UNITY JOURNAL

Volume II, February 2021

Key Security Challenges of the Third World

Sasmita Gautam

Abstract building and finally increased international

collaboration efforts with indigenous
While shaping an impression of the Third technical knowledge for resilient climate
World from post-colonial, non-aligned strategy Drawing on quantitative data from
to less developed states today, security recognized platforms, elite interviews on
concerns over the region, more or less, security dialogues, reputed newspapers,
remained a status quo in a handful of e-books, and journal articles, this article
international security scholars. This article confronts us with the necessity to fertilize
explores various security challenges, fragile nations of the Third World against
including internal, regional, transnational the backdrop of economic, social, political,
and international of Asia, Africa and Latin cultural, and environmental origins.
American countries, the then considered
Third World. Military interventions, illegal Keywords: conflict, fragile nations, peace,
migration and narco-terrorism of Latin security dimensions, the third world
America; Demographic derivatives, ethnical
conflicts and transnational organized crimes Introduction
in Africa; Terrorism, failing states and climate In retrospect, the so-called unipolar world
security issues of Asia are considered to be upended after the deadliest Cold War. A
key security concerns hereunder. This article dotting political dogma of US and their allies
aims to contribute towards building collective v/s Soviet Union and their allies. Such a fierce
action for stabilizing and sustaining the conflict in the world resulted in an upsurge of
world peace. It seeks to offer an alternative economic disparities among countries that
understanding of constantly evolving prepared a precondition for sowing synthetic
security dimensions. Some of those enshrined three world seeds. The third world seed sown
alternative practical approaches include by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in
confinement of military to external defense, 1952, has now taken its roots of stratification
Cartegena Declaration implementation for already driven with deepening inequalities,
illegal migrants, Custom controls in drug exacerbating vulnerabilities and jeopardizing
trade, turning youth bulge to demographic the existence of those countries hereunder.
dividend, inclusive participation of ethnic In the meantime, the first cotyledonary
groups, technology enforced crime patrol, security system sprung up from the plumule
scooping out Islamism from terrorism, active of the post-cold war period that characterized
participation of non-state actors in nation

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traditional security system approach of Latin America’s military intervention, illegal

defining and fencing national boundaries, migration and narco-terrorism are discussed.
experimenting military strategy options for Secondly, conflicts, demographic factors and
preventing as well as suppressing intra- and transnational organized crime are dealt in the
interstate conflicts. The rapid but impromptu African continent. Thirdly, more prominent
democratization process, subsequent matters, including failing states, terrorism
decolonization of previously colonized states, and climate security are discoursed for Asia.
and a paranoid whim of amateur leaders These boom stages of each security threats
further aggravated security conditions. Thus search for their relevant bust stages later on.
Asia, Africa and Latin America, the then
considered Third World turned over a new Methodology: Security concerns over the
leaf with respect to abruptive mitotic security third world region, more or less, remained
divisions. a status quo in a handful of international
scholars. Drawing on quantitative data from
Various forms of security, such as recognized platforms, elite interviews on
international security, akin to global security security dialogues, reputed newspapers,
deal primarily with the use of both coercion journal articles, and e-books, this article was
and diplomatic measures in compliance with prepared.
strategic interdependence (Thomas, 2003, pp.
205-232). When these defense capabilities Boom Stage : Latin America
and policies of states are undermined by an Military Interventions
ongoing threat at a specific geography, are the
The long-standing military dictatorships of
subjects of regional security. Transnational
the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s in Latin America
security transcends over the political map
seemed to reconcile during early in the
of the nations, continents. Rampant illegal
1920sfollowing the wave of democracy. But
production of and international trade of
Hurrel argues that the domestic authorities
drugs, terrorism, cyber warfare, succumbed
always had an eagle eye on its neighbors as
environmental destructions, palpable human
potential enemies (Hurrell, 1998, pp. 529-
rights violations are some of its illustrations
546). The nascent civil institutions already
(Singer, 2002, pp. 145-158). Internal security
beset with many challenges like weak
is bogged down in reiterating intrastate
infrastructure, diminutive financial aid could
conflicts- civil wars, ethnic separatism and
not grapple with erstwhile burnished military
political edesalination. The aforementioned
foundation. While parochial security genius
forms of security do not have a specific
only mustered military intervention as a
taxonomic classification and hence are
national defense mechanism, the misbalance
interlinked with one or the other. To top it
is thus inevitable. This results in defective
off, Third World Security Challenges are a
democracy, a tutelary democracy, where
telling symptom of various internal, regional,
elections be held freely and fairly but the
transnational and international security
military has the final say (Merkel, 2004, pp.
threats against the backdrop of social,
33-58). With backing of the army, Presidents
political, cultural and environmental origins.
of Honduras and Guatemala disentangled
Considering diagnostic security threats, this international anticorruption commission
article tends to partisan third world. First, (Guerrero, 2020). El Salvador is an epitome

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for staging an attempted military coup by After the Lima Declaration on 8th August
President Nayid Bukule on the legislative 2017, representatives of 12 countries
assembly (BBC News Web Site, 2020). formed Lima Group in warding off crisis in
As per the survey by David and Berlin, 94 Venezuela. However, the group members are
percentages of Latin American countries not always in agreement (Janetsky, 2020).
deliberately employ armed forces to perform Likewise, undocumented migrations from
regular public security activities. Also 76 the Northern Triangle Countries (Guatemala,
percentages of them function in combating Honduras and El Salvador) through Mexico
organized crime or drug trafficking on a to America face mass victimization in transit
periodic basis (David & Berlin, 2017). routes giving rise to humanitarian emergency
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, military (Dyke, 2020). This article foresees illegal
units have been placed in populated areas migration in Latin America as its key regional
of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, security challenge.
Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras,
Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela to contain Narcoterrorism
virus (Guerrero, 2020). To cope up, combat Transnational narcoterrorism, a “lethal
and contain unprecedented natural disasters, triangle” of narcotraffickers, terrorists and
hazardous health emergencies in large scale, weapon smugglers (Pulido, 2005) is emerging
is only possible through deployment of new security threat not only to Latin America
armies and security forces. But the intended but the whole world. It is best described by
use of military on every internal state affair Professor Krizova as “the use of excessive
will have more influence in those countries violence as an indispensable business
(Mani, 2011). The Venezuela case, where tactic to secure operational environment
political opponents, journalists, even human for profit-seeking illicit drug smuggling
rights defenders were held in captivity citing enterprise” (Kristlik, 2019). Geo-strategic
the pandemic (HRW News, 2020). Military placement of Columbia, between the coca-
intimidation to impede anti-government growing nations of Peru and Bolivia, roads
protests in La Paz, Cohamby and El Alto through the Caribbean and Central America
against the de-facto government of Jeanine that lead to profitable North America and
Anez (Wadhwa, 2020). To conclude, European Markets (Mac Doald, 1988).
intervention of military in internal affairs Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
is emerging internal security challenge of (FARC) dissidents, The National Liberation
Latin America and hence should be swiftly Army (ELN) guerillas, and other violent
addressed. non-state actors configured narcoterrorism
as their principal economic activity. This is
Illegal Migration crystal clear from the US moves as it charged
The Venezuelan emigration which began Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro
in 2016 entails the largest displacement of and 14 others for fueling FARC rivals and
people in Latin American History (Tharoor, flooding drugs to the US (BBC News, 2020).
2018). Political and humanitarian crisis; Also Former US President Donald Trump
spillover effects of the Maduro regime; and denounced Mexican cartels terrorist groups
acute food insecurity for ages (Freier & for escalating violence of narcoterrorism
Parent, 2019) resulted in massive exodus. (Teiner, 2020).

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Boom Stage : Africa showered mobilization of ethnic identities

resulting civil war (Justin & Vries, 2017, pp.
Internal and Regional Conflicts 31-46). Non-state conflict in Central African
Africa is a living history of wrangling civil Republic primarily between Seleka forces and
wars. Nigerian Biafran War in the 1960’s and anti-Balaka is another armed ethnic conflict
70’s, the Congo Wars, Rwanda genocide, (Denisova & Kostelyanets, nd, pp. 24-31).
Ethiopian and Eritrean war of 1999-2000 Deducing conflicts in Africa, the major tool
(Wikipedia, n.d.) But the spillover effects are for conflict is ethnic differences.
stern. And, what is worse, myriad of conflicts
still harbors the continent. The state-based Demographic Factor
conflicts where the state government is at I recall Famous Blunder of George W.
least one actor; non state conflicts fought Bush, “Africa is a nation”. Those in the
between non-governmental organizing know invoke it as Africa is not a country; it
groups and one-sided violence (either involve is the continent of 54 different nations with
state or non-state actors) are upped. In 2017, geographical disparity and cultural diversity.
Africa alone experienced 18 state-based In a similar sequence, Africa is often
conflicts and 50 non-state conflicts (Bakken regarded as the youngest continent. Not only
& Rustad, 2018). There is surge in one sided because it was lately discovered, it is also
violence since 2011. Boko Haram insurgency because the continent muster over 60% of its
in Nigeriahas claimed over thousands of population under the age of 25 (Gates, 2018).
citizens and displaced millions; recently Abound young generations in developing
held a heart wrenching and callous attack countries is both challenge and opportunities.
on civilians in rice field at Zabarmari (BBC Commendable in a way that it is a driver of
News, 2020). Menace in Mali, Niger, Burkina robust economy, whereas same dent when it
Faso caused by Al-Quaeda, IS-affiliate, becomes under or over exploited. The study
Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) by Boateng alluded demographic youth
severely strained public security systems bulge and poor economic growth to be the
creating humanitarian emergencies (LE contributor of youth unemployment in Africa
Roux, 2019). State based conflicts between (Boateng, 2016). Large unemployed youth
the Ethiopia’s federal government and hostile population scourges greater risk of security
TPFP (Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front) challenges including internal armed conflicts
albeit internal conflict could completely (Sachs, 2008). The claim is attested by
destabilize the entire horn of Africa (Mutahi, another journal article of Urdal that envisage
2020). Misinterpretation of the Ethiopian the risk of civil war is 150% higher when the
constitution and dominance of Oromo youth population represents more than 35%
descent in Ethiopia has resulted in unbridled of the total adult population (Urdal, 2006, pp.
conflicts between the two (Davis, 2020). 607-629). Youth, Peace and Security come
Recently ended civil war of South Sudan hand in hand; jobless youth consequently
(15 December 2013- 22 February 2020) is ramifies security challenges and ossify peace
yet to show its ripple effects. The political and development (UNFPA, 2020).
struggle between President Salva Kiir and
opposition leader, Former Vice President Transnational Organized Crime
Riek Machar from different ethnic groups Here, a close group of people is involved
in tactical operation of illegal activities

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over time to generate profit. The supply corruption, clustered society, agitating public
and demand curve is regulated by criminal and weak government structured legacy was
markets. Organized crime groups in Africa left to Central Asian region by the former
recognize three types of markets. Provision Soviet Union (Hassan, 2020). 70 years of
of illicit goods; provision of illicit services; the Soviet experience followed by 20 years
and infiltration of business or government of sovereign experience turned into a hodge-
(Albanese, 2020). Transnational organized podge of various ethnicities, breeding serious
crime is a result of Africa’s weak system disputes between newly independent states.
structure of state and governance (Shaw Envision of the state failure rings true, as
& Reitano, 2019). The rife accessibility the region is prone to instability and state
and affordability of small arms and light weakness, ineffective judiciary and low
weapons (SALW) synergize the growth and rule of life. As per the Fragile State Index,
diffusion of transnational organized crimes 2019, all the countries have ‘warning’
in Africa (James, 2020). Uganda could not and ‘elevated warning’ level of instability
encumber the complex chain of illegal ivory (Fragile States Index, 2019). The Tazikistan
traders ranging from middleman to border civil war of May 1992, Andijan massacre on
town (Titeca, 2018). Moreover, separate 13th May 2005 in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan’s
organizational groups like that of Al Shabaab two coup d’états in 2005 and 2010, Tulip
access financial funds through illicit trade in Revolution were all results of incomplete
sugar and charcoal (Global Initiative, 2018). state structures (Taukebayeva et.al, 2020, pp.
The first ever Organized Crime Index Africa, 180-187). The deprivation to the fundamental
2019 labelled human trafficking and human needs of the people not only led to Andijan
smuggling, arms trafficking and cannabis massacre in Uzbekistan but also influenced
trade as most prevalent organized crimes spread of Islamic radicals and ammunition
in almost every country on the continent against regional leaders. (“Central Asia:
(Conference, 2020). The employment and Decay and Decline”, 2011). Recent socio-
economic benefits lure breadwinner Africans political unrest in Kyrgyzstan, annulling
insofar these organized crimes disenfranchise parliamentary elections of October 4 by
their human rights, bloom violence, drug street protests and resignation of President
uptake among poor and marginalized, and Sooronbai Jeenbekov triggered as the result
introduce economic distortions (Shaw & of systemic corruption, falsified election
Reitano, 2019). The Covid-19 pandemic results, and the state’s reliance on criminal
relief package has forsaken vulnerable representatives and actors (Otorbaev, 2020).
communities, taken into confidence by Therefore, incomplete state foundation is the
organized crime groups recruiting more key security challenge of Central Asia.
children and teenagers into the drug trade. Terrorism in Western Asia
Boom Phase : Asia Since the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda
in New York, Islamic extremist violence
Central Asia: Failed or Failing States and terrorism has been a hot debate in
The previous geostrategic and economically international security dialogues, IEP (Institute
vibrant countries of Central Asia is faltering for Economics and Peace) think tanks, policy
today, acquiring the new definition of The Third makers and law enforcements (Koehler,
World. Sluggish economic growth, endemic 2019). The Houthis group from Yemen, Al-

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Qaeda, Jihadist groups, Islamic separatist vulnerable state that it accounted for 40%
of Iraq and Syria, render West Africa as the of all recorded global disasters from 2005-
growing hotbed of terrorism. A conceptual 2014 alone (UN, 2016, p. 143). In agrarian
shift from Arab Spring in 2011 to flourishing countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Timor-Leste;
terrorism in more populous Arab countries is food and water insecurity is ramping up.
raising grave concerns. Maritime terrorism in Monoculture of Maize (exhaustive crop) in
West Asia is intensifying. From Al-Qaeda’s large scale in Nepal made food insecurity
first attack on USS cole in Yemen’s Aden in status more unstable (Bocchiola et.al, 2019).
October 2000 (“The investigation into the Drying of irrigation sources due to extreme
attack on the USS cole”, 2001). Houthi rebels weather events in Bhutan led to decrease in
attack Saudi and Emeriti forces in Red Sea crop productivity (Chhogyel et.al, 2020).
are all inspired by these groups. The drone Problems of malnutrition, low agricultural
boat attacks on Saudi Navy in 2017 shows production, slow dietary and nutritional
group’s technological prowess (Aljazeera, progress, high weather vulnerability have
2019). The criminalization of terrorism of propounded food scarcity condition in Timor-
jihadi group has expanded even in Southern Leste (Profumo et.al, 2019, pp. 97-132). Laos
and Western Europe (Brisard, 2015). IS an constitute 23.2% of the population below
operation in Iraq, Syria, Saudi, Azerbaijan national poverty line. Its land tenure system
and Turkey engage in criminal activities such is viewed ironically. The coastal countries of
as kidnapping, robbery, smuggling of stolen the Asia Pacific region face multiple threats
antiques to overcome the financial crunch from weather extremes, ocean acidification,
(Micallef, 2020). Yemen has been stadium of resource-use conflicts, rising sea level of the
violence from 2015, when Houthis overran Pacific Ocean to changing El Nano and La
even the capital Sanaa (Aljazeera N., 2020). Nina climate patterns (Andriesse et.al, 2020).
Conflict, the main driver of terrorism is being Cambodia, one of the most climate vulnerable
replaced by far-right terror in West in the new countries in South East Asia, and Vietnam’s
decade. It is the terrorism motivated by the productive fisheries (especially snakehead
right-wing or far right ideologies, favoring culture) has become susceptible to impacts of
particularly ethno nationalism, in West Asia. climate change (Navy et. al, 2016). Migration
Thus, it is the rising security challenge in is maladaptive to changing climate. Making
Western Asia. matters worse, fled 700,000 Rohingya
refugees from Myanmar to Kutupalong camp
Climate Change in Asia Pacific in Bangladesh caused heavy deforestation in
Asia pacific region lies along the arena of nearby forest areas (Gaynor, 2020). A survey
potent hydro-meteorological hazards. The in Cambodia reported that among 45% of
least developed countries that fall in this Asia emigrants, over half of migration was climate
Pacific has been bearing brunt of those hazards related (Jacobson et.al, 2018). Busby, in his
enhanced by climate change (Dastagir, article concluded Bangladesh, South and
2015, pp. 49-60). Vulnerable communities Western Myanmar, and parts of Pakistan were
residing there are already experiencing most vulnerable location in climate security
undesired climate impacts on Food, Water, vulnerability (Busby et.al, 2018, pp. 88-
Land, Energy and other ecosystem services 188). It is even evident that climate change
(Miyan et.al, 2017). The region is at such a is changing politics. The issue is not only

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environmental anymore; it is becoming more Illegal Migration

geopolitical in the near future. The politics of The economic, social and political
climate change have triggered land grabbing destabilization of Venezuela during Maduro
process in Myanmar (Borras et.al, 2020). regime led Venezuelan diaspora to transform
Climate change, a non-traditional security into refugees, illegal migrants in its
concern is ultimately a Human Security neighboring countries. This type of migratory
Challenge, which should be hastily addressed crisis not only alters the social structure and
by this generation. condition of a given country, but also those of
recipient host countries. Implementation of
Combating Third World Key Security
the regional Cartegena Declaration through
Challenges
its accord on national law should be declared
Strategies for Bust Phase by governments at first. The regional unions,
cooperation should pressurize Maduro to
Military Intervention adopt the declaration (Patel, 2019). During
Prevention, containment and responding the Venezuelan displacement crisis a lot of
to both Covid-19 pandemic and series of humanitarian support is needed. Though
military coup are the main ingredients of the these aids are temporary; can significantly
road towards internal peace in Latin America. address ongoing human security issues.
The most potent weapon against military While other more sustainable solutions like
infiltration in politics is strengthening of civil building resilient communities, should be
institutions and good governance (Onuoha focused. The migrants receiving countries
et.al, 2020). The issues of transparency, should provide humanitarian visa to promote
accountability, rule of law, tackling of orderly and safe migration. This has been
endemic corruption, strong judicial system instigated in Peru (America Economia, 2019).
should be the mirror of the countries to face It is commendable that Venezuelan embassies
any possible security dilemmas. Confinement are financing flights back to Venezuela for
of military to external defense, effective immigrants (BBC, 2019). An emigrant from
implementation of peace accord provisions, the northern triangle countries to United
especially in Guatemala aimed to reduce States of America is intensifying despite
military size and budget, will curb the declining homicide rates and improvement
military’s political power (Isaacs & Schwartz, in economic growth (Pineo, 2020). Northern
2020). A very good example comes from our Triangle, Mexico and USA should show
own neighbors. Latin American countries: regional solidarity to effectively cope this
Ecuador, Peru, Mexico and Bolivia have migratory crisis.
manuals on the use of internal military force.
Those manuals adhere to the principles of Narcoterrorism
the United Nations and International Law The principle of war on drugs and war on
focused on the use of military as the last terror has been viewed separately by different
resort, exploration of non-violent options international scholars and policy makers.
and operation of minimum level of force for While illicit drug trade and terrorism has
achieving objectives. been mixed at best in a new decade and
remain a headline not only in Latin America,
but on global stage, it is past time to be

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nimble. Reinforcement of boundaries, and vanquish it. Resolving these issues in a less
custom control could at least break the chain belligerent manner by addressing perceived
of terrorism (Bjornehed, 2004, pp. 305-324). inequalities, tackling grievances, meeting
Only when members of producing countries needs and demands of ethnic groups and
and affected countries address the threat of balancing competing interests is that small
narcoterrorism, is there a hope of combating act of kindness.
it. Individual awareness of its future
drawbacks should be at community level. The Demography
government can legitimize specified medical Thanks to preventable vaccines, sophisticated
drugs and scrap any illegal transactions antibiotics and medical advancements in the
(Meierrieks & Schneider, 2016, pp. 1274- First World, this present world is ageing with
1277). Terrors like this are being politicized older populations in the near future. In contrast,
as opposed to prioritized. It is a humanitarian Africa with abound young population is the
norm of every individual to detest every form youngest continent of the whole world. In the
of violence. The gender role is inevitable light of the United Nations Population Fund,
in deterring or shaping crime (Kruttschnitt, ‘Youth Bulges’ turn into a ‘demographic
2013, pp. 291-308). Thus, adequate research dividend’ if managed accordingly. Under
works on Gender-Crime nexus must be management of oversized youth population
carried out. in Africa could be overcome by Youth
Ethnical Conflict empowerment and employment (Hagerty,
2017). Discarding of one-size-fits-all policies
Aforementioned state-based conflicts, non-
and scaling up investments in formal and
state conflicts and one-sided conflicts in
non-formal education is the doorstep.
Africa, all have one thing in common:
Formation of umbrella national youth
“Ethnicity”. But it is commonly misinterpreted
council, the proportionate inclusion of young
as the driving force for African conflicts, the
leaders in policy making, provision of ample
heat of battle. Ethnicity is not the driver for
income generation opportunities through
conflict. Aapenguo argues it as the lever used
various financial aid from the government is
by political leaders to mobilize followers
imperative for youth development. Further,
in pursuit of wealth, resources and power
awareness programs, training and capacity
(Aapenguo, 2010). Shift from authoritarian
building workshops and conferences build
to democratic regime in the region
up peace and scrape up non-violent motives.
expanded ethnic cleavages (Posner, 2007,
As we all accord, durable peace can and will
pp. 1302-1327). African countries require
only be attained “with youth and by youth”.
a more inclusive approach of governance:
The regional cooperation agencies like that of
equitable participation, quota system for
ECCAS (Economic Community of Central
underprivileged ethnic groups, reallocation
African States) Central Africa, AU (African
of resources and access to power positions,
Union)’s principles, policies and programs
equity with equality and strong judicial
aimed at fostering youth inclusion should be
systems (Chiamogu & Chiamogu, 2020).
adopted, domesticated and implemented at
Ethnic conflicts, here, are often portrayed
the grassroots level. Only then, the African
as age old conflicts. Even so, a simple act
continent will flourish with its youth as its
of kindness by respective government could
right hand.

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Transnational Organized Crime become failed states. Tajikistan exhibit a

Intra-regional flow of terrorists from Al- certain level of resistance to state failure as
Qaeda and IS (Islamic States) affiliate in it can spend decades showing the symptoms
North-West Africa (Maghreb), or Al-Shabaab yet never quite arrive (Kendzior, 2013).
in East Africa or Boko Haram in West Africa, Kyrgyzstan has been labeled as a ‘faltering
all together have designated Africa as their state’ by International Crisis Group, and
breeding ground. These terrorists’ access given as a caveat that nation will wail in
funds through network of organized crimes. front of permanent low-level violence and
We can combat transnational organized crime irreversible criminality (ICG, 2005). These
and terrorism by squeezing their resource states have potential for countering obstacles.
funds and through regional cooperation in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are rich in water
law enforcement to some extent. The Afripol resources. Abound natural gas and favorable
Cooperation agreement is the most promising cotton production areas are characteristics to
one (INTERPOL, 2018). Appropriate Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan
responses should be designed only after dive in huge deposits of oil and gas
understanding criminalized power structure, (Taukebayeva et.al, 2020, pp. 180-187).
focusing on techno-oriented aid than troops The key is to trigger them in developmental
or police (Mazzitelli, 2007, pp. 1071-1090). headway through mobilization of human
At the governmental level, establishment and capital with adoption of sophisticated
management of incorruptible law enforcement technologies. Regional cooperation, rational
agencies could be appreciated if they can dialogue encompassing agriculture, water
efficiently arrest, investigate and prosecute and energy nexus is substantial. Legitimacy/
culprits preventing further organized crimes. rule of law, corruption stigmatization and
Reorganization, modernization of Nigerian rational citizens is prerequisites for combating
security agencies i.e. police forces have been corruption from zero level. Brooks considers
given insights to squarely face challenges living indefinitely in a “non-state” society
of new trends in Transnational organized might be benefitted than in a dysfunctional
crimes. Profuse international organizations state. He further argues “failed states’ never
like World Customs Organization, United were successful state (Brooks, 2005, pp. 1159-
Nation Convention on Crime Prevention 1196). Non-state actors should also play its
and Criminal Justice, International Criminal part in nation rebuilding through negotiated
Police Organization must be exploited to deal agreements with weak state (Samuel, 2020).
this security threat. Hopefully, sustained economic growth,
autonomous citizens, nationalistic non-state
Failed/Failing States actors and cooperation among the countries
Gaining independence from Soviet Union could turn fragile states into efforts of nation
has revealed sad reality in Central Asian building.
region. Conspicuous consistent level of
Terrorism in West Asia
corruption, crippling poverty, ingrained
sultanistic regimes and serious interstate Islam, originated in the 7th century in Mecca
conflicts over water resources have rendered of Western Asia is spreading its branches
the states fragile (Kazantsey, 2016). Defunct in every nook and corner of the world.
fragile states remain pipeline to ultimately The stereotype is an old cliché “Radical

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Islamism”, used by many to divert attention be landmark step ahead (Mihnar, 2019). We
from actual terrorism. Terror started its need an interdisciplinary understanding of
footsteps in Western Asia after Arab Muslims the challenges we face and the solutions we
began control over Palestine in their bid to seek, based on multi-faceted institutional
uproot Jews (Tripathi, 2017, pp. 39-45). approaches. “If you do not stabilize climate,
Palestine’s confluence of three: Christians, you will actually destroy the good prospects
Muslims and Jews; Muslim’s overarching for development” (Schellnhuber, 2017), a
bond of cultural and religious strength and famous quote denotes wake up call to address
rising Jews perceived as cultural and social- climate issues.
religious threat by Muslims hedge-podge
religion and terrorism. The then backward Discussions on the underlying boom and
Muslim communities- mustered frustration, bust stages of key security challenges have
deprivation and helplessness in a form that led to a symphony towards adopting various
exploded into uncontrolled form of violence. strategic measures for containing them.
The longer the countries tend to suppress Good governance featured nations with
these rebels without addressing their grave international support and collaboration is a
concerns, use them against their own rivals; must. While every continent should play its
the crisis and terror will continue in the near own part, a durable, holistic organization
future (Kolahchian & Lord, 2017, pp. 61- sharing mutual responsibilities, facilitating
88). Scooping out Islamism from terrorism, cordial cooperation and balancing dynamic
provision of basic facilities and fundamental equilibrium between states, nations and
rights to those far-right groups, especially continents are visualized. With this note,
freedom of expression is essential for the United Nations was established on 1945
combating radical Islamism. For littorals, AD to strengthen global security system.
unless business changes from their as-usual It is overwhelming that even after its 75th
approach aimed at keeping cost low and Anniversary in 2020, the core team: Security
turnover high, terrorism opportunities will Council doesn’t include any participants from
roar and soar up. The main issue should be nations of the Third world. The voices of poor,
safety than only profit. powerless can be sidelined by just one veto
power of the developed countries; cultures of
Climate Security silences for generations in the UN General
Climate change a “wicked problem”, is Assembly; creed that less developed and
characterized by many underlying strata developing countries are always behind even
of nested, intertwined and unforeseen in UN and sectarian strife of individual small
predicaments. Given that the interlinkages nations has become a barrier for international
between and among these many predicaments cooperation and collaboration. It is pivotal to
are non-linear and complex, the solution to revise the UN Charter adhering to evolving
this problem lies beyond the comfort zone of security scenarios, providing powers to third
our conventional knowledge systems. Right world countries for using their indigenous
mix of young people to drive local projects, knowledge along with technological and
prudent utilization of available resources, and financial support from developed countries in
then build achievable projects, which are in building resilient grassroots communities and
line with the regional and global targets could sustainable world peace.

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Conclusion and Recommendations Albanese, J. (2020). Retrieved from http://doi.

org/10.1007/978-3-030-46327-4_2
The article is strictly focused on identifying,
Aljazeera. (2019, September 20). Saudi-led
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