quick


display of images, Long battery life
 Hardware: Microcontroller with other coprocessors and peripherals
 Performance: Resolution, image compression time, display latency
 Constraints: Power dissipation, cost, size
Typical Components
(1) Embedded Processors:
 Microcontrollers : e.g. 8051 family, AVR series, PIC series, ARM series
 Moderate Computing but enhanced I/O capability
 On chip Memory, Peripherals and Debug hardware
 Used for => Control and Communication

 DSP : e.g. TMS series, SHARC


 Fast Multiply-Accumulate, Multi-access memory, SIMD/MIMD processing
 Digital filtering, Image/Audio processing, Cryptography, Noise shaping

 ASSP/ASIP :
 processor with hardwired logic customized to an application
(graphics processor, network processor, multimedia processor, …)
Typical Components

(2) Memories:
 ROM variants (masked ROM, OTPROM, EEPROM, FLASHROM):
 Stores firmware (codes for initializing hardware and loading embedded OS),
code for embedded OS and application software

 RAM (SRAM, DRAM, NVRAM):


 Stack data
 Store temporary results generated during program run

 Cache Memory:
 Small SRAM tightly coupled to CPU
 Contains copies of recently accessed instructions and data
Typical Components

(3) Comm. Interfaces:


 On board / On chip => I2C, SPI
 External => RS232 /RS422/RS423, RS485, USB, Ethernet, CAN etc.

(4) Other Components:


 Keypad, LED, LCD, GLCD
 Sensors
 actuators (motors, relays, valves, solenoids)
 ADC/DAC, PWM, Watchdog timer, RTC etc.
Embedded software development
Software development
 Assembly Programming
 Very compact machine code and hence faster execution
 Useful for low level tasks (hardware and bus access)
 CPU specific and not portable
 Less readable (difficult to understand by others)
 C / Embedded C
 Looks like high level language. More readable
 Short time for code development
 Easily portable across many Microcontrollers
 Machine code size (after compilation) is larger
System Softwares in Embedded
 System soft wares : (1) firmware (2) BSP (3) embedded OS or RTOS
[1] Firmware:
 First code that runs upon power on
 Deeply embedded and low level operation
 Typically, it contains code for hardware initialization and loading OS
 For some system, it contains complete software

[2] BSP:
 System software library to that is needed to use hardware board
 BSP a set of libraries (of h/w specific functionalities) that can be accessed
by application software
[3] RTOS:
 RTOS (real time operating system) is one type of embedded OS
 It performs low level operations such as servicing interrupts, managing & servicing
I/O devices (keypad, display, timers, communication ports ..), memory management,
scheduling of tasks (processes) etc.
 RTOS hides system hardware from user/application
 Application software use APIs (system calls) to access RTOS services
 Kernel Mode => Embedded system runs RTOS functions

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