MODULE1

Automobile:
“Auto” means self and “mobile” means movable. Thus a self-moving vehicle is
known as “automobile”. The terms generally used for motor cars, delivery
vans, trucks etc.
Automobile is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle which is driven by internal
combustion engine. It is used for transporting goods and passengers upon the
ground.

Needs of automobile:
Automobiles are required for transporting goods and passengers from one
place to another. There are also some special purpose automobiles which are
used in different fields of work such as - bulldozer, concrete mixture, army
vehicles, fire vehicles, ambulance, dumper, mobile crane etc.

Types of automobiles:
Automobiles are classified on the following basis.
*Purpose:- > goods E.g- truck, dump truck, lorry
* Passengers E.g- car, bus, motorcycle
*Capacity of vehicle:- > light duty > heavy duty
*On the basis of fuel used:- > petrol > Diesel > Electric > Gas and solar
*No. Of wheels used:- > 2-wheeler > 3-wheeler etc
*On the basis of construction:- > saloon cars > bus > trucks, half and full body,
foldingordetachable > pick up vans > station wagon > Matador vans > Vanity
vans > Jeep > dumper
Manufacturer’s specification of automobiles:
1. Type: Car, Truck, Scooter, Motor cycle, Bus etc.
2. Capacity: 5 ton, 3 ton, 1 ton, ½ ton, 4 seater, 6 seater, 30 seater, 45
seater etc.
3. Make: Tata Leyland, Standard etc.
4. Drive: Left hand drive, Right hand drive, single wheel drive, two wheel
drive,
5. four wheel drive, six wheel drive.
6. Model: Year of manufacture and code number

Petrol engines for 2 wheelers:

Petrol engines are more common in two-wheelers than diesel engines
because they are lighter, cheaper, and have several other advantages:
1. Cost: Petrol engines are less expensive to manufacture and research
than diesel engines. They also have lower maintenance and repair costs.
2. Performance: Petrol engines have better acceleration and top speeds
than diesel engines. They also have a higher horsepower, which results
in a more responsive driving experience.
3. Noise: Petrol engines are quieter and have less vibration than diesel
engines.
4. Simplicity: Petrol engines are easier to tune and make adjustments to.
5. Emissions: Petrol engines emit fewer nitrogen oxides (NOx) than diesel
engines.
6. Durability: Petrol engines tend to last longer than diesel engines.

Front wheel drive (FWD) and rear wheel drive (RWD) differ in how they
distribute power, handling, and traction:
1. Power distribution: In FWD, the engine powers the front wheels, while
in RWD, the engine powers the rear wheels.
2. Handling: FWD cars are front-end heavy, so they require gradual
steering and pedal inputs to maintain balance. RWD cars have better
 stability and handling, especially at high speeds or when cornering
aggressively.
3. Traction: FWD cars have better traction in slippery conditions. RWD cars
are better for dry driving, but they can lack traction control on slick
roads.
4. Fuel economy: FWD cars typically get better fuel economy than RWD
cars.
5. Space: RWD cars are generally less spacious than FWD cars because the
driveshaft runs below the body.
6. Cost: FWD cars are cheaper and easier to design and build than RWD
cars.
7. Popularity: RWD cars are a popular choice for sports cars and truck

You can also think of it as pushing vs. pulling. A vehicle with rear-wheel drive
pushes the vehicle forward from the rear wheels while a vehicle with front-
wheel drive pulls the vehicle forward from the front.

Frame:
The frame is the skeleton of the vehicle. It serves as a main foundation and
base for alignment for the chassis.

Types:
1. Conventional frame

2. Semi integral frame

3. Integral or untidiest frame

1.Conventional Frame
2. Integral Frame :
In this type of construction, there is no frame. It is also called unitized frame-
body construction.
 All the assembly units are attached to the body and all the functions of the
frame carried out by the body itself.
 Here the body shell and underbody are welded into single unit. The
underbody is made of floor plates and channel and box sections welded into
single unit. This assembly replaces the frame. This frame is used now days in
most of the cars. Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper and due to less
weight most economical also.
 The main disadvantage is repairing
3. Semi Integral Frame
• In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box
and front suspension is mounted.
• In this case the rubber mountings used in conventional frame between frame
and suspension are replaced by more stiff mountings.
• Because of this some of the vehicle load is shared by the frame also. This
type of frame is heavier in construction.
• It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with accident the front frame
can be taken easily to replace the damaged chassis frame.
• This type of frame is used in some of the European and American cars.

Vehicle Aero Dynamics

The term ―Aero‖ means air, ―Dynamic‖ means motion. Therefore,
aerodynamic is the study of effects of the wind on the vehicle in motion.
When the vehicle is moving the air flow is dependent on the two factors.
• Vehicle speed.
• Ambient wind.

Advantages of Aerodynamics
• More Fuel Efficiency
• Higher Speeds
• Good Aesthetic and Stylish Appearance
• More Stability of car at high Speed
• Reduce Noise Level

Resistance of an Automobile
A moving vehicle is opposed by various forces, known as resistance
 For moving the vehicle, the driving force (F) should be equal to the sum of all
resistance forces applied on it. F= Ra+Rr+Rg
When F exceeds the sum of all resistance forces, vechile accelarate
When F less than the sum of all resistance forces, vechile deaccelarate

Air Resistance (Ra): This is the resistance offered by air to the movement of a
vehicle. The air resistance has an influence on the performance, ride and
stability of the vehicle and depends upon the size and shape of the body of the
vehicle, its speed and the wind velocity. The last term should be taken into
account when indicated, otherwise it can be neglected. Hence in general, air
resistance.

Rolling Resistance (Rr): The magnitude of rolling resistance depends mainly on

• the nature of road surface,
• the types of tyre viz. pneumatic or solid rubber type,
• the weight of the vehicle, and
• the speed of the vehicle

Gradient Resistance (Rg): The resistance due to steepness of the road

gradient. It depends upon the weight of the vehicle and road gradient. It does
not depend upon vehicle speed.

MOMENTS DUE TO FORCES: Moments created by forces acting on the vehicle

Rolling Moment – Created by cross wind about x-axis
Pitching moment – Created by drag or lift force about y-axis and reduces the
traction in the wheels
Yawing moment- Created by cross wind about z-axis

Fuel injection system:

It is a critical component in modern IC engines, responsible for precisely

delivering fuel to the engine's combustion chamber. Unlike older carburettor
systems, they offer superior control over the fuel-air mixture, resulting in
improved engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions. These
systems use electronic sensors and injectors to precisely meter and atomise
the fuel, ensuring that the engine runs smoothly under various conditions.
Working of Fuel Injection System

The working of the Fuel Injection system can be understood as:

o The Engine Control Unit (ECU) plays a pivotal role in managing the fuel
injection process, using input from internal sensors to assess engine
conditions and requirements.
o Fuel is drawn from the vehicle's tank and transported through dedicated
fuel lines to reach the injection system.
o Fuel pumps pressurise the fuel to ensure it's delivered at the correct
pressure for injection.
o A fuel pressure regulator is employed to maintain the fuel pressure
within the optimal range.
o In many cases, a fuel rail is utilised to distribute fuel to the various
engine cylinders evenly.
o The ECU precisely controls the injectors, dictating when and how much
fuel should be injected into each cylinder.
o The fuel-to-air ratio is adjusted as per the specific engine type, fuel used,
and real-time engine requirements, whether it's for achieving higher
power, better fuel economy, or stricter emission control.

1.Single Point Injector System

• It has only one injector that injects the fuel before entering into the intake
manifold.
• In this system, the fuel is mixed with fuel before the throttle valve. The
single-point fuel injection system is also known as throttle body injection.
• The amount of fuel to be injected is decided by the engine control unit. The
engine control unit takes the input from different sensors and decides the
amount of fuel to be supplied for the injection.
• The fuel injector sprays the fuel for mixing with the flow of air and this air-
fuel mixture enters the intake manifold.
The intake manifold further distributes the mixture to all cylinders.
Advantages
• Simple construction.
• Accurate fuel supply (in comparison with carburettor).
• Easy maintenance.
• It uses only a single injector.
• Reliable operation

Dis Advantages
• non uniform fuel supply to all cylinders.
• Less efficient.
• It wets the intake manifold by forming a layer of fuel on the intake manifold.
• Lower fuel economy.

2.Multi Point Fuel Injection System

• In multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) technology, every cylinder in the
combustion chamber of the engine is given an injector at the front of their inlet
valves (outside the intake port), which is why it‘s also called ‗Port Injection‘.
• Every injector sprays fuel at the same time and each cylinder gets a more
precise volume of fuel, with less possibility of fuel condensation outside the
intake manifold. While MPFI has the advantage of lower fuel wastage as
compared to TBI, since the fuel is sprayed at the same time in all the cylinders,
it doesn‘t get properly synced with the rotation of all the pistons. This results
in the fuel idling in the engine and port for as long as 150 milliseconds. All the
same, from the performance point of view, the MPFIs function much better as
compared to TBIs.
Advantages
• The system is reliable
• It reduces the difference in power that each cylinder creates.
• It increases the fuel efficiency of an engine
• Better atomization of fuel
• MPFI system have fewer emissions
• Better utilization and distribution of fuel within an engine.
• Better acceleration and deceleration of engine
• It improves the cold start properties of the engine
• Vibrations in reduce in the engine
• Improves durability and functionality of an engine

Dis Advantages
• Misfiring might occur sometimes
• It requires regular inspection of fuel injectors
• The system is expensive compared to conventional systems.
• Repairing fuel injector can be tedious compared to carburettors
• The system usually has a shorter life.
• ECU failure could occur suddenly.
• A hot engine might be difficult to start due to possible vapor lock in the steel
fuel lines above the engine.

Engine lubrication and servicing are important for maintaining vehicle

performance because they:
The Engine cooling system is one of the necessary thing that is present in the
Internal Combustion Engine to reduce the temperature of the components
inside the engine. It also helps to reduce the wear out of the component and
provide smooth functioning and long life of the components

 Reduce friction and wear

Engine oil coats moving parts to reduce friction and wear, which helps the
engine run smoothly and longer.
 Prevent overheating
 Engine oil absorbs heat from the engine, which prevents overheating and
potential damage.
 Trap contaminants
Engine oil acts like a magnet to trap metal particles and other debris,
which can cause damage if left to circulate.
 Improve fuel economy
Clean, friction-free parts and proper heat management mean your engine
doesn't have to work as hard to generate the same power, resulting in
better fuel economy.
 Avoid costly repairs
Without lubrication, engines can become seriously damaged as heat and
friction destroy engine parts.
 Increase lifespan
Engine oil helps mechanical parts last longer and corrode slower, which
increases the engine's lifespan.

To maintain your engine lubrication system, you should:

 Change your oil regularly: Most car manufacturers recommend changing your
oil every 5,000 to 7,500 miles or every 6 to 12 months, whichever comes first.
 Check your oil level: You should check your oil every few weeks and top up as
required.
 Use the right oil: It's important to choose an oil that is suited to your vehicle
and the local climate conditions.

Necessity of Cooling System:

The need of cooling system in an IC Engine because of the following reason:

*During the operation of an engine, the temperature inside the engine can go
up to 2500 degree centigrade (Source: How Stuff Works), which is above the
melting point of the components used to make the engine. So we need to use
the cooling system to dissipate the heat as much as possible.
* As we know, we also need lubrication system to the proper functioning of
the engine, but due to the high heat, the property of lubricating oil
can be changed. That result seized of the engine. So to avoid that we need to
use a cooling system.
 *Sometimes due to the enormous heat, thermal stress in built-up inside the
engine, so to minimize the stress we need to keep the engine
temperature as low as possible.

Radiator

The Definition of a Radiator

A radiator is the key component of the engine’s cooling system. Its main role is
to disperse a mix of antifreeze and water throughout its fins, which releases
some of the engine’s heat while taking in cool air before continuing to pass the
rest of the engine. Alongside the radiator is the spur line, water pump, and fan
clutch. Each of these plays a different role in aiding the radiator to keep the
engine cool. The spur line dispatches warm coolant to the heater core to
produce hot air when needed, while the water pump sends the coolant to flow
throughout the engine. Most importantly is the role of the fan clutch, which is
to bring more air into the radiator and help lower the temperature of the
antifreeze and water mixture.

Parts and Operating Principles of a Radiator

Within the radiator itself, it has 3 main parts, known as the outlet and inlet
tanks, the core, and the pressure cap. Each of these 3 parts plays its own role
within the radiator.

The main role of a radiator hose is to connect the engine to the radiator and
allow the coolant to run through the respective tank. The inlet tank is in charge
of guiding the hot coolant from the engine to the radiator to cool down, then it
circles back out to the engine through the outlet tank.

After the hot coolant comes in, it circulates through a huge metal plate that
contains multiple rows of thin metal fins that help cool down the incoming hot
coolant, called the core. Then, it is returned to the engine through the outlet
tank once the coolant is at the appropriate temperature.

While the coolant undergoes such a process, there is also the pressure or
radiator cap, whose role is to tightly secure and seal off the cooling system to
make sure it stays pressurized till a certain point. Once it reaches that point, it
will release the pressure. Without the pressure cap, the coolant might
overheat and cause an overspill. Thus, causing the radiator to work
inefficiently.
Compare air cooling with forced circulation systems:

Here are some ways air cooling and forced circulation systems compare:
 Energy consumption
Air conditioning is a large contributor to energy use in homes, accounting for
19% of energy use in US homes in 2020. Forced circulation boilers require
more power and water than natural circulation boilers because of the pump's
electrical requirements and the amount of water being circulated.
 Noise level
Quiet air coolers operate at a level of 35–50 decibels, which is similar to the
sound of a whisper or a quiet library. Forced circulation systems can be very
loud, with levels of 88–90 decibels for a 20 Hz sound, 100 decibels for a 12 Hz
sound, and 100 decibels for 8 Hz.
 Heating and cooling
Central air systems only cool, while forced air systems can provide both
heating and cooling depending on the setup.
 Cooling efficiency
Forced circulation systems can circulate coolant throughout an engine at a
reduced temperature, which can result in lower electricity use.

What Is a Two-Stroke Engine?

A two-stroke engine is an engine that completes a power cycle with two
strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.

What Is a Four-Stroke Engine?

A four-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft.

Two-Stroke vs Four-Stroke
 Two Stroke Four Stroke
It has one revolution of the crankshaft It has two revolutions of the crankshaft during
during one power stroke. one power stroke.
It generates high torque. It generates less torque.
It uses a port for the fuel’s outlet and It uses valves for the fuel’s outlet and inlet.
inlet.
Its engines result in lesser thermal Its engines result in higher thermal efficiency.
efficiency.
It has a larger ratio in terms of power It has a lesser ratio in terms of power to weight.
to weight.
It generates more smoke and shows It generates less smoke and shows more
less efficiency. efficiency.
Requires more lubricating oil as some Requires less lubricating oil.
oil burns with the fuel.
Due to poor lubrication, more wear Less wear and tear occurs.
and tear occurs.
Engines are cheaper and are simple to Engines are expensive due to lubrication and
manufacture. valves and are tough to manufacture.
Engines are basically lighter and Engines are basically heavier because their
noisier. flywheel is heavy and less noisy.