Electricity

Science
CLASS - 10th
 About Your Teacher

● Cleared JEE Mains + advanced

● Mentored 1 Lakh+ Students

● Author of Two Books for Class 10th

Prashant Kirad
 What We’ll Provide!

● Lectures

● Top 25 Questions

● Sample Papers
(NCERT Exercises Included)
 Topics We’ll Cover!
● Electric Charge
● Electrical Substances
● Electric Current
● Electric Potential and Potential Difference
● Electric Circuit
● Circuit Elements
● Ohm’s Law
 Topics We’ll Cover!
● Resistance
● Resistivity
● Series Circuit
● Parallel Circuit
● Combination of Resistors
● Joule’s Law of Heating
● Electrical Power
Electric Charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience
a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

SI Unit : Coulomb (C)

Quantisation of Charge
● The smallest charge that can exist in nature is the charge on an electron.
● According to charge quantization, any charged particle can have a charge
equal to some integral number of e, i.e., Q = n e , where n=1, 2, 3,….

Q = ne

Q = net charge
n = no of electrons
e = charge on a electron e = -1.6 x 10-19
Electrical Substances
Conductors :

● Conductors are those substances through

which electricity can flow are called
conductors. Some common conductors are
copper, aluminum, gold, and silver.

● Conductors have free electrons on its

surface which allow current to pass through
easily.
Electrical Substances
Semiconductors :

● Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between

conductors (generally metals) and non-conductors or insulators (such
as ceramics).

● Semiconductors can be compounds, such as gallium arsenide, or pure

elements, such as germanium or silicon.
Electrical Substances
Insulators:
● Insulators are those substances
through which electricity cannot
flow are called insulators. Ex -
Glass, Plastic, Rubber and Wood.

● Due to very low number of free

electrons in insulators, they cannot
conduct electric current very
easily.
Important Questions
Q. Find the number of electrons present in one coulomb of charge.
Electric Current
Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charge through a
cross-section of a conductor per unit time. It is denoted by I.

SI Unit : ampere (A) or coulomb per second

Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Electric potential is the work done per unit charge to bring the charge from
infinity to a point in an electric field.

Potential Difference : The amount of work done required on a unit positive

charge to move it from one potential point to another potential point.

SI Unit : Voltage (V)

Important Questions
Q. A current of 1A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb . Find the number
of electrons passing through a cross-section of the filament in 16 seconds?
Q. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2C from a point of 118V to a
point at 128V?
1 volt
1 Volt : When 1 Joule of work is done on a unit positive charge to move it from
one point to another point, then potential difference is said to be 1 Volt.
Electric Circuit
An electrical circuit is a closed path of wires
and electrical components which allows a
current through it on the application of
potential difference between two points in
the path.

An electric circuit consists of electric

devices, a source of electricity and wires
that are connected with the help of a
switch.
Circuit Elements
Circuit Elements
Ammeter and Voltmeter
Ammeter : Voltmeter :
● An ammeter is an instrument ● An voltmeter is an instrument
used to measure the current in used to measure the voltage in
a circuit. a circuit.
● The ammeter is connected in ● The voltmeter is connected in
series with the circuit. parallel with the circuit.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional
to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and
temperatures remain constant.

V∝I
V = IR

In the equation, the constant of proportionality R, is called Resistance

represented by the symbol Ω.
Resistance
Resistance is a property of conductor due to which it resists the flow of
electric current through it.

By Ohm’s law,
SI Unit : ohm (Ω)

A component that is used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit is

called a resistor.
V-I Characteristic Graph
Factors affecting Resistance
1. Length of the wire (l) : R ∝ l
2. Cross-sectional Area (A) : R ∝ 1/A
3. Material of the wire (⍴)
4. Temperature of the wire , Resistance

By 1. and 2. ,
⍴ (rho) is a constant of proportionality
called electrical resistivity.

SI Unit : ohm metre (Ωm)

 Resistance (R) Resistivity (⍴)

● Resistance refers to the ● Resistivity is a property of a

opposition that a material material that describes how
offers to the flow of electric strongly it resists the flow of
current through it. electric current.

● SI unit : Ω ● SI unit : Ωm

● Resistance depends on the ● Resistivity depends on the

physical dimensions of the temperature and the nature
material, specifically its of material.
length and cross-sectional
area. Temperature ,⍴
Resistivity of Electrical Substances
Important Questions
Q. There are three cylinders which have different shapes namely (a), (b) and (c) .
They are all made up of same material . Which cylinder has the highest
resistance?
Q. A piece of wire of resistance 20Ω is drawn out so that its length is increased
to twice its length. Calculate resistance of wire in the new situation.
Q. The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60V
when it draws a current of 4A from the source. What current will the heater
draw if potential difference is increased to 120V.
Series Circuit
● The current is same in all the resistors.
● The net voltage gets divided among
individual resistors.
Parallel Circuit
● The voltage is same across all resistors.
● The net current gets divided among
individual resistors.
Combination of Resistors
Series:
Combination of Resistors
Parallel:
Important Questions
Q. Find (i) Reading of Ampere
(ii) Reading of Voltmeter
(iii) Current across 1Ω resistor
Q. Find current in each resistance and in ammeter.
Q. Find current in each resistance and in ammeter.
Working of Rheostat
Joule’s Law of Heating
Joule's law of heating states that, when a current 'I ' passes through a
conductor of resistance 'R' for the time 't' , then the heat developed in
the conductor is directly proportional to the product of the square of
the current, the resistance and time.

Derivation of
Joule’s Law
Practical Applications of
Heating Effect
Electric Fuse
Fuse wire is an alloy of lead 37% and tin
63%. It is connected in series in an electric
circuit. It has high resistance and low
melting point. When large current flows
through a circuit due to short circuiting, the
fuse wire melts due to heating and hence
the circuit becomes open. Therefore, the
electric appliances are saved from damage.
Electric Bulb

Since the resistance of the filament in the bulb

is high, the quantity of heat produced is also
high. Therefore, the filament is heated to
incandescence and emits light. Tungsten with a
high melting point (3380oC) is used as the
filament. The filament is usually enclosed in a
glass bulb containing some inert gas at low
pressure.
Electric Heating Device

Electric iron, electric heater, electric toaster

are some of the appliances that work on the
principle of heating effect of current. In
these appliances, Nichrome which is an alloy
of nickel and chromium is used as the
heating element for the following reasons.

1. It has high specific resistance

2. It has high melting point

3. It is not easily oxidized

Electrical Power
Electric power measures the rate of electrical energy transfer by an electric
circuit per unit of time. It is denoted by P.

SI Unit : Watt (W) or Js-1

Electrical Power
We know, W = VQ
Commercial Unit of Energy
Commercial unit of electrical energy is kWh (kilowatt-hour).

It is defined as energy consumed by an appliance of 1kW when

it is used for one hour.

1kWh = 1000Wh
E=Pxt = 1000x3600Ws
Joule= Watt x second = 3.6 x 106 Ws
J = Ws
E = Kilowatt hour
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J
Important Questions
Q. 200J of heat is produced 10s in a 5Ω resistance . Find the potential
difference across the resistor.
Q. An electric bulb runs from the 220V mains. The current flowing through it is
0.6 A. At what rate is the electrical energy transformed by the bulb? How much
energy is transformed in 2 min.
Q. An electric refrigerator rated 500W operates 6 hours/day. What is the cost
of energy to operate it for 30 days at ₹4.5 per kWh?
Thankyou!!