LABORATORY OUTPUT 1: DESIGN OF A DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

PROBLEM: DESIGN A SHELL TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TO COMPLY WITH THE

FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS:

1. OUTPUT ....................................................................200 KVA

2. PRIMARY (H.T.) VOLTAGE .............................................4,800 V

3. SECONDARY (L.T.) VOLTAGE .........................................480 V

4. FREQUENCY ...............................................................60 ~

5. EFFICIENCY AT UNITY POWER FACTOR

A. FULL LOAD .......................................................98.6 %
B. ¼ FULL LOAD ...................................................98.1 %

6. CORE DESIGN ............................................................SHELL TYPE

7. TEMPERATURE RISE NOT TO EXCEED .............................47°C

8. COOLING SYSTEM ......................................................OIL IMMERSED, SELF-COOLED

9. NO TAPS FOR VOLTAGE

10. INSULATION TEST

A. H.T. TO L.T. WINDING AND CORE ........................10,000 V
B. L.T. WINDING TO CORE ......................................1,000 V

11. PERCENT REGULATION AT 80% PF ................................1.70

12. PREPARE THE SUPPORTING DIAGRAMS AND SKETCHES OF THIS DESIGN:

A. SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER
B. ASSEMBLED STAMPINGS OF SINGLE-PHASE SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER
C. CROSS SECTION THROUGH SMALL SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER
D. PORCELAIN BUSHING FOR TRANSFORMER LEADS
 DESIGN SHEET FOR TRANSFORMER

SINGLE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION TYPE (HIGH ALL DAY EFFICIENCY)

COPPER ............................ 1,996.12

GUARANTEED LOSSES, WATTS
IRON ................................ 843.64

ITEM
SUMMARY OF CALCULATION
NO.
1 VOLTS PER TURN: FROM FORMULA = 11.18 VOLTS

WINDINGS H.T. L.T.

2 TOTAL NUMBER OF TURNS ...................................... 440 44
3 NUMBER OF COILS ................................................ 2 4
4 TURNS PER COIL.................................................... 220 11
5 FULL-LOAD CURRENT, AMP ...................................... 41.67 416.67
6 CURRENT DENSITY, AMP PER SQ IN .......................... 1,008 1,000
7 CROSS SECTION OF EACH CONDUCTOR ................... 0.0463 0.41667
8 DIMENSION OF CONDUCTORS ................................. NO. 3 1.525 x 0.273
9 NUMBER OF TURNS PER LAYER PER COIL .................. 44 11
10 NUMBER OF LAYERS PER COIL ................................. 3 1
11 TAPS ................................................................... NONE NONE
12 VOLTS PER COIL .................................................... 2,400 120
13 VOLTS BETWEEN LAYERS ........................................ 1,662.98
14 LENGTH OF WINDING LAYER ..................................... 18.5 17
15 LENGTH OF LAYER INCLUDING INSULATION ................ 17.5 17.5
16 INSULATION BETWEEN LAYER, IN .............................. 0.01
17 INSULATION OF WIRE ............................................. DCC DCC
18 LENGTH PER TURN, FT ............................................ 3.256 2.919
19 TOTAL LENGTH, ALL TURNS IN SERIES, FT .................. 1,432.64 128.436
20 WEIGHT IN COPPER, LB ........................................... 228 205
21 RESISTANCE AT 75°C – ALL COILS IN SERIES, OHMS .. 0.3448 0.00307
22 IR DROP, VOLTS .................................................... 14.468 1.2792
23 FULL-LOAD COPPER LOSS (COMPARE WITH
GUARANTEE) ......................................................... 598.71 532.9946
 THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
24 DIMENSIONS OF “WINDOW”, IN ................................................ 17½ X 7
25 TOTAL FLUX, MAXWELLS ........................................................... 4,095,004
26 FLUX DENSITY IN CORE UNDER WINDINGS, LINES PER SQ IN.......... 75,000
27 CROSS SECTION OF IRON IN CORE UNDER WINDINGS ................. 54.45 SQ. IN.
28 WIDTH OF STAMPINGS IN CORE UNDER WINDINGS ...................... 5½ IN.
29 GROSS THICKNESS OF CORE ................................................... 11 IN.
30 TOTAL WEIGHT OF IRON IN CORE, LB ......................................... 1,097.712
31 WATTS LOST IN IRON (COMPARE WITH GUARANTEE) .................... 419.42
32 TOTAL FULL-LOAD LOSSES, WATTS ........................................... 1,836.82

EFFICIENCY AND EXCITING CURRENT

33 EFFICIENCY AT UNITY POWER FACTOR:
AT 1¼ LOAD ..................................................................... 0.9896
AT FULL LOAD .................................................................... 0.9909
AT ¾ LOAD....................................................................... 0.9920
AT ½ LOAD ....................................................................... 0.9923
AT ¼ LOAD ....................................................................... 0.9899
34 ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY (4-HR FULL LOAD) ...................................... 0.9807
35 PRIMARY EXCITING CURRENT, AMP ............................................ 0.7084

REGULATION
36 TOTAL EQUIVALENT IR DROP, PER CENT ..................................... 0.7087
37 TOTAL REACTIVE DROP, PER CENT ............................................ 1.65
38 REGULATION ON UNITY POWER FACTOR, PER CENT ...................... 0.7087
39 REGULATION ON 0.80 POWER FACTOR, PER CENT ...................... 1.56

DESIGN OF TANK-TEMPERATURE RISE

40 EFFECTIVE COOLING SURFACE OF TANK, SQ IN .......................... 10,400
41 WATTS PER SQ IN OF TANK SURFACE ........................................ 0.1766
42 APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE RISE OF OIL, °C ............................. 35.32
 CALCULATIONS

ITEM 1: VOLTS PER TURN

BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE DESIGN, IT IS WELL TO DETERMINE THE

AMOUNT OF THE IRON AND COPPER LOSSES CORRESPONDING TO THE

SPECIFIED EFFICIENCIES.

BY FORMULA 144,

1− a  1− 0.986
TOTAL LOSS AT FULL LOAD =  W =  200,000
 a  0.986

= 2,839.76 WATTS

BY FORMULA 145,

1− b  1− 0.981 200,000

TOTAL LOSS AT1/4 LOAD =   nW = 
 b  0.981 4

= 968.4 WATTS

BY FORMULA 146,

2,839.76 − 968.4
FULL-LOAD COPPER LOSS =
1− 116

= 1,996.12 WATTS

AND THE GUARANTEED CORE LOSS IS

2,839.76 – 1,996.12 = 843.64 WATTS

ASSUMING c = 40 IN FORMULA 129, WE HAVE

Vt = 1
c VA = 1
40 200,000

Vt = 11.18 VOLTS
ITEM 2: TOTAL NUMBER OF TURNS

SINCE THE HIGH-TENSION WINDING IS THE PRIMARY AND THE LOW-TENSION

WINDING IS THE SECONDARY,

480
NO. OF SECONDARY TURNS = = 42.93 OR SAY 44
11.18

IT IS USUAL TO HAVE NOT LESS THAN 4 COILS ON THE LOW-TENSION SIDE

IN BOTH LARGE AND SMALL TRANSFORMERS

NO. OF PRIMARY TURNS = 440

ITEM 3: NUMBER OF COILS

IT IS USUAL TO HAVE NOT LESS THAN 4 COILS ON THE LOW-TENSION SIDE

WINDING. THE COILS ON THE HIGH TENSION CONSIST OF 2.

ITEM 4: TURNS PER COIL

440
FOR HIGH TENSION, TURNS PER COIL = = 220
2

44
FOR LOW TENSION, TURNS PER COIL = = 11
4

ITEM 5: FULL-LOAD CURRENT

FOR HIGH TENSION WINDING:

200,000
= 41.67 AMP
4,800

FOR LOW TENSION WINDING:

200,000
= 416.67 AMP
480
ITEM 6: CURRENT DENSITY, AMP/IN2

BEFORE DECIDING UPON THE SIZES OF WIRE IN THE WINDINGS, IT WILL BE

ADVISABLE TO DETERMINE THE PROBABLE DIMENSIONS OF THE OPENING, OR

WINDOW, WHICH MUST ACCOMMODATE BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

WINDINGS. BY FORMULA 134, THE WINDING FACTOR IS

10 10
sf = = = 0.287 OR SAY 0.3
30 + kV 30 + 4.8

FOR AN APPROPRIATE WINDING SPACE FACTOR.

FROM ARTICLE 130, THE CURRENT DENSITY FOR STANDARD DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS (OIL IMMERSED, SELF-COOLED) WILL BE 900 TO 1,600, SO

THE ASSUMED CURRENT DENSITY WILL BE 1,000 AMP/IN2.

ITEM 7: CROSS SECTION OF EACH CONDUCTOR

THE AREA OF THE WINDOW OPENING IS

2(TI) 2(44  416.67)

H D = =
  sf 1,000  0.3

H  D = 122.2232 IN2

USING THE RATIO OF H/D = 2.5 AS SUGGESTED IN ARTICLE 133,

H = 2.5D

SO, 2.5D2 = 122.2232

D = 6.99 IN  7 IN

AND H = 2.5(7) = 17.5 IN OR 17½ IN

BEFORE PROCEEDING FURTHER, IT WILL BE ADVISABLE TO MAKE A ROUGH

ESTIMATE OF THE CORE DIMENSIONS AND IRON LOSS. BY FORMULA 125A,

THE FLUX IN THE IRON IS

 Es 108 480 108
= =
4.44fTs 4.44  60  44

 = 4,095,004 MAXWELLS

FROM ARTICLE 130, THE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF FLUX DENSITY FOR

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS WITH A FREQUENCY OF 50 TO 60 HERTZ IS

70,000 TO 85,000 LINES/IN2, SO WE SELECT 75,000 LINES/IN2 AS A TRIAL

DENSITY IN THE LIMBS UNDER THE WINDINGS. WITH PROPORTIONS S = 2L AND

A STACKING FACTOR OF 0.9, WE HAVE

4,095,004
0.9L  2L = = 54.6 IN2
75,000

SO, THE WIDTH OF THE STAMPINGS UNDER WINDING IS

L = 5.5 OR 5 12 IN

AND THE TOTAL THICKNESS OF THE STACK OF LAMINATIONS IS

S = 2(5.5) = 11IN

AND M = 0.5(5.5) = 2.75 OR 2 3 4 IN

FOR PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS, WE SHALL ASSUME M = 0.5L, ASSUME

THE SAME CROSS-SECTION OF IRON AND THE SAME FLUX OF DENSITY IN THE

END PORTIONS OF THE CORE AS IN THE LIMBS UNDER THE WINDINGS. CHANGES

CAN BE MADE LATER IF THE LOSSES ARE TOO HIGH.

WEIGHT OF THE IRON = 0.28(0.9  M  S)  2(H + M + L + D)

= 0.28(0.9  2.75 11)  2(17.5 + 2.75 + 5.5 + 7)

WEIGHT OF THE IRON = 499.31LBS

FROM FIGURE 154, WE FIND THE WATTS PER LB FOR B” = 75,000 TO BE

0.84 WATTS/LB.
 WHENCE, THE TOTAL CORE LOSS = 0.84  499.31

TOTAL CORE LOSS = 419.42 WATTS

NOTE THAT THE TOTAL CORE LOSS DOES NOT EXCEED TO THE REQUIRED

CORE LOSS OF 843.64 WATTS.

APPROXIMATE COPPER LOSSES:

APPROXIMATE MEAN LENGTH PER TURN = 2(L + S+ D)

MLT = 2(5.5 +11+ 7)

MLT = 47 IN

THIS INCLUDES ALLOWANCE FOR INSULATION AND CLEARANCES AROUND

THE IRON CORE. THE CROSS SECTION OF COPPER IN BOTH WINDING IS

2(Ts  Is ) 2(44  416.67)

ACO = = = 36.67 IN
 1,000

AND THE WEIGHT OF THE COPPER IS,

0.32  MLT  ACO = 0.32  47  36.67 = 551.517 LB

THE WATTS LOST PER LB AT 75°C IS GIVEN BY FORMULA 131,

2.57  2
WATTS LOST/LB =
106

2.57 1,0002
=
106

WATTS LOST/LB = 2.57

THEREFORE,

TOTAL COPPER LOSS = WATTS/LB  WEIGHT OF COPPER

= 2.57  551.517

TOTAL COPPER LOSS = 1,417.4 WATTS

 NOTE THAT THE TOTAL COPPER LOSS DOES NOT EXCEED TO THE REQUIRED

COPPER LOSS OF 1,996.12 WATTS

THE CROSS SECTION OF CURRENT DENSITY OF 1,000 AMP/IN 2 IS

416.67
= 0.41667 IN2 FOR LOW TENSION
1,000

ALLOWING ¼ EACH AT BOTH ENDS OF THE LAYER FOR CLEARANCE AND

INSULATION, THE AVAILABLE LENGTH WINDING SPACE IN THE LAYER IS H = 17

IN AND 17/11 = 1.545 IN WHICH IS THE WIDTH FOR ONE CONDUCTOR INCLUDING

INSULATION. THE COTTON COVERING WILL ACCOUNT FOR 20 MILS. THEN, WE

NOW HAVE 1.525 IN FOR WIDTH OF COPPER. THE THICKNESS MUST THEN BE

0.41667
= 0.273 IN
1.525

THEREFORE, A RECTANGULAR CONDUCTOR OF 1.525 IN X 0.273 IN WOUND

ON END OR EDGE WILL BE SUITABLE.

FOR LOW-TENSION, THE CROSS SECTION WILL BE

1.525  0.273 = 0.4163 IN2

FOR HIGH-TENSION SIDE, ASSUME 900 AMP/IN2 CURRENT DENSITY, SO,

41.67
= 0.0463 IN2
900

THE VALUE IS CLOSE ENOUGH FOR CROSS SECTION OF NO. 3 ON P. 431

TABLE.
ITEM 8: DIMENSION OF CONDUCTORS

FOR LOW-TENSION, IT IS 1.525 X 0.273 IN AS CALCULATED IN ITEM 7.

FOR HIGH-TENSION, THE DIMENSION OF CONDUCTOR IS NO. 3 FROM THE

TABLE OF WIRE ON P. 431

WHICH IS 0.04133 IN2; THEREFORE, CURRENT DENSITY IS 41.67/0.04133

= 1,008 AMP/IN2.

ITEM 9: NUMBER OF TURNS PER LAYER PER COIL

FIRST, ASSUME THE LENGTH OF WINDING LAYER OF 18½ IN., THE NUMBER

OF WIRE PER LAYER WILL BE 18.5 X 4.12 = 76.22, WHERE 4.12 WAS OBTAINED

FROM TABLE ON P. 431 OF NO. 3 CROSS SECTION.

FOR LOW-TENSION, EACH COIL CONSISTS OF 11 TURNS IN A SINGLE LAYER.

ITEM 10: NUMBER OF LAYERS PER COIL

220 TURNS/COIL
FOR HIGH-TENSION SIDE = ; FOR L.T. SIDE = 1LAYER/COIL
77 WIRES/LAYER

FOR HIGH-TENSION SIDE = 2.85 OR 3 LAYERS/COIL

ITEM 11: TAPS

FOR BOTH HIGH-TENSION AND LOW-TENSION, NO TAP IS NEEDED IN THIS

DESIGN.
ITEM 12: VOLTS PER COIL

4,800
HIGH-TENSION = = 2,400
2

480
LOW-TENSION = = 120
4

ITEM 13: VOLTS BETWEEN LAYERS

THE GREATEST DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN LAYERS WILL BE 2,400

X [2(76.22)/220] = 1,662.98 VOLTS (RMS VALUE) WHERE 76.22 WAS

OBTAINED FROM ITEM 9 AND 220 WAS OBTAINED FROM ITEM 4.

ITEM 14: LENGTH OF WINDING LAYER

FOR H.T. = 18.5 IN FROM ITEM 9

FOR L.T. = 17 IN FROM ITEM 7

ITEM 15: LENGTH OF LAYER INCLUDING INSULATION

FROM ITEM 7, H = 17.5 IN

ITEM 16: INSULATION BETWEEN LAYERS

THE INSULATION BETWEEN LAYERS: 0.01 IN

ITEM 17: INSULATION ON WIRE

FROM ITEM 7, FOR BOTH LOW TENSION AND HIGH TENSION, USE DCC

INSULATION ON WIRE.
 MATERIAL RADIAL THICKNESS, IN
COTTON TAPE BINDING ASSEMBLED LAMINATIONS 0.018
VARNISHED CAMBRIC 0.010
T = 0.125
PRESSBOARD 0.030
CLEARANCE 0.067

INNER L.T. COIL (ONE LAYER) INCLUDING COTTON ON WIRE 0.190

PARCHMENT PAPER (0.010) BETWEEN COILS; ALLOW 0.015 S = 0.395
OUTER L.T. COIL (ONE LAYER) 0.190

PRESSBOARD AROUND OUTER L.T. COIL 0.020

SPACERS OF TREATED WOOD TO FORM OIL DUCTS 0.125
PRESSBOARD 0.020
G = 0.188
TWO LAYERS COTTON TAPE 0.018
PARCHMENT PAPER WITH CRIMPED EDGES ON WHICH
PRIMARY COIL WILL BE WOUND 0.05

NINE LAYERS OF NO. 3 DCC ROUND WIRE 0.968

TWO THICKNESS OF 0.005 PAPER BETWEEN LAYERS 0.080
P = 1.286
COTTON TAPE, HALF LAPPED 0.018
ALLOWANCE FOR BULGING 0.220
TOTAL 1.994

ITEM 18: LENGTH PER TURN

THE MEAN LENGTH PER TURN OF THE WINDING ARE:

2(L + S) + (2T + S)
SECONDARY MLT =
12

2(5.5 +11) + (0.25 + 0.395)

=
12

SECONDARY MLT = 2.919 FT

2(L + S) + (2T + S + P)
PRIMARY MLT =
12

2(5.5 +11) + (0.25 + 0.395 +1.286)

=
12

PRIMARY MLT = 3.256 FT

ITEM 19: TOTAL LENGTH, ALL TURNS IN SERIES

THEREFORE, THE TOTAL LENGTH OF WIRE IS:

SECONDARY WINDING LENGTH = 44  2.919 = 128.436 FT

PRIMARY WINDING LENGTH = 440  3.256 = 1,432.64 FT

ITEM 20: WEIGHT IN COPPER

FROM ITEM 8, THE DIMENSION OF CONDUCTORS FOR LOW-TENSION IS

1.525 X 0.273.

FOR NO. 3 WIRE, THE WEIGHT PER 1,000 FT IS 159.3 (TABLE 1, P. 431).

THE WEIGHT OF THE COPPER IS:

SECONDARY COILS, 0.32 LB / IN3(1.525  0.273 128.436 12) = 205 LBS

IN THE PRIMARY COILS, (NO. 3),159.3 1.43264 = 228 LBS

ITEM 21: RESISTANCE AT 75°C – ALL COILS IN SERIES

SINCE THE RESISTANCE PER 1,000 FT OF NO. 3 WIRE AT 60°C IS 0.2290

Ω (TABLE 1, P. 431); AT 75°C, IT WILL BE

 234.5 + 75 
0.2290   = 0.2407 
 234.5 + 60 

THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF THE HIGH-VOLTAGE WINDING (HOT) IS

THEREFORE

0.2407 1.43264 = 0.3448 

IR = 41.67  0.3448 = 14.368 VOLTS

AND I2R = (41.67)2  0.3448 = 598.71WATTS

 FROM TABLE 1, P. 431, THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF NO. 3 WIRE IS

0.04133 IN2.

FROM ITEM 7, FOR LOW-TENSION, THE CROSS SECTION IS 0.4163 IN2.

THEREFORE, THE RESISTANCE (HOT) OF ALL LOW-TENSION COILS IN SERIES

IS

 0.04133  128.436
0.2407   = 0.00307 
 0.4163  1,000

IR = 416.67  0.00307 = 1.2792 VOLTS

I2R = (416.67)2  0.00298 = 532.9946 WATTS

ITEM 22: IR DROP, VOLTS

FOR H.T., IR = 14.468 VOLTS (FROM ITEM 21)

FOR L.T., IR = 1.2792 VOLTS (FROM ITEM 21)

ITEM 23: FULL-LOAD COPPER LOSS (COMPARE WITH GUARANTEE)

REFERRING TO ITEM 21,

H.T., I2R = 598.71 WATTS

L.T., I2R = 532.9946 WATTS

THE TOTAL COPPER LOSS IS

598.71 + 532.9946 = 1,131.7046 WATTS

WHICH IS LESS THAN THE GUARANTEED COPPER LOSS OF 1,996.12 WATTS.

ITEM 24: DIMENSIONS OF “WINDOW”

REFERRING TO ITEM 7,

H = 17.5 IN AND D = 7 IN

ITEM 25: TOTAL FLUX, MAXWELLS

REFERRING TO ITEM 7,

 = 4,095,004 MAXWELLS

ITEM 26: FLUX DENSITY IN CORE UNDER WINDING, LINES/IN2

REFERRING TO ITEM 7,

B” = 75,000 LINES/IN2

ITEM 27: CROSS SECTION OF IRON IN CORE UNDER WINDINGS

REFERRING TO ITEM 7, WE HAVE

S = 11 IN, L = 5.5 IN AND STACKING FACTOR = 0.9

0.9 11 5.5 = 54.45 IN2

ITEM 28: WIDTH OF STAMPING IN CORE UNDER WINDINGS

REFERRING TO ITEM 7, WE HAVE THE WIDTH OF STAMPINGS IN CORE UNDER

WINDING,

L = 5.5 IN.
ITEM 29: GROSS THICKNESS OF CORE

REFERRING TO ITEM 7, WE HAVE THE GROSS THICKNESS OF CORE,

S = 11 IN.

ITEM 30: TOTAL WEIGHT OF IRON IN CORE

THE NET CROSS SECTION OF THE LIMBS IS

0.9 11 5.5 = 54.45 IN2

AND THE WEIGHT OF TWO LIMBS WILL THEREFORE BE

0.28[54.45 17.5  2] = 533.61LBS

AND ALSO, THE NET CROSS SECTION OF THE END SECTIONS IS 54.45 IN 2,

SINCE I ASSUMED THAT M = 0.5L, AND SO THE WEIGHT OF BOTH SECTION IS

0.28[54.45 18.5  2] = 564.102 LBS

THEREFORE, THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF IRON IN CORE IS

533.61+ 564.102 = 1,097.712 LBS

ITEM 31: WATTS LOST IN IRON (COMPARE WITH GUARANTEE)

REFERRING TO ITEM 7, WE HAVE THE WATTS LOST IN IRON = 419.42

WATTS, WHICH DOES NOT EXCEED TO THE GUARANTEED WATTS LOSS OF

843.64 WATTS.

ITEM 32: TOTAL FULL-LOAD LOSSES

REFERRING TO ITEM 7, WE HAVE THE TOTAL FULL LOAD LOSSES OF 419.92

+ 1,417.4 = 1,836.82 WATTS, WHICH DOES NOT EXCEED TO THE

GUARANTEED FULL LOAD LOSSES OF 2,839.76 WATTS.

ITEM 33: EFFICIENCY AT UNITY POWER FACTOR

419.42 +1,417.4
AT FULL LOAD =1− = 0.9909
200,000 +1,836.82

419.42 + 354.35
AT HALF LOAD =1− = 0.9923
100,000 + 773.77

419.42 +1,417.4(5 / 4)2

AT 25% OVER LOAD = 1− = 0.9896
200,000(5 / 4) +1,836.82(5 / 4)

419.42 +1,417.4(3 / 4)2

AT 3 / 4 FULL LOAD = 1− = 0.9920
200,000(3 / 4) +1,836.82(3 / 4)

419.42 +1,417.4(1 / 4)2

AT1/ 4 FULL LOAD = 1− = 0.9899
200,000(1 / 4) +1,836.82(1 / 4)

THE MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OCCURS WHEN THE TOTAL COPPER LOSSES ARE

EQUAL TO THE CORE LOSS, UNDER WHICH CONDITION, THE FRACTION OF

RATED LOAD IS, CORE LOSS / F.L. COPPER LOSS. THUS, THE LOAD AT THE

POINT OF MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IS

200 419.42 /1,417.4 =108.795 KVA

AND THE MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IS,

419.42 + 419.42
1− = 0.9923
108,795 + 2(419.42)

ITEM 34: ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

ON THE BASIS OF 4-HOUR FULL LOAD AND 20 HOURS NO LOAD, THE ALL-

DAY EFFICIENCY IS

200,000  4
=
(200,000  4) + (419.42  24) + (1,417.4  4)

= 0.9807
ITEM 35: PRIMARY EXCITING CURRENT

ON ARTICLE 135, THE MAGNETIZING CURRENT IO OF THE TOTAL EXCITING

CURRENT IS CALCULATED BY MAKING USE OF BH CURVE ON FIG. 161 AND

ESTIMATING THE APPROXIMATE MEAN LENGTH OF THE FLUX PATHS WHEREIN THE

FLUX DENSITY IS APPROXIMATELY OF CONSTANT VALUE THROUGHOUT THE

LIMBS UNDER THE WINDINGS, B” = 4,095,004/54.45 = 75,206.69 AND THE

MEAN LENGTH = 47, THEN WE HAVE (TI) = 47 X 6.5 = 305.5.

AND THEN, FOR 2 ENDS OF THE CORE, B” = 4,095,004/108.9 WHERE

108.9 = 0.9 X 11 X 11, SO WE HAVE B” = 37,603, FOR THE MEAN LENGTH

= 2[7 + 2(5.5)] = 36, SO FROM THE SAME FIGURE 161, TI = 36 X 1.5 = 54.

IN ORDER TO ESTIMATE THE AMPERE TURNS REQUIRED FOR THE 4 JOINTS,

FOR THE TWO JOINTS WITH CORE DENSITY B” = 75,206.69, WE HAVE (TI) =

2(38) = 76, AND FOR TWO JOINTS WITH CORE DENSITY B” = 37,603, WE

HAVE (TI) = 2(1) = 2, MAKING A TOTAL OF 437.5 TURNS, THE MAGNETIZING

COMPONENT OF THE PRIMARY CURRENT IS THEREFORE,

437.5
I0 = = 0.703 AMP
440 2

THE ENERGY COMPONENT, IN = 419.42/4,800 = 0.0874 AMP, AND THE

TOTAL EXCITING CURRENT COMPONENT IS;

(0.703)2 + (0.0874)2 = 0.7084 AMP

ITEM 36: TOTAL EQUIVALENT IR DROP

THE PERCENTAGE IR DROP IN THE 2 WINDINGS IS THE SAME AS THE TOTAL

COPPER LOSS EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE KVA OUTPUT.

1,417.4 100
%IR DROP =
200,000

%IR DROP = 0.7087%

ITEM 37: TOTAL REACTIVE DROP

FOR THE CALCULATION OF IX DROP IS THRU THE FORMULA 135, AND WITH

THE FOLLOWING VALUES:

F = 60; TS = 44; IS = 416.67; ES = 480; N = 2

AND FOR THE LENGTH

 MLTS + MLTP 
L = 12  
 2

 2.919 + 3.441
L = 12  
 2

L = 38.16 IN

AND THE REMAINING VALUE FROM FIG. 172, WHERE G = 0.188, S = 0.395, P

= 1.286, h = H = 17.5

THE TOTAL REACTIVE DROP IS;

2FTS2ISL  P + S
%IX DROP =  G +
5 
NHES 10  3 

2(60)(44)2 (416.67)(38.16)  1.286 + 0.395 

%IX DROP = 5
  0.188 + 
2(17.5)(480) 10  3 

%IX DROP = 1.65%

ITEM 38: REGULATION ON UNITY POWER FACTOR

THE PERCENT REGULATION ON UNITY POWER FACTOR, BY THE USE OF

FORMULA 140 WHICH IS APPROXIMATE FORMULA. HENCE, THE REGULATION ON

UNITY POWER FACTOR IS THE SAME AS THE PERCENTAGE IR DROP WHICH IS

0.7087%.

ITEM 39: REGULATION ON 0.80 POWER FACTOR

WE HAVE THE PERCENT REGULATION ON 0.80 POWER FACTOR IS

= (0.7087  0.8) + (1.65  0.6)

= 1.56%

ITEM 40: EFFECTIVE COOLING SURFACE OF TANK

THE TEMPERATURE RISE MUST NOT EXCEED THE SPECIFIED 47°C. ASSUME

TEMPERATURE RISE OF 40°C WHICH SAY THAT IN ARTICLE 141, THE COOLING

COEFFICIENT FOR SELF-COOLING TRANSFORMER WAS GIVEN AS C = 0.005

WATTS/IN2/°C RISE OF TEMPERATURE. WITH A FULL LOAD LOSSES OF 1,836.82

WATTS, THE TOTAL OUTSIDE SURFACE AREA OF TANK WILL BE;

1,836.82
S=
40  0.005

S = 9,184.1IN2

THE DIMENSIONS WOULD BE ABOUT 40” X 40” X 60” HIGH, THE EFFECTIVE

COOLING SURFACE IS,

40  40
= 60(80 + 80) +
2

= 10,400 IN2
ITEM 41: WATTS PER SQ. IN. OF TANK SURFACE

THE WATTS PER SQ. IN. OF TANK SURFACE IS

FULL LOAD LOSSES 1,836.82

= = 0.1766 WATTS/IN2
EFF. COOLING SURFACE 10,400

ITEM 42: APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE RISE OF OIL

THE PROBABLE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE RISE OF OIL IS

W 1,836.82
T= = = 35.32C
CS 0.005 10,400