Tourism Management

TOURISM ATR
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 Tourism Management

TableofContents
PARTI–TOURISMBASICS
1. INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM……………………………………………….1
 WhatisTourism?
 Factors that Motivate Peopleto Travel
 Traditional andNiche Tourism
 What isTourismManagement?

2. TYPES OF TOURISM…………………………………………………….3
3. TOURISM TERMINOLOGY…………………………………………….4
4. FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM…………………………………….5
5. DEMAND OF TOURISM………………………………………………….7
 Types of Tourists
6. MOTIVATION FACTORS OF THE TOURISTS………………………..8
 Internal Factors of Motivation
 External Factors of Motivation

7. MASLOW’S PYRAMID OF MOTIVATION…………………………….10

8. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN TOURISM…………………………………11

 Factors Affecting Tourist Behavior
 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Tourist Behavior

9. PLOG’S MODEL OF TOURISTS BEHAVIOR……………………………12

 Henley Centre Model of Holidaymaking

PART II – ABOUT TOURISM DESTINATIONS

10. DESTINATION AWARENESS………………………………………………14

 What is a Tourist Destination?
 How Can a Destination Attract Tourists?
 The Five A’s
 Types of Tourist Destinations
 Building Online Destination Awareness

11. MILIEUS OF TOURISM…………………………………………………….16

 Geographical Milieus
 Cultural Milieus

12. DESTINATION MANAGEMENT…………………………………………..20

 What is Destination Management?
 Why Manage Destinations?
 The Destination Management Organization (DMO)
13. TOOLS FOR DESTINATION MANAGEMENT…………………………..22
 Steps of Destination Development

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 Tourism Management

PART III – MANAGING TOURISM

14. THE TOURISM SUPPLY………………………………………………..25
 What is Tourism Supply?
 Components of Tourism Supply
 Categories of Tourism Supply Components
15. TOURISM FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT……………………………27
 Who is a Tour Operator?
 Types of Tour Operators
 Characteristics of Tour Operator
16. DEPARTMENTS OF A TOURISM BUSINESS…………………………30
 General Management
 Marketing Department
 Operations Department
 Finance Department
 Sales Department
 Human Resource Department
 Purchase Department
17. TOURISM – MARKET SEGMENTATION…………………………….32
 What is Market Segmentation?
 Why Segment the Tourism Market?
 Tourism Market Segmentation
 Classes of Tourists
18. TOURISM – MARKETING MIX………………………………………..34

19. TOURISM – PRODUCTS AND SERVICES…………………………….35

 Types of Tourism Products
 Tour Operator’s Products and Services

20. DEVELOPING A TOURISM PRODUCT……………………………….37

 Elements of a Tourism Product
 Key Principles of Tourism Product Development
21. PHASES OF TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT………………..39
 Steps of Tourism Product Development

PART IV – TOURISM IMPACTS, TRENDS, AND FUTURE

22. IMPACTS OF TOURISM………………………………………………….41
 Economic Impacts of Tourism
 Environmental Impacts of Tourism
 Social Impacts of Tourism

23. TOURISM – TRENDS AND FUTURE……………………………………42

 Digital Technology in Tourism
 New Trends in Tourism
 Future of Tourism

TOURISM IN NIGERIA…………………………………………………………….46
 Problem Facing Tourism Development in Nigeria
 Solution to Problem Facing Tourism in Nigeria
 Important and Benefits of Tourism in Nigeria
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 Part I – Tourism Basics
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
“The World is a Book and Those Who Do Not Travel Read Only a Page.”
- Saint Augustine.

Tourism has turned out to be an economic booster contributing to the economic

development of many countries over the last few decades. People see holidays as a
necessity, and not as luxury in the present scenario. Tourism calls for coordination and
cooperationbetweentravelagents,touroperators,andtourists.Tourismhasafewmajor
elements — destinations, attractions, sites, accommodation, and all ancillaryservices.

What is Tourism?
Tourism involves the activities of people travelling and staying in a place away from
their home environment for leisure, business or other purposes.
Mathieson and Wall (1982) define tourism as follows:
"Thetemporarymovementofpeopletodestinationsoutsidetheirusualplacesofworkand
residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the
facilities created to cater to their needs."

Tourism was mainly been traditional in its early form. With the evolution of cultures,
economies, and knowledge, tourism took a different form called sustainable tourism
with theaspectofwell-plannedtour,well-studieddestination,andconservationofdestination.

Factors that Motivate People to Travel

The most common reasons for the people to travel away from home are:
 To spend holidaysleisurely
 To visit friends andrelatives
 To attend business and professionalengagements
 To get healthtreatment
 To undertake religiouspilgrimages
 Any other personalmotives

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Traditional and Niche Tourism
Thefollowingtablelistsdownafewpointsthatdifferentiatetraditionaltourismfromniche
tourism:

Traditional Tourism Niche Tourism

The tour is decided and planned a number of The tour is decided and planned
days or weeks ahead of the actual travelling spontaneouslyaswellasaheadofthedate
day. oftravelling.
The tour operators generally suggest famous In this tourism, local languagepreparation and
places and there is comparatively less study the study of local culture and normsis
done on the destination place. recommended.

Itgenerallytakestheformofsocialactivity being It is a personal, family, or friends’ activity

large number of peopleinvolved. being small number of people involved.
The tourists mainly desire for souvenirs and The tourists desire for experience and
site-seeing. knowledge.

The tourists are keen to cooperate in keeping

local economy, culture, and environment
The tourists may or may not care for local thereby generating apositive experience for
economics, culture, and environment. the locals, the tourism business, and the
touriststhemselves.

What is Tourism Management?

It involves the management of multitude of activities such as studying tour destination,

planning the tour, making travel arrangements and providing accommodation. It also
involves marketing efforts to attract tourists to travel to particular destinations.
There is a subtle difference between just travelling and tourism.
 Travelling is going from the place of residence or work to another distant or a
neighboringplacebyanymeansoftransport.Routinecommutationcanbetermed
astravelling.

 Tourism is travelling with an objective. All tourism necessarily include travel but
alltraveldoesnotnecessarilyincludetourism.Wecansay,travellingisasubsetof tourism.
One similarity between travel and tourism is, they both are temporary movements.

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2.1 TYPES OF TOURISM

In this chapter, we will be discussing the various types of tourism and their
characteristics.
Mass Tourism
It involves tourism of organized large groups of people to special tourist locations. It is a
traditionalwaywherethedailyprogramisfixedbythetourorganizer.Itisasocialactivity. The
tourists generally desire for souvenirs andsite-seeing.
For example, religious places, theme parks, boat cruises, resort towns.
AlternativeTourism
It includes individually organized tours to find first-hand information about a place,
local culture, andenvironment.
For example, biking tour planned by an individual while accommodation is catered for
on the go.
Business: It is touring for conducting business transactions, attending business
meetings, workshops, or conferences. The objective of business tourism is mainly
professional.
Pleasure: It includes tourism for improving one’s physical or spiritual well-being. For
example, vacation at a Yoga or rehabilitation center.
Nature: It is tourism at places famous for pristine nature and serene beauty. The main
objective is to experience and enjoy nature such as farms and wildlife. Ecotourism is a
part of nature tourism.
Cultural:Thistypeoftourismhasanobjectiveofunderstandingthelocalhistoryofthe place,
foods, local productions, and localculture.
Social: It includes tours conducted among relatives, friends, and others.
RecreationalTourism:Itincludestravellingtoescapefromroutinelife.Thisisoften done for
enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure. For example, Camping or beachvisit.
Active Tourism: It is conducted with a clear objective such as climbing a mountain,
touring around the world, or learning local culinary arts or languages.
Sports Tourism: It is tourism for attending some sports event such as World Cup
Cricket Match, FIFA, or Olympics.
Religious Tourism: It involves travelling to places of religious significance such as
Vaishno Devi in Jammu-Kashmir and Golden Temple at Amritsar (India), Mecca in
Saudi Arabia, Bethlehem, and other such places.
Health or Medical Tourism: It involves travelling to improve one’s health. It is with
the objective of visiting weight-loss camps, naturopathy centers, and health resorts.
Adventure Tourism: It involves tourism for adventurous activities such as rock
climbing, bungee jumping, sky-diving, hiking, horse-riding, surfing, rafting, or skiing.

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3.1 TOURISM TERMINOLOGY
Let us now discuss a few terms that are frequently used in the tourism industry.
Attraction: It is a physical or cultural feature of a place that can satisfy tourists’ leisure
basedneed.
Cultural Heritage: It is an expression of the manner of living developed by a
community and passed on from one generation to the next. It includes customs,
practices, places, objects, artistic expressions andvalues.
DarkTourism:(BlackorGrieftourism)Itisthetourisminvolvingtraveltoplaces historically
associated with death andtragedy.
Destination: It is a place the tourist visits and stays there for at least 24 hours. The
destination supports staying facilities, attractions, and touristresources.
Ecotourism: It involves maintenance and enhancement of natural systems such as
water, air, woods and forests, and flora and fauna throughtourism.
Excursionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24hours
Foreign Tourist:Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually
resides, for a period of at least 24hours.
Hiking:A long and vigorous walk on thetrail.
Intermediaries: They are the intermediate links between the form of goods
andservicestouristsdonotrequireandtheformofgoodsandservicesthetourists demand.
Itinerary: A documented plan of thetour.
Leisure:Thefreetimewhenobligationsareataminimumandonecanrelax.
Recreation: The activities carried out during leisuretime.
Site: It is a particular place bound by physical or culturalcharacteristics
Skiing: It is a recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant
uses skis to glide onsnow.
Snorkeling:Itisthepracticeofswimmingonorthroughawaterbodywhilebeing equipped
with a diving mask composed of a shaped tube called asnorkel.
Terrain: It is a stretch of land, especially with regard to its physicalfeatures.
Tourism Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist
destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical,
economic,socio-culturalenvironment,andanunacceptabledecreaseinthequality of visitors'
satisfaction.
Travel:Theactofmovingoutsideone'shomecommunityforbusinessorpleasure but not for
commuting or traveling to or from usualplaces.
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): It is the United
Nations(UN)agencyresponsibleforthepromotionofresponsible,sustainable,and
universally accessibletourism.
Visitor: A non-residential person visiting theplace.
WTO: World Tourism Organization.

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4.1 FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM

There are many factor that influence the running of the tourism industry. Some show
immediate effect while, there are also factors which affect in the long run.

Environment at Destination
Tourism is in its best form when the destination boasts of conducive climate. In contrast,
any undesired changes in the environment such as high winds, flash floods, drought, and
extreme climate can affect tourism adversely.
For example, during harsh summer months in India, people prefer to travel to colder
climate regions like hillstations.

Economy of theCountry
When a country is undergoing economic turbulence and when people are facing
unemployment issues, tourism is affected adversely. On the contrary, when a country’s
economy is doing well and people can afford to spend money on leisure, tourism
progresses.

Historical or Cultural Importance of Destination

The place or destination of travel affects the tourism business to a great extent. If the
destination is of great historical or cultural significance then tourists will certainly like to
visit the place for seeing monuments, castles, forts, ancient architecture, sculptures,
caves, antic paintings and utensils, clothes, weapons, ornaments, and other allied
heritage.
For example, the world famous places of historical and cultural importance are Taj
Mahal (India), Pyramids of Gaza (Egypt), Began City (Burma), Acropolis (Athens,
Greece).

Research Importance of Destination

There are tourists who visit places with the objective of studies and exploration. Need
for research promotes tourism. Archeologists, Geologists, Oceanographers, Biologists
and Zoologists, Architects, and People researching Arts and Cultures seek places that
have great significance in the field of research.

Religious Importance of Destination

The places of religious importance or worship are always flooded with tourists. At these
places, tourism is at its peak at particular time periods in a year. The tourists often go on
pilgrimage to find inner peace and invoke blessings of the deities they worship and to
cleanse their sins before death. For example, Mecca, Bethlehem, Kashi.

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Technology
Internet has penetrated to almost every corner of the world. Tourists are enjoying the
benefits of Internet. While planning a tour, the tourists try to get the idea about the
places they are going to visit, the quality of amenities and services, and the attractions at
the destination. After visiting a destination, the experienced tourists share their opinions
on various platforms of the Internet.
Thus, the reviews of experienced tourists shared on the internet work as guidelines for
the following tourists. Hence, just like a double-edged sword, the Internet can boost as
well as bring down the tourism business.

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 5.1 DEMAND OF TOURISM
“Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world.”
- Gustave Flaubert, a FrenchNovelist.

Tourism demand is the total number of persons who travel or wish to travel to use the
touristfacilitiesawayfromtheirplacesofworkandresidence.(MathiesonandWall,1982)
Tourism is a dynamic field. It varies on the number of factors related to the tourists; the
country of destination, the market from which the tourists emerge, and market of the
destination.Thetourismmanagersandresearchersstudyalotabouttourists’motivations and
cultures, their changing behavior, and the driving and affecting factors of tourism. They
also study the destinations investigating the amenities and attractions they provide or any
prospective ways to attract thetourists.
The tourism businesses can figure out the demand of tourism in a particular area, by
identifyingthetypesof varioustourists,theirbehaviors,andcreaterightofferingsforthe
rightmarket.
Let us see, the types of tourists and how tourist behavior varies with respect to various
factors.

Types of Tourists

There are different types of tourists:

 Intrinsic Tourists: They are into holidaying for the sake ofenjoyment.
 Extrinsic Tourists: They have reward oriented motivation. These tourists are susceptible
to the activities where performance isevaluated.
 Adventurers: They give very little importance to relaxation. They are always up to
exploring places and taking challenges. Mainly youths and singles from both genders
carrying zest of life largely contribute to this type oftourism.

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 Budget Travelers: They are economy-oriented tourists. Their touring decisions about
places, travelling mode, and other related factors are largely dependent on their
financialstatus.
 Homebodies: They are mainly relaxed tourists. They do not get into
adventure.Thetouristsagedabove45to50yearsbelongtothistype.Thebusy professionals
under 45 years also belong to thistype.
 Moderates:Theyplantheirtourahead,haveahighinclinationtowardstourism but they do not
get into sports or adventureactivities.
 Vacationers: They plan touring during vacations such as summer break or
Christmasbreak.Theyarenotalwayssureofwhereandwhytheywishtovisit.

6.1 MOTIVATION FACTORS OF THE TOURISTS

Motivation of the tourists stems from the domain of human psychology. It is the
satisfaction-forming factor. The factors of motivation can be categorized into two types:

Internal Factors of Motivation

Internal factors arouse, direct, and integrate a person’s behavior and influence his
decisions for travelling.
 Intrinsic Motivation: For many people, tourism is a way of satisfying their
psychological needs such as travelling, performing leisure activities, exploring novelty
and capabilities, self-expression and self-assurance, creativity, competition, need for
relaxation, and belongingness. The intrinsic motivations pertain to assuring one’s
capabilities on different emotionalfronts.
Intrinsicmotivationdrivesthetouriststooptfortourismforintangiblerewards such as fun,
assurance, and other emotional needs. The other intrinsic factors of motivationare:
o Attitudes of Tourist: Knowledge of a person, place, or object + Positive or negative
feelings about thesame.
o Tourist’s Perception: By observing, listening, or getting knowledge, a tourist forms the
perception about a place, person, or anobject.
o Values or Beliefs: A tourist believes or values a specific mode of conduct which is
acceptable personally orsocially.
o Personality of the Tourist: The nature and physique of a tourist playsan important role
towards motivation intourism.

External Factors of Motivation

There are external motives in tourism that can influence tourists and pull them towards a
certain motivation and subsequent decision.
 Extrinsic Motivation: Here, a tourist gets motivated by external factors such as money
and the need to feel competent on the scale of expenditure and performance.
 Place of Origin: The grooming of the tourist depends upon the place of its origin. For
example, for the Indian married women, the tourism might come
lastinthelistofpreferentialthingstheywishtodowhereasforAmericanladies, tourism would

8
 acquire much higherrank.
 Family and Age: The family matters when it comes to the structure and the income.
Today, the families with nuclear structure and double income tend to opt for long
distance, extravagant tourism more than joint families or families
withsingleearningmemberwhoareinterestedinvisitingdomesticplaces.The tourists also
have different preferences of places according to their age. For example, tourists in the
age group of 5 to 45 years might enjoy visiting destination in the USA such as
Disneyland more than the seniorcitizens.
 Culture or Social Class: Tourists of different cultures prefer different places, events, and
different types of tourism. In addition, if friends and families who
havevisitedaplaceearlierspreadthefirsthandinformationthatmotivatesthe others to visit the
placetoo.
 Market: Ever-changing market variables alter tourism. Changes in value of currency,
political situations, and economic well-being of the country influence the decisions of
atourist.
 Family and Age: The family matters when it comes to the structure and the income.
Today, the families with nuclear structure and double income tend to opt for long
distance, extravagant tourism more than joint families or families
withsingleearningmemberwhoareinterestedinvisitingdomesticplaces.The tourists also
have different preferences of places according to their age. For example, tourists in the
age group of 5 to 45 years might enjoy visiting destination in the USA such as
Disneyland more than the seniorcitizens.
 Culture or Social Class: Tourists of different cultures prefer different places, events, and
different types of tourism. In addition, if friends and families who
havevisitedaplaceearlierspreadthefirsthandinformationthatmotivatesthe others to visit the
placetoo.
 Market: Ever-changing market variables alter tourism. Changes in value of currency,
political situations, and economic well-being of the country influence the decisions of
atourist.

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7. MASLOW’S PYRAMID OF MOTIVATION
An American psychologist and a professor of the 20th century, Abraham Maslow
proposed a theory on the hierarchy of human needs. It can be depicted as a model of five
basic motivational needs any human being has. These needs are:

 Physiological (or Biological): Need for air, food, water, shelter, warmth, and sleep,
which are required for thesurvival.
 Safety: Need for safety from harmful elements, freedom from fear, physical safety,
economical safety, safety against accidents or their negative impacts. Safety may also
manifest into security such as job security and financialsecurity.
 Social: Need for having a family, need for intimacy, friends and social groups. Need for
belonging and being accepted and loved byothers.
 Self Esteem: Need of feeling accepted and respected by others, need for recognition and
attention fromothers.
 Self-Actualization: Need to realize one’s full potential. A human being requires to attain
this need after all the above needs aresatisfied.
Thispyramidhelpstounderstandtheprioritiesofthehumanneedsintheorderdepicted. As we
can see, the tourism covers the bottom four levels of thetriangle.

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8. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN TOURISM
Consumer behavior is one of the most researched areas in tourism. This studies why a
tourist chooses a particular destination and what are the driving factors that influence his
decision for travelling.

Factors Affecting Tourist Behavior

The following factors immensely alter tourist behavior:

 Geographical Factors: Some physical factors like geographical and climatic conditions,
facilities and amenities available at the destination, advertisingand marketing conducted
by tourism business alter the decision making of the tourists.
 Social Factors: A few social factors such as a person’s social network, which
providefirsthadinformationthatcanalteraperson’sdecisionofvisitingornot visiting a
particularplace.
 PlaceofOrigin:Therecanbeabroadspectrumoftouristbehaviordepending
upontheplacetheybelongto.NorthAmericansliketofollowtheirowncultural framework.
Japanese and Korean tourists like to visit places ingroups.
 Tourism Destination: It is a major contributing factor altering tourist behavior. If a
destination has all basic provisions such as electricity, water, clean surroundings, proper
accessibility, amenities, and has its own significance, it largely attractstourists.
 Education of Tourist: The more educated the tourist is, the wider range of choices,
curiosity, and the knowledge of places he would have. This drives the decision making
when it comes to choosing adestination.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Tourist Behavior

The difference is as follows

Intrinsic Behavior Extrinsic Behavior

Theyrecordhigherlevelofsatisfactionand They record comparatively lower level of
enjoyment as they see an activity as a mean of enjoymentastheygothroughthestressof
enjoymentitself. competition.
Time passes faster for them. They are focused on passage of time.

They tend to be tensed for performance

They record a higher level of enjoyment. and could be apprehensive, which hinders
their enjoyment and relaxation.
They look forward to the next similar
experienceinthemoderatetolongspanof time. They look forward to the same experience in
the short span of time.

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9. PLOG’S MODEL OF TOURISTS BEHAVIOR
Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below:
 Allocentric (The Wanderers): A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a
wide range of activities. This person is outgoing and self-confident in behavior. An
allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so.
Allocentrics enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures. They prefer good
hotels and food, but not necessarily modern or chain-type hotels. For a tour package, an
allocentric would like to have the basics such as transportation and hotels, but not be
committed to a structured itinerary. They would rather have the freedom to explore an
area, make their own arrangements and choose a variety of activities and tourist
attractions

 Psychocentric (The Repeater): A tourist falling in this category is usually non-

adventuresome. They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they
canrelaxandknowwhattypesoffoodandactivitytoexpect.Suchtouristsprefer to drive to
destinations, stay in typical accommodations, and eat at family-type restaurants.

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 Midcentric (Combination): This category of tourists covers the ones who swing
between the above said two types.

Henley Centre Model of Holidaymaking

A British Consultancy of Futurology, Henley Center has divided the tourists into four
phases:
 Phase I- Bubble Travelers: They do not have much money as well as knowledge. They
prefer packaged tours. They long to observe different cultures without being a part of it.
They travel mostly out of curiosity.
 Phase II- Idealized Experience Seekers: They are confident tourists with the experience
of foreign tours. They are flexible and comfortable. They prefer tour offers made for
individuals.
 Phase III- Seasoned Travelers: These tourists are more affluent than the idealized-
experience seekers. They are more confident to experiment and experience different
places and environments. They are more adventurous and prefer individualistic tours.
 Phase IV- Complete Immersers: These tourists have an intention of immersing
completely into the foreign culture, heritage, culinary experience, and language. Their
holidaying is well-planned but not well-structured.

In the above phases, the tourist goes through different phases and therefore also seeks
different tourism options or destinations.

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 Part II – About Tourism Destinations

10. DESTINATION AWARENESS

“The traveler sees what he sees; the tourist sees what he has come to see…”
G. K. Chesteron, an English Writer, Poet, and Philosopher.

Destination is the basic component of tourism. Identifying and capturing the essence of
the place is vital for the tourism business to do well. If an attractive place is turned intoa
destination, the place generates high revenue fromtourism.
Today,DestinationManagementisanimportantsubjectintourismstudies.Itfocusseson the
development and management of destinations to provide highly satisfyingexperience to
the visitors without hampering the local culture andenvironment.

What is aTourist Destination?

A tourist destination can be a city, town, or other area. It is dependent on the revenues
accruing from tourism. It is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit. It
maycontainmorethanonetouristattractions.Forexample,Roros,Norwayisadestination with
the label of mining town since last 85years.

How Can aDestination Attract Tourists?

A tourist destination has certain characteristics that attract tourists to spend time there. It
can attract tourists for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical
significance, flora and fauna, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and
amusement.
The following factors shape the destination appeal:

The Five A’s

The following five A’s define the tourist needs and demands:
Accessibility
It is the ability to reach to a place of destination by opting one or multiple means of
transportation. The transportation should be timely, convenient, inexpensive, and safe.
Today there are various means of transportation like airlines, railways, surface
14
transportation, and water transportation.
Accommodation
It is a place where the tourists can avail food and shelter on payment. Today, a wide
range of accommodations are available ranging from a basic budget accommodation to
elite class seven-star hotel suites.
Attraction
It is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited, natural
or cultural value, historical significance, or natural or artificial beauty. The attraction
creates a desire to travel to a specific tourist destination. They also offer leisure, comfort,
adventure, or amusement.
For example, Paris draws tourists by offering Fashion as attraction.
Activities
Activities are what the tourists perform for fun and amusement. For example, boating,
scuba diving, canoeing, camel riding, and visiting a place.
Amenities
Amenities refer to the beneficial services offered to the tourists like visitor information
centers, telecommunications, roads, drinking water, toilet blocks, garbage bins, etc.

Types of Tourist Destinations

There are various types of destinations as given below:

Centered Destination
It is the most common type of tourist destination, where tourists spend most of their time
on occasional excursions to nearby places of attraction. For example, Andaman Island is
a centered destination.
Multi-Centre Destination
Here the destination comprises two or more destinations of equal importance. For
example, India is a multi-center destination where each Indian state or region offers
different culture, nature, and culinary experience.
Touring Destination
A touring destination refers to a place to visit as part of linear itinerary.
Transit Destination
It is a place of a brief halt en-route while the tourists are heading towards the final
destination.
For example, Abu Dhabi is a transit destination where tourists take a short break for
going to Cape Town, South Africa.

Building Online Destination Awareness

Exploiting the widespread reachability of the internet, the tourism businesses need to
build their online presence not only for offering various tours but for creating destination
awareness as well.
Destination websites act as the gateway for tourism information. They can also provide a
number of services such as promoting local attractions, culture, and activities, list of the
local ancillary tourism services, and provide regional historical and geographical
information about the destinations. This helps to shape the curiosity of the prospective
tourists and can bring momentum in tourism.

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11. MILIEUS OF TOURISM

“Travelling… It leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller.”

- A Medieval Muslim Traveler and a Scholar.

Milieu is nothing but the physical, cultural, or social environment in which the people
live or which influences people. The milieu includes one’s family, friends, the place of
residence, and the surrounding culture.
In the domain of tourism, the milieus are broadly divided into two different categories.
Let us see them in detail:

Geographical Milieus

These are the milieus divided according to their terrains.

Rural Area
It is the countryside area or area outside the boundaries of a city. There are less number
of settlements, low density of population, and less pollution in the rural area. The pace of
life is slower. Nature is more accessible with the beauty of farms and fields, woods,
plantations, and wild life. Less infrastructure developments are found in the rural area.
Rural areas offer attractions such as beautiful landscape, vegetation and plantation of
specific crops,

Urban Area
It covers cities and developed towns. The urban areas have high density of population
and large number of houses and apartments. The cities are more affected by air and noise
pollutions. The pace of life is too fast in urban areas. The life and living here boasts of
contemporary infrastructure and technology.
Urban areas are usually home to man-made attractions such as Disneyland, theme parks,
museums, or vintage sculptures and architecture. They also attract tourists for gourmet
food and local culinary experiences.

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Coasts and Beaches
This area offers extra ordinary beauty of Terra Firma, vegetation, and water together.
Apart from the above stated features, the coastal areas are high on the list of tourism
destinations as they also offer exotic sea food, view of different forms of sea and artistic
sand sculptures, and water sports. The coastal areas also provide an opportunity to see the
marine life either in their natural habitat or in the marine museum.

Beaches are tempting destinations for relaxation and recreational holidays. According to
the World Tourism Organization estimates, coastal areas represent one-third of global
tourism income.

Islands
Islands have developed thriving tourism over the last few years. They draw tourist
attraction for their breathtaking beauty of land surrounded by water, refreshing breezes,
and tranquility. They offer a wide range of water sports like speed- boating, canoeing,
snorkeling, and diving. They offer market for authentic pearls, mother-of- pearl
ornaments, and wooden handicrafts.

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For example, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (India), Madagascar (Africa), Islands of
Hawaii, Bora
Bora, Tahiti, and Morea (South Pacific Islands) are few examples of highly frequented
islands for tourism.

Mountainous Region
Mountains have indisputable tourist potential and they attract tourists of all categories.
The adventure tourists visit mountains for their remoteness, difficult access, unbeaten
mountain trails, and wilderness. The adventure sport liking tourists visit mountains for
climbing, hiking, skiing, mountain biking, and bungee jumping. Some tourists visit
mountains to see the beauty of rare flora and fauna, take fresh unpolluted air, and get to
know the unique local cultures. The pace of life in mountain regions is low.

For example, Andean Inca trails of Ethiopia, sacred Buddhist sites and in Himalayas.

Desert Region
This region is popular with tourists for its sand dunes, serenity, clean air, flora and fauna,
and awesome view of night sky. It also offers desert sports such as quad biking, air
balloon rides, and activities such as camel trekking and camping. The deserts also offer
introduction or engagement with unique local cultures. The pace and style of life is very
different in the desert.

For example, Thar (India), Sahara (Morocco), and Namib Desert (Coastal South Africa)
are famous tourist milieus.

Cultural Milieus
Cultural milieus are visited for their heritage, historical, archeological, educational, or
adventure importance attached to them. Some of them are also widely known for sports
or other entertainment activities.

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Historical
This milieu contains the places of historical importance such as sites of ancient wars,
civilizations, ruins of sculptures revealing periodic cultures, monuments, castles, forts,
and ancient religious sites. The people studying or interested in history, human evolution,
manuscripts, cultures, and art around the world find these places attractive. Historical
milieus are protected by a country’s law.

Archeological
It is a place where one can find the evidence of historic or prehistoric activity that is
recorded by the discipline of archeology. This milieu offers ruins and remains of houses
and pottery, inscriptions, weapons, idols, biological remains such as bones and scales
which link to the past human activity or presence of a prehistoric animal at the place. The
archeological tourist places are bound by law and limitations on the tourist activities laid
by the government.
Educational
The sites and places of educational importance contribute a large portion of tourism. A
school trip is the simplest form of educational tourism. Most of the top universities
around the world impart the study abroad program for their students to provide the
students with short study sessions of a few weeks to a full year of cultural and linguistic
experience. Tourists attend educational cruises which make the people of common
interests come together to acquire knowledge.
Adventure
A place popular for adventure tourism calls for the interest in adventurers. Some tourists
have inclination towards trying their capabilities on extreme sports such as bungee
jumping, sky diving, mountaineering, hiking, parachuting, surfing, skiing, sailing, and
other similar action sports.
Sports
A wide range of sports are sincerely pursued by people, which make a noticeable reason
for tourism. National or international sports events such as Olympics, Commonwealth
games, FIFA or World Cup Cricket tournaments attract tourists greatly.

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12. DESTINATION MANAGEMENT

“All you need is the plan, the road map, and the courage to press on to your
destination.”
- Earl Nightingale,
- An American Radio Person, Writer, and a Speaker.

After having seen what is meant by destination and what are its different types, it’s time
to look into what destination management is, what do they do to manage a destination,
and why it is important to manage a destination.

What is Destination Management?

Destination Management puts in place programs and strategies that will spread the unique
story of a particular destination. Thus, inviting more tourists and enhancing tourism in
that particular region. It proves to be a key to success for tourism management, at large.

Why Manage Destinations?

Since tourism directly depends on the customer’s experience, collecting and auditing
tourists’ experience is vital. A deep understanding of the destination, the market, and the
tourists’ experience can help to target the needs, desires, and expectations of a particular
market segment.
The destinations are managed so that they provide excellent memorable experience to the
tourists in terms of accommodations, facilities, amenities, activities, and food with a
continuous upgraded progress thereby increasing the tourists’ influx and generating
revenue.
The Destination Management Organization (DMO)
Since the tourists are at the destination since they arrive till they leave, the destinations
contribute major portion of enhancing tourism experience. Right from hospitality to a
wide range of services, the provision of excellent experience to the visitors is worked out
by united effort of many organizations.
DMO is a collaboration of multiple private and public sector organizations working
together towards a common goal, to promote and market the destination, and to retain its
tourism value all the time.

Objectives of DMO
The objectives of DMO are as follows:
 To steer destination development.
 To increase tourism influx.
 To spread the benefits of tourism.
 To reduce tourism impacts on environment and local culture.
 To promote and market the country ultimately for tourism.

DMO Partnerships
The DMO partners with various other organizations as:
 Accommodation providers who provide serviced and non-serviced
accommodations such as hotels, bed and breakfast, self-catering establishments,
holiday caravans, and camping sites.
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  Attraction managers who provide maintenance of attractions, museums, galleries,
countryside sites, boat trips, and walking tours.
 Food and beverage providers such as restaurants, pubs, and cafes.
 Retail outlets such as specialty and independent shops, and shopping centers.
 Transport operators such as surface and air transport providers.

 Public sector organizations such as state services for availing licenses and
permissions.

Characteristics of DMO
Some common characteristics of a DMO are:
 It is an independent, non-profit organization.
 It is a membership-based organization comprising public, private, non-profit, and
academic tourism stakeholders from the region.
 It is governed by a board of directors.
 It has diverse set of revenue generation from membership fees, hotel taxes, retail
opportunities, online booking commissions, advertising in publications and
websites. It provides services mostly at zero cost to the end users.

How DMO Works?

The DMO is completely aware that the experience of the tourists directly drives the
economy. It works with all its capabilities to manage the destination by
 Establishing a regular communication with the industry through newsletters,
business opinion surveys, marketing opportunities, and annual reports.
 Conducting annual forums to discuss the progress and plans of destination
management.
 Conducting topic-specific workshops to discuss key issues.
 Getting feedback on the progress.
 Conducting regular periodic meetings with participating businesses.
 Organizing festivals, lectures, talks, theme holidays, and events.
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13.TOOLS FOR DESTINATION MANAGEMENT

A number of management tools can be used in Destination Management:

System of Measuring Excellence for Destinations (SMED)

The destination development starts with hiring any UNWTO affiliate organization to
research and come out with the findings about the situation at the destination and its
surroundings. The hired agency conducts observations, surveys, readings, and interviews
of the area and generates reports of the findings. SMED also recommends the necessary
developments and prospective income opportunities at the destination.
Using Scientific Research
Experts conduct scientific research at the destinations and contribute their findings which
can be a great aid to develop destination by protecting the ecosystem of various places.
For example, banning fishing in some marine area, banning the entry in some reserves to
protect and conserve flora and fauna.
Monitoring the Destination
The UNWTO conducts annual surveys of businesses, residents, foreign tourists, and
domestic tourists, about their experience and expectations at the destination. It also takes
inputs from local residents and generates reports. The reports then help the local leaders
identify and resolve the problems.
Public Use Plans (PUP)
The information recorded in the reports is then uses to create a Public Use Plan (PUP) for
the destination. A PUP proposes how to manage the torrent of tourists effectively by
considering the volume of traffic, entry fees, protection of sensitive areas, housekeeping
efforts and cost of maintaining the sites, and so on.

Steps of Destination Development

The following steps are observed while developing a destination:

Develop a Vision for the Destination

A vision is an exciting picture of a destination’s desired futures. The vision is intended to
motivate stakeholders to work together to achieve these futures. Vision brings all the
stakeholders together and creates an integrated vision of all the individual visions of the
stakeholders.
The vision works to find a common ground in which each stakeholder plans a part of
their future. Tourism visions describe the style of tourism the destination would like to be
recognized for such as ecotourism, culinary, cruise port, or any other, and the target
market for the destination.
Here are some questions to ask during the visioning:

 How do you see your destination after tourism development?

 What do you want to see happen at the destination?
 How much of what type of tourism development fits with your image of your
destination’s future?
It is then followed by destination-wide meeting, gathering the local responses, and
drafting the vision as a mean to start the work of destination development.

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Set the Goals for Tourism Development
Set economic, socio-cultural, and environmental goals. Goals are realistic, measurable
targets for the destination’s tourism vision. Tach goal goes hand in hand with the vision.
While setting the practical goals, the following answers are found out:
 How many inbound tourists does the destination want to attract?
 How many jobs, for whom, at what pay scales, and for what seasons?
 What is the anticipated percentage increase of income for local residents?
 How many tourists are too many?

The stakeholders identify the practical aspects of goals, timelines, and the actions needed
to perform to achieve each goal.

Collect Visitors’ Experience

The tourists’ experience can be divided into four phases:
 Dreaming of travel: Anticipating holidays or breaks and finding out information
of dreamed destination, Fix the range of destinations.

 Choosing the destination: It takes place under the influence of cost, climate,
first-hand information, internet, and amenities at the destination.

 Visiting the destination: Experiencing the place and Forming of opinions,

perception about the destination. Generating the feelings of
satisfaction/dissatisfaction.

 Post-tour phase: The visitors share pictures andexperiences with relatives and
friends, recommend to visit or not to visit the destination.

Compile a Visitor Survey

A survey of visitors is then compiled by collecting their profile data through
questionnaires. The particular visitors make market segment. The visitor profiles are
created by recording the following information about visitors:
 Type of visitor
 Demographics (age, mode of travel, group size, nationality)
 Psychographics (values, benefits, desired experience, beliefs, perception about the
destination)
 Spending patterns (daily expenditures, types of purchases made, form of payment,
duration of stay)

Establish a Destination Management System

The responsibility of creating a Destination Management System (DMS) is that of the
destination managers. A DMS is a database for collecting, manipulating, and distributing
the recorded information. It includes the following information:
 Supply inventory and performance of hotels, tour operators, attractions,
restaurants, etc.
 Events, festivals, activities, shopping, cycle routes, beautiful spots.
 Visitor profiles.
 Resident survey results.
 Social, economic, and environmental impacts.

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The DMS organizes the information to facilitate all the stakeholders of tourism to make
their presence felt on the Internet. It also enables the destination and tourism businesses
offer dynamic tour packages. DMS help DMOs by using Content Management System
(CMS) to support the presence of DMO on web and social media.

Market the Destination on the Internet

In present times, people have indisputable accessibility to information on various
websites. It is very important to for a tourist destination to mark its presence on the
internet. Easy to navigate, clear website with high quality photographs of the destination
and simple yet exceptional content can market any tourist destination effectively.
By visiting these E-destinations, the tourists get a fair idea about what to expect and what
they are going to experience.

Brand the Destination

Destination branding is nothing but describing the visitors’ experience in terms of
facilities, amenities, attractions, activities, and other resources to the people to turn them
into the tourists.
A strong destination brand creates an image about the destination, modifies peoples’
perception about a place, influences decision-making, and delivers a memorable
experience.

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 Part III – Managing Tourism
14. The Tourism Supply
“People who spend money on experiences report being happier than those who spend
money on objects.”
-Anonymous,thepsychmind.com.

Tourism Management is a complex sector involving a wide range of economic operations.

Tourism supply is one of the operations. It is highly reliable on the natural, artificial or
man-made, operating, as well as the regulatory components involved in creating the
tourism product. The supply elements are geographically confined to a fixed place hence,
the stake holding businesses need to provide products and services by putting costs and
anticipating promotion of their individual products and revenue.
It influences an entire tour right from starting the tour up to ending it gracefully and
satisfactorily. Let us see what it is and what makes it a bundle of tourists’ satisfaction.

What is Tourism Supply?

The tourism supply of an industry is derived by summing the value of tourism products
soldbythetourismindustrytothetouristsIttakesintoaccountaccommodationservices, food,
transport, and other retailsales.

Properties of Tourism Supply

 Tourism supply is perishable (cannot be stored like theproducts).
 It cannot be examined before one purchasesit.
 It is necessary to move from one place to other for itsconsumption.
 It is geographically fixed at differentplaces.

Components of Tourism Supply

Here are typical components of the tourism supply:

Attractions
They are the places the tourists perceive as the satisfaction of their leisure- oriented needs.
 Natural Attractions: Caves, canyons, rocks, waterbodies, landscapes.
 Man-Made Attractions: Theme parks, towers, bridges, architecture, temples,
mosques, churches, and monuments.
 Cultural Attractions: Historical sites, monuments, local arts and crafts, local folk
core, music and dance.

Transportation
They are the modes of commuting.
 Road: Car, bus, cycle.
 Rail: Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity trains.
 Water: Boats, ferries, cruises.
 Air: Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters that operate as and when
required.

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Intermediaries
They are the mediators.
 Travel Agents: The business of selling hospitality and tourism products.
 Tour Operators: They deal with the operating components for rates.

Destination
It is the place the tourists visit. It is composed of:
 Accommodation: Hotel, motel, lodge, guest house, B&B.
 Restaurant: Specialty restaurants, themed restaurants, branded restaurants such as
CCD, KFC, Bistros, and takeaway food joints.
 Tourist Facilities: Pubs, entertainment parks, shopping centers, and casinos.

Activities
They include activities the tourists are interested to engage in:
 Adventure Sports: Mountain biking, bungee jumping, rafting, and other
similaractivities.
 Leisure: Basking on beaches, swimming, dining nearwaterbody.
 Business Activities: Attending seminars, business meetings,promotions.
 Health Activities:Attending Yoga sessions, exercising,undergoing naturopathy,
and similar suchactivities.

Categories of Tourism Supply Components

Tourism supply incorporates the following components:
Natural Components
They are mainly the Environmental components. They are the natural elements for
visitors’ experience and enjoyment.
 Climate
 Milieus of thedestination
 Flora andfauna
 Natural beauty ofdestination

Constructed Components
They are the
Infrastructureand superstructures.
They include allsurface, underground, and above the ground constructions andfacilities.
 Water supplysystem
 Cooking gas supplysystem
 Electric supplysystem

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  Drainage and sewagesystem
 Rest rooms forsanitation
 Airports
 Transporthubs
 Parking hubs
 Accommodations/hotels/Restaurants
 Museums
 Gardens
 Shoppingcenters
 Attractions

Operating Components
They are mainly related to the services. They include the work force that is instrumental in
imparting excellent experience to the tourists.
 Transport service
 Food service
 Accommodation service
 Service at the places of attraction

Regulatory Components
They are the permitting authorities.
 The public sector: Government policies
 Licensing
 Civil rights authorities
 NGOs
The tourist supply inspires, conducts, and affects the entire tour. If any one of the above
given components does not work well, it impedes the experience of the tourists and the
tour does not turn out to the tourists’ satisfaction.

15. TOURISM FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT

“Whenever an individual or a business decides that success has been attained, progress
stops.”
- Thomas J. Watson, American Businessman & CEO, IBM.

In this chapter, let us see the functional structure of any tourism business as an
organization. Tourism is a large business in the service industry encompassing a wide
range of activities and direct interaction with its customers.

Who is a Tour Operator?

A tour operator is business set-up or an enterprise which selects various components of
tourism, prepares a tour product for a targeted market segment, plans itineraries, and
conducts tours and promotions for the tours.
The tour operator is responsible for booking the travel to the destinations, reserving
accommodations, planning the entire tour in terms of what to see and do, and provide
ancillary support to the tour.
For example,
 Cox and Kings, the longest established tourism business with headquarters in India
provides services for outbound tourism and travel.

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  Thomas Cook, a UK based travel company, established in 2007, provides a large
array of travel and tourism packages.
 Kesari Tours and Travels, India offers group tours, specialty tours, and economy
tours.
 Get America Tours, New York conducts year-round tours to majestic locations on
both the east and west coasts of North America.
 British Tours Ltd, London offers personal tours in cars or mini buses in and around
London with various themes.

Types of Tour Operators

Depending upon their target market, there are two types of tour operators:
Mass Market Tour operators
They buy services in volume from the suppliers and afford to sell them to the customers
inexpensively.
Specialist Tour Operators
They provide service to the niche market that has interest in a particular geographical area
or a special kind of activity.
Depending upon the geographical area and tourists they handle, there are the following
typical types of tour operators:
Outbound Tour Operators
They provide multinational tourism. They take residents of their own country to visit
another country or continent. They sell tour products or packages to the customers in their
own country who wish to travel to another country.
Inbound Tour Operators
They provide trips within a country to the tourists visiting from other countries. They
provide local assistance for the tourists arriving in their country. They are also known as
receptive tour operators. These tour operators make the local arrangements for airport
pickup and drop service, arrange for local attraction visits and activities, provide local
guides, and are responsible for the tourists’ stay.
Domestic Tour Operators
They provide trips to the residents of a country within the boundaries of a country. They
are also called resident operators. They have an upper hand to know the domestic
seasons, culture, and food. They can repeat trips, sense the demand of local market, and
suggest destination requirements to nearest DMOs.
Depending upon their way of working, there arethe following typical types of tour
operators:
when dealing with a tour.

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  Friends with Technology: Learning and having strong hold on new technology
creates an opportunity for a tour operator to reach customers, expose a wide range
of tour products, and increase sales in less cost and time.
 Enthusiastic and Friendly: A tour operator must have enthusiastic and friendly
attitude to create welcoming and interesting environment among the customers.
 Knowledgeable: The tour operator must be well-acquainted with the tourism
products, destinations, attractions, and cultures.

Direct Sell Tour Operators

These tour operators sell the tourism packages directly to their customers bypassing the
travel agent. They don’t pay the amount of commission to their travel agent hence, the
customer can avail for a package at a lower price. In addition, the direct sell tour operators
also can offer a large variety of destinations and packages. It is better to go for these
operators if one wants to be very sure about the expectations to be drawn from a package.
Retail Tour Operators
These travel agents are the face of main distribution channel for package holidays. They
sell the tour operator’s tourism product in return for commission. Their commission
generally ranges from 10% to 15% of the booking price. They are motivated to sell a
product to earn commission and they are keen to attract repeat business. They setup a
retail outlet, both shopfront and online; as an accessible place for their customers.
Wholesale Tour Operators
Wholesale Tour Operators sell a product through established retail distribution channels,
both shopfront and online. For example, Qantas Holidays, which negotiates product rates
directly with suppliers and creates packages that are either distributed to retail tour
operators (travel agents) or sold directly to customers via website. Similar to the retail
travel agents, the wholesalers charge a commission of around 20%.

Characteristics of Tour Operator

A tour operator is responsible for the safety of the tourists and overall success of a tour. A
successful tour operator must have the following basic characteristics:
 Well Organized: To pass on the best possible experience to the customer, the tour
operators need to have appropriate systems and processes in place.
 Best Networker: They make tourism better by building relationships with peer
tour operators, contacting them in challenging situations as well as making liaisons

Tour Operator’s Reference Material

Let us now look into a list of reference material a tour operator uses at different
stages of organizing a tour.
 Maps: They include world maps, state maps, city maps, cycle or walk maps, and
road and rail maps.
 Event Calendars: They are both printed and soft calendars to schedule and keep
track of tour dates, times, and other details.
 Brochures: They are used by tour operators to describe features of tour packages
to their customers.
 Souvenirs: They gift the souvenirs to the customers as a token of remembrance of
a place or an event.
 Promotion Material: Banners or PVC boards for messages, billboards brochures,
cards, display stands of cloth or plastic to be used at an exhibition, escalator

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 panels, flyers, Internet, interpretive panel containing orientation maps, picture
maps, photographs, or diagrams as well as titles, introductory text, and contact
information, leaflets, media advertising material such as images, audios, and
videos.

16. DEPARTMENTS OF A TOURISM BUSINESS

Similar to any other large business, the work in a tourism business is also distributed into
departments. This facilitates more efficiency in the services provided by them.

General Management
This department develops and executes overall business strategies. It is responsible for the
entire organization. General management deals with determining overall business
strategies, planning, monitoring execution of the plans, decision making, and guiding the
workforce, and maintaining punctuality and disciplinary issues.

Marketing Department
The workforce in this department is responsible in identifying customer needs and
creating tourism products to satisfy them. The marketing managers mainly are involved in
the following activities:
 Market Research: It includes understanding the environment, staying tuned with the
economic developments, knowing customer needs, and strengths and weaknesses of
peer competitors.
 Understanding Market Segments: It includes dividing the total tourism market into
smaller market segments. It also involves targeting particular markets, creating
separate appealing tourism products for different market segments, and positioning
those products to draw consumers.
For example, Universal Tours offers different products for Students, honeymooners,
women, and senior citizens.
 Product Decisions: It is about deciding about addition or removal of a product feature
in an offering, deciding about development of new product, manipulating product
features.
 Promotion Decisions: It includes informing the target market about various products
they would find interesting. Marketing department joins hands with publicity agencies
such as radio, television, and website management agency to promote the product
package.
 Price Decisions: It involves decisions about the selling cost of product as well as
discount rates.
 Product Distribution: It pertains to which intermediary to employ and where to place
the promotional material.

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Operations Department
The Operations Department combines two or more tourism components (among attractions,
transportation, intermediaries, destination, accommodation, and activities) to create a package
and sell it to the consumer.
 It organizes and conducts a tour within or out of the country and ensures that it turns out
successful.
 It prioritizes customer preferences and supplier offerings to determine the best tour
arrangements.
 It plans the tour itinerary and informs the customers about the schedule of the tour and
details such as how to reach the destination, what to see and do there.
 It contacts relevant agencies for making arrangements of accommodations and bookings
travel tickets.

Finance Department
The Finance Department is responsible for acquiring and utilizing money for financing the
activities of the tourism business. The finance people assess short term and long term capital
requirements.
Long term capital requirements in tourism are maintenance of office building, vehicles,
office infrastructure, and business equipment. Short term capital requirements involve labor
and staff payments, providing communication facility, payment of electricity and other
resources.
A large number of tourism businesses need to invest initial amount for hotel, lodges, and
airline bookings. The owners of tourism business invest their money with the sole purpose of
getting high returns out of the investment. Hence the head of the finance department is obliged
for achieving the organization objectives by using the finances wisely.

Sales Department
This department is solely responsible for selling the relevant tourism products to the
consumers. The sales person in the tourism business is the first link between the tourism
business itself and the consumer. The staff must have deep knowledge of the product and
strong communication skills to convince the consumers. The sales person also promotes the
destination.
 The sales staff identifies and cultivates new customers.
 The sales staff recommends best suited products to the customer by assessing their needs.
 They sell a tourism product successfully by approaching, presenting key features,
resolving customer queries, and closing the sell.
 The sales staff maintains cordial relationship with the customers.

Human Resource Department

This department is responsible for recruiting skilled, and experienced manpower according to
the positions at vacancies of different departments. It is also responsible for conducting
orientation programs and trainings for new staff, recognizing the best facets of staff and
motivating them to achieve organization objectives.

Purchase Department
By following a standard procedure of procurement, this department ensures the enterprise has
appropriate and timely supply of all the required goods and services. The purchasing
department procures the goods and services to be consumed by other departments in the
business organization.

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 17. TOURISM – MARKET SEGMENTATION

“The travelers are staying longer and spending more money. When you look at it in that
sense, I’d say it’s very positive.”
- Craig Ray, Director of Tourism Division of Mississippi Development Authority.

All tourists are not the same. Just as they may belong to different regions, they may be of
different age groups and earn different incomes and have different tastes and preferences
to live their lives in a certain manner; the tourists also have different choices when it
comes to selecting the mode of travel, destination, and the activities at the destination.
Tourism market segmentation is the strategic tool for getting a clear picture of diversity
among the tourists. The tourism researchers and the tourism industry use market
segmentation information to study the opportunities for competitive advantage in the
marketplace.

What is Market Segmentation?

Market segmentation is nothing but dividing the total consumer market into groups to be
able to communicate with them and provide their specific needs.

Why Segment the Tourism Market?

Every tourist being different, the tourism industry possibly is not capable of satisfying
every individual’s need. This is the foundation of segmenting the total market.
While all tourists are different, some of them are similar to each other. Marketing force of
a tourism business group the tourists into various segments that categorize the similar as
well as distinct members. Market segmentation can be applicable to any of the tourism
supply components and provides benefits as given below:
 It helps to understand specific demands of the consumers.
 It helps to allocate marketing expenses efficiently.
 It helps to create effective marketing strategies to target specific market segment.

Tourism Market Segmentation

The tourism market segmentation can be broadly divided into the following types:

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Geographic
Geographic market segmentation is done considering the factors such as tourists’ place of
origin. This factor is important as the tourists belonging to different places are brought up
with different cultures and show different traits of behavior. It is the most basic type of
segmentation.
Demographic
This segmentation is done by considering the tourist’s gender, age, marital status,
ethnicity, occupation, religion, income, education, and family members.
Psychographic
The marketing people do this segmentation by taking into account the psyche of the
tourists. They gather information about the tourists’ interests, attitudes, their way of living
life, opinions, and overall personality.

Classes of Tourists
Depending upon the motives and the way of touring, there are various classes of tourists:
Tourists Travelling with Families: The tourists who visit places with their first and
extended families, or families of relatives. One person, generally the head of the tourist
family is the decision maker. The families generally travel for holidays and leisure and
tend to expend sparingly. They generally are keen on receiving the best services for what
they have paid. They tend to carry more luggages.Smith (1956) introduced the concept of
market segmentation as a strategic tool. He stated that “Market segmentation (…) can be
viewed as a heterogeneous market (one characterized by divergent demand) as a number
of smaller homogeneous markets”.
Single Tourists: They travel alone and are independent. They are alone but not lonely; as
tourism is what they pursue as a hobby. The gap year travelers, unmarried persons,
widows/widowers, backpackers, and solitary tourists travel single. They decide for
themselves and tend to expend more. They tend to carry less stuff on the journey. They
tend to behave balanced if any challenging situation occurs and are rational towards tour
schedules.
Groups of Tourists: Students from schools and universities as members of educational
tours, fellows of various fraternities with common interests, groups of newly- weds, or
senior citizens.
Tourists Visiting Friends and Relatives: These tourists travel to meet friends or
relatives, or to attend a celebration or gathering. These tourists generally plan their tours in
the breaks such as Diwali holidays, Christmas holidays, or any kind of long break when
most of the people have break.
Business Tourists: They are the professional tourists on the business trips. They decide
for themselves but do not spend much money. For example, a sales or a marketing person
travels to another city to attend a business fair, and business manager travels to another
country for business deals.
Incentive Tourists: They tour for consuming the reward they received in the form of a
few days’ family holiday package at some hotel or resort. Such rewards are generally
distributed if an employee performs outstanding to achieve the goals.

Health Tourists: These tourists travels to places with the agenda of health on their mind.
They travel to avail some special medical treatment, operation, surgery, medication, or
inexpensive aesthetic surgeries available in different country. Some tourists in this
category also travel if they are receiving some illness from the climate at their residence
such as Asthma.

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18. TOURISM – MARKETING MIX
Tourism marketing is different because the customer purchases a series of services. While
marketing a tourism product, the sales or marketing person insists on the positive facets of
the following four components:

Product
The tourism being a service sold to the customers, tourist experience is the product, which
is intangible, and non-storable. The quality of the tourist experience as a product is
directly proportional to the quality of the service a tourism business provides. The product
must be designed to highlight its features and to satisfy the tourist’s needs. If the product
is branded, the customers find it more reliable.

Price
Determining the price of the product requires consideration of three key factors:
 Operating costs: Operating costs include both fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs
remain same regardless of the sales which involve building, insurance, and equipment
costs. Variable costs include costs for wages, gas, electricity, cleaning, maintenance,
repairing, materials used in production, office stationery, linen, food, petrol,
machinery, uniforms, bank fees, marketing research expenses, and expenses for
advertisements, promotions, brochures, and conducting consumer or trade events.
 Profit Margins: This is determined by comparing the competitors’ offers and the own
product offers. Profit margins are set without compromising the competitive
advantage.
 Commissions of Intermediaries: Working with intermediaries incurs commissions.
Commissions are the fees paid to the intermediaries to distribute and sell your product.

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Tourism Product Pricing Policies
Commonly followed pricing policies include:
 Discount Pricing: This strategy calls for reductions to a basic price of product or
services. It is a form of sales promotion which at times proves to be rewarding for the
customers.
 Variable Pricing: This pricing varies with respect to the variation in features of a
product.
 Loss Leader Pricing: It is selling few products at prices lower than the actual prices.
It helps to settle the loss by attracting customers to buy more number of products.
 Promotional Pricing: It is selling a product for free with another product with the
objective of promoting the free product. Customer interest is generated to use the free
product thereby increasing the sale.

Place
The place is where the tourists visit and stay. The potential of a tourist destination lies in
its attractiveness or aesthetic value, accessibility, and the facilities it provides to the
tourists. The tourists also seek a place highly for the activities it offers, the amenities and
skilled workforce it provides, and its location.

19. TOURISM – PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

“Don’t give up and always keep on believing in your product. Because if you don’t, how
can you make others believe in it?”
- Niels Van Deuren, Founder, housinganywhere.com.

The tourism industry as a whole survives because of various tourism products and
services. Tourism industry is flexible. The products of tourism cannot be easily
standardized as they are created for the customers of varied interests and demands. As the
tourism products are mainly the tourists’ experience, they can be stored only in the
tourists’ memories.
Let us understand more about tourism products and services:

Types of Tourism Products

The tourism products are grouped into the following types:

Tourism Oriented Products (TOP)

These are the products and services created primarily for the tourists and also for the
locals. These products need a great share of investments in private sector. A few of them
are:
 Accommodations; For example, Taj, ITC Hotels.
 Transportation; For example, Owning taxis, luxury buses, and boats.
 Retail Travel Agents
 Tour Operators
 Shopping Centers such as malls
 Cinema Theatres such as PVR
 Restaurants for Food and Beverages
 Tourism Information Centers
 Souvenirs Outlets
 Museums, Temples, Gardens, and Theme parks

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Residents Oriented Products (ROP)
Here, the products and services are created mainly for the local residents staying at a
particular tourist destination. This category requires investment in public sectors more.
Some of them are:
 Hospitals
 Public Parks
 Banks and ATMs
 Petrol Pumps
 Postal Service

Intangible Products of Tourism

They include:
 Bookings of accommodations, theatres, and at various sites.
 Tourists’ experience by visiting a destination, eating at a restaurant, or performing an
activity.
 Tourists’ memory which is created by storing the details of events and experience on
the tour. The high degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is often stored as a long term
memory.
 Transportation of tourists and their luggage from one place to another.

Tour Operator’s Products and Services

To realize the facilities and experience a tourism product offers, service is required by
skilled and qualified staff. The tour operator provides the following typical products and
services:

Accommodations
The tourist destinations are equipped with different types of accommodations. They cater
for tourists’ stay at the destination.
 Serviced: This type of accommodation is supported by skilled staff such as
housekeepers, drivers, guides, and cooks.
 Self-catering: This accommodation offers staying facilities but dining is required
to be self-catered. It is equipped with cooking, fuel and facility, some basic
supplies such as tea/coffee/sugar sachets, and a drinking water source.
 Hotels: Budget rooms to 7* hotels with classy amenities. The hotels contribute a
major share of imparting the experience to the tourists by providing best services
and amenities.
 Guest Houses: Owned by business or government organizations, which can be
used by its staff and staff relatives.
 Camping Sites: They are open sites often located in areas of lush greenery. They
are equipped with clean place to pitch the personal tent, a water supply, and
electric supply. Camp sites have common rest rooms.

Reservations
The tour operator is responsible for making reservations for special events or activities the
tourists are interested in. At some places, the reservations are required to be done well in
advance to avoid last minute hassles. The events or activities such as a music concert or a
theatre show, visiting a theme park or a zoo, require people to secure seats or avail entry
with prior reservations.
Guided Tours
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The tour operators can arrange guided tours. Some qualified staff who can get access to
the place, explain the importance of the place, support, and guide the participants through
the entire visit. The guide is arranged to accompany the tour participants as a part of tour.

Transport Facilities
These facilities are for travelling from one place to another.
Surface Transport: It includes support of transport by road or water.
Air Transport: This is the support of transport by air, generally given for long distance
travel. Many times the tours include a halt of a couple of hours at transit destinations.
Today the airports are built and maintained as engaging tourist terminals by providing
amenities such as spas, lounges, food joints, bars, and book shops, retail shops for selling
authentic local food, clothes, and souvenirs.
Today the Airlines are no more backstage when it comes to caring for their customers.
They offer loyalty programs to their customers under Frequent Flyer Program to
encourage the customers to travel more and accumulate points and redeem them against
travel or rewards.

Dining Facilities
The tour operators can book accommodation that provides dining facilities or it can tie up
with the local restaurants which are ready to entertain groups. If the tour package is all
inclusive, the tour operator pays for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. If not, the tourists need
to pay from their own pocket.

20. DEVELOPING A TOURISM PRODUCT

“In the end, all business operations can be reduced to three words; people, product, and
profits. Unless you have got a good team, you can’t do much with the other two.”
- Lee Lacocca, American Automobile Executive.

The tourists have ever changing demands which the tourism product is required to satisfy
for the survival of the tourism industry. Kotler defines a product as it is "anything that can
be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a
want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organization, and
ideas".
Medlik and Middleton (1973) term tourism products as “a bundle of activities, services,
and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience.” This bundle consists of five
components: destination attractions, destination facilities, accessibility, images, and price.
Having been known what the tourism product is, let us see the elements of the tourism
product and how the tourism product is developed.

Elements of a Tourism Product

Here is an onion shell diagram that depicts elements of a tourism product. The diagram
shows progression of elements from core to outer shell depicting the declining direct
management control. It shows that the consumer’s involvement is maximum at the
outermost shell. The tourism product is not just presence of all five elements but it is also
the interaction of these elements among themselves.

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 The Physical Plant: It is tangible and is composed of various resources on which the
tourism is based. Plainly, the physical plant is nothing but the destination with sound and
catchy architecture that enhances tourists’ experience. It can be:
 A natural attraction such as a landscape, wild life, natural structure.
 A man-made attraction such as a resort.
 A fixed property such as an accommodation.
 A mobile property such as a ship or an airbus.
 A natural or manmade condition such as weather, crowd, infrastructure at the destination.

Service: The features or facilities of the physical plant are put to use for the tourists with
service. Providing services calls for a major contribution from human resources. It
pertains to performing tasks for the benefit and satisfaction of the tourists. For example,
serving food in a hotel is a service by the staff there.
Hospitality: It is the attitude with which the service is provided. Hospitality includes
performing the service with smile, enthusiasm, untiringly, and with dedication. For
example, arranging guest room supplies or serving food or beverage in a presentable
manner is a part of hospitality.
Freedom of Choice: It is offering the tourist some acceptable range of options in order to
elevate their experience. The degree of freedom varies greatly depending on the type of
tourism (pleasure, business, family, or other), the tourist’s budget, previous experience,
knowledge, and reliance on a travel agent.
A good tourism product must include some choice for its consumers. By offering some
freedom to the tourists, the product gives some sense of control to the tourists. The
freedom to choose an airline, a route, a seat, an accommodation, or a restaurant can
enhance a tourist’s satisfaction. Freedom also implies good surprises. When the tourists
come across unanticipated events, they get the feeling of being very fortunate to be in the
right place at the right time, thereby gaining extra value from the visit.
Involvement: It depends upon the quality of inner four elements. These elements prepare
the tourists for physical, intellectual, and/or emotional involvement in tourism services.
Involvement is not only the physical participation, but also a sense of engagement in an
activity- may it be for pleasure or business.
More the involvement of the tourists, more they are interested in striking conversation
happily with others, more they are enthusiastic and curious to try out new things, and time
passes fast for them.
Thus, a combination of tourists’ involvement, freedom of choice, service with hospitality
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 and perfect destination (with all A’s present) can make the best tourist product.

Key Principles of Tourism Product Development

A tourism product can be of any type from cultural, educational, recreational, heritage site,
or a business hub. Tourism Product Development should:
 Be authentic and should reflect the unique attributes of the destination.
 Have the support of the host community.
 Respect the natural and cultural environments.
 Be different from the competitors, avoiding copying developments blindly.
 Be of sufficient scale to make a significant economic contribution, but not very large to
create high economic leakage.

21. PHASES OF TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

The creation of a tourism product is a complex process. The following table shows the
steps of creating tourism product:
Primary Inputs Intermediate Inputs Intermediate Output Final Output
(Resources) (Tourism Facilities) (Tourism Services) (Tourist experiences)

Human resource Accommodations Vehicle parking service Social contacts

Material Transport terminals Tour guide service Business contacts
Hospitality at serviced
Vehicles/Ships/ accommodations/
Equipment Boats/Airbuses/ Ferries. hotels/ restaurants. Satisfaction/Memories

Fuel/Energy Restaurants/Food Joints Cultural performances Recreation

Agricultural Convention/ Shopping
product Centers. Festivals/Events Education
Capital Museums Relaxation

The product creation process starts with primary inputs such as resources, raw materials,
other materials for construction, energy, and fuel. This could also include the agricultural
products required to prepare food for the tourists.

The primary inputs are then processed further through manufacturing or construction into
intermediate (or processed) inputs. The intermediate inputs are nothing but the tourism
facilities such as gardens, parks, museums, art galleries, shopping centers, convention
centers, accommodations, restaurants, and gift or souvenir shops. They facilitate and
support the tourism.

The intermediate inputs are further refined through expert management, workforce, and
technical services, and packaging into intermediate outputs. The intermediate outputs are
nothing but the services associated with tourism industry.

For example, the intermediate input such as a hotel room remains just as a commodity
unless it is occupied by the tourist and turns into a part of a tourism product by
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incorporating the occupant’s experience. Similarly, the food at restaurants needs to be
cooked and presented by the staff at any restaurant and needs to be ordered and consumed
by the tourists.

The final outputs are nothing but the personal experience the tourist takes from availing
services and by carrying out various tourism-related activities. The tourists utilize the
intermediate outputs (or services) to generate intangible but a high value experience such
as satisfaction, recreation, and completion of a business related task or maintaining a
contact of friends or relatives.

Steps of Tourism Product Development

The following general steps are taken for tourism product development:
Research the Market: At this step, the tourism marketing force conducts research on the
current market to identify the opportunities. In includes economy, study of various market
segments and their varied requirements, past market data, and current market and tourism
trends.
Match the Product with Market: By assessing the market segments and conditions for
tourism, different packages are created for various market segments such that they can
satisfy the requirement of each segment of individuals.
Assess the Destination: Since destinations form the basis of product development, the
product development force visits the prospective tourism destination to assess its tourism
potential and its ability to accommodate and serve the tourists, features of the destination,
and its shortcomings. It is assessed to judge if the destination is fulfilling the requirement
of Accommodation, Attractions, Activities, or Amenities. It is also checked for the ease of
Accessibility.
Understand the Stakeholder Role: Tourism product development is the result of
collaborative efforts of various stakeholders. It involves identifying all the stakeholders in
private and public sectors, DMOs, Tourism and allied businesses, and their respective
roles in creating or developing a part of a tourism product. The stakeholder meetings are
conducted for creating a project plan. The project goals are set to realize long-term vision,
medium-term action plans, and short-term progress assessments.
Product Building: At this step, the product is actually built using required resources and
consultations of the expertise to create intermediate inputs (facilities and amenities) and
intermediate outputs (services). It encompasses not only development of destination
infrastructure but also support for special activities and experiences.
Marketing & Promotion: The functional and emotional benefits of the tourism at the
tourist destination are communicated to the market. The marketing people create
brochures, place advertisements on the business portals, and contact media to promote the
destination and the product on the television and radio. They also use various other
marketing techniques to increase the product visibility.
Providing Human and Technical Resource: It includes providing skilled staff and
contemporary technology to cater the needs of tourists efficiently, to handle all tourism
related operations at the destination effectively, and to communicate with the staff easily.

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 Part IV – Tourism Impacts, Trends, and Future
22. IMPACTS OF TOURISM

The only limit to your impact is your imagination and commitment.”

- Anthony Robbins, an American Life Coach.
Tourism is a sector that can contribute to the economic, environmental, and also social
growth of a region or country at large. At the same time, it can also adversely affect the
growth. If the negative outcomes of tourism are not allowed to outweigh the economic
benefits, then it can keep good balance between its beneficial outcomes and investments
made towards tourism. Not all impacts of tourism are overt. They are often indirect and
assessed by the judgement of the observer.
Let us see how tourism impacts economy, environment, and society.

Economic Impacts of Tourism

Let us see the positive and negative impacts of tourism on economy:

Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism

 Inbound tourism helps to generate revenue from foreign shores.
 Inbound and domestic tourism create job opportunities.
 Inbound and domestic tourism stimulate the development of infrastructure.
 It generates opportunities for small scale local businesses.

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism

 Outbound tourism creates economic leakage.
 All types of tourism create a sense of dependency on the customer or economic
recession.
 It can also promote parallel economies.
 The revenue earned from the tourism business seldom is beneficial to the local
population if the destination has accommodation provided by international hotels.

Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Let us see the impacts of tourism on environment:

Positive Impacts of Tourism on Environment

 It promotes investment in conservation of natural habitats.
 It thus in turn, contributes to the stability of the ecosystem.
 In developing countries, it discourages deforestation and over-fishing in large water
bodies.
 It contributes to creating awareness of the value of environment for humans.

Positive Impacts of Tourism on Environment

 It promotes vandalism and littering.
 It makes way for destruction of wild life and vegetation.
 It invites air, and water pollution.
 It creates a large carbon footprint.
 It creates a sense of dependency on the natural resources.

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Social Impacts of Tourism
Let us see the impacts of tourism on society:

Positive Impacts of Tourism on Society

 The infrastructure development also benefits the local population.
 It tends to make people aware of the superfluous customs prevailing in the region.
 It helps eradicate poverty by promoting the arts and crafts made by people who search
for a source of income.
 It fosters a sense of pride among locals.
 The bonds among communities are strengthened.

Negative Impacts of Tourism on Society

 It impedes the life of local population because of congestion, noise, and pollution.
 It can bring problems of alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution in the local
society.
 To make place for new accommodations or recreational facilities, the locals may be
displaced by acquiring their lands and violating human rights.
 It may act as a platform for the spread of contagious diseases.
 Tourism can change local community structure, family relationships, collective
traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality.

23. TOURISM – TRENDS AND FUTURE

“No matter why and where you travel. There is always something wonderfully new to
be found.”
- Anonymous.
Tourism is the bundle of tangible products and intangible services that can help to bring
most profound experience one can get. With respect to time, tourism has been changing
from the ancient form of religious tourism to a few new forms. Tourism industry
contributes to 9% of the global GDP and offers one from every 11 jobs. In addition, the
number of tourists have doubled over the past 20 years and a propelling growth is
expected in coming few years among all market segments.
Tourism industry has an intense potential to grow and generate revenues. Let us see, the
new shaping trends in tourism today.

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Digital Technology in Tourism
Today, tour operators and tourists, both are equipped with latest technology. It has
empowered the tourism business managers and tourists to explore, discover and reach
new places by facilitating online travel and accommodation bookings, and more.
The tourists use various mobile apps as simple as a compass app, online booking apps,
currency converter apps, world time apps, language translation apps, weather apps,
google maps, and restaurant or accommodation locating services on their mobile device.
The tourists can also add their own data to create overlay on the Google Map and explore
all possibilities in visiting a location by using Google Maps API. Some apps help to plan
the tour, find out cheap flights, local transport hubs, eating joints, and destination
attractions.
The apps enhance the tourist experience before, during, and after the tour.

Today, the large tour operators invest finances to create their own mobile apps. They are
inclined to use as less papers as they can and prefer to send pdf documents of itinerary to
their customers and insurance documents to insurance service providing clients. They
also use most of the apps the tourists use; plus, they highly rely on some apps such as
Trafalgar app, Passport to Tour app, mTripapp, which can connect them with the
tourists on the trip, track the itinerary, and get on-the-fly information of the tour.
Since technology is making tour operators reach their customers and clients at the speed
of light, the tour operators use it for promoting their business and various products,
increasing their brand awareness, knowing tourists’ preferences, and providing easy
access to their products and services.

New Trends in Tourism

Tourism is an ever changing industry. A few previously unknown or unnoted forms of

tourism are establishing today. Some of them are:

Polar Tourism
Arctic and Antarctic polar regions have always attracted tourists. Polar tourism is a
dynamically growing industry due to the efforts tour operators take to provide various
attractions, destinations, and activities for their customers. Adventure tourists and
common tourists who long for unique weather experience, solitude, and view of wild life
in its natural habitat opt for polar tourism.

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Space Tourism
It includes orbital and suborbital rocket flights into the space. Riding into the space for
recreation and unique experience was the idea behind this tourism. Till date, only very
rich tourists paying very large sum of money could possibly realize the dream to see
beyond the blue planet. In coming years, this extravagant tourism can be made available
for common people too.

Dark Tourism
Dark tourism is the oldest form of tourism developed recently. Due to the fear and natural
attraction to uncover mystery of death human beings always have, some tourists prefer to
visit the destinations such as battlefields, places of violent homicides, or any places
where large number of people lost their lives naturally or forcefully in the span of last
100 to 125 years.

For example, tourists visit Pompeii to see the corpses of the victims of the volcanic
disaster literally turned into plaster casts. The volcano on Mt. Vesuvius had destroyed the
ancient town of Pompeii. Though the disaster occurred and claimed thousands of lives
long ago, the threat of more such volcanic eruptions still exist today. Hence, Pompeii is
an archeological and also a dark tourism site.
Some more places the tourists visit for dark tourism are:
Chernobyl and Prypiat, Ukraine: Tourists visit this place to see the ruins of the nuclear
disaster that took place on 26 Apr 1986.

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Ground Zero, USA: It is The World Trade Centre site attracting tourists since the 9/11
attacks that took place in 2001.
Auschwitz, Germany: This dark site is famous for Nazi concentration camps with
various rooms piled with thousands of pairs of glasses, shoes, and human hair. It displays
the walls of the corridor exerting the lists of their victims' names and the dates of their
death, and the house of the camp commandant.
Costa Concordia: On the coasts of Tuscany, Italy; the site of this wrecked ship attracted
tourists for around two years.

Voluntourism
It is taking volunteered vacation and touring for charity. People do not just go touring for
recreation and fun but also to serve the community dealing with natural calamities. In
case of flash floods or cyclones, the people in the affected areas need support. Some
tourists voluntarily visit such places and extend their hands for help in whichever
possible way they can.
Also, tourists are travelling to care for orphans, for plantation, protecting wildlife, and
similar other tasks.

Luxury Tourism
It mainly pertains to the rich business tourists, who strongly believe that time is of prime
importance and they must pay to save time at any cost. Wealthy tourists are inclined to
undergo unique experience such as staying at a private island, personal attention from the
service providers and access to elite class attractions and amenities.

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Culinary Tourism
The tourists who like to receive local culinary experience, like to tour for this purpose.
They attend food festivals, food competitions, visit local farms, vineries, and cheese
manufacturing companies, interact with local community or cooks for special culinary
experience.

BRIC Tourism
The four major developing countries namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China have a great
potential for driving global economy through hospitality and tourism industry. These
countries are important for both inbound and outbound tourism. Global tour operators are
adapting their tourism businesses to exploit the huge market these countries provide.

Future of Tourism

It is quite obvious that tomorrow’s tourists and tour operators will tend to rely more on
technology. With the introduction of the next generation apps and online services, tourism
is going to get further accessible and enjoyable.
According to Ari Steinbuerg, the founder of a travel startup Vamo, the tourists will tend to
spend less time planning in advance. Efficient booking services and apps will enable the
tourists to create versatile itineraries with reasonable price. Future tourists would not
prefer to be confined to packaged tours. With the availability of large number of options,
the tourists would prefer to realize every possible wish regarding tourism.
With more flight connectivity, travelling modes and accommodations introducing more
comfort, technology helping mankind progressively, the tourism will continue to bring
momentum in its sector.

TOURISM IN NIGERIA
PROBLEM FACING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT NIGERIA.
One should have expected that the tourism industry of Nigeria should be the best in the world
because of the abundance of natural facilities there in ranging from mountains to valley,
forest, water falls and many others.
Despite the enormous role played by the tourism industry which contribute greatly to the
development of national economy and aviation industry in the world tourism industry in
Nigeria is still under different kind of problems, even in the past and present the industry is
being faced with these difficulties. In order to ensure transparency and development in the
industry, the problems deserve urgent attention and solution.Some of the problems are;
I. Problem of inadequate financing

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 II. Ineptitude on the part of government
III. Non-adoption and exploration of endowments
IV. Lack of Tourism education and awareness
V. Lack of good access road and transportation
VI. Lack of decent moderate, hotel accommodation at the tourism centers
VII. Ignorance of the importance and potentials.
VIII. Pilferage of our cultural objects and destruction of our monuments
IX. Appointment of wrong director generals to parastatals that handle tourism
X. Lack of public awareness and exhibition in the international market
XI. Insufficient provision of reservation and relaxation centers for tourists.
XII. Lack of qualified and adequate personnel’s.
XIII. Lack of social amenities, facilities and relaxation centers for tourists.
XIV. Lack of storage facilities for preservation
XV. Inability to promote local and traditional festivals in international events for physical
features.

SOLUTION TO TOURISM PROBLEM IN NIGERIA

(i) Adequate funding by Government
(ii) Public awareness on tourism through Radio
(iii) Adequate exploitation of Natural resources
(iv) Re-orientation of the mind on the importance of relaxation
(v) Government to simplified issuance of visas to intending visitors
(vi) Establishment of more tourism institution and wild-life management
(vii) Availability of good roads and efficient Aviation
(viii) Cheap, decent hotel accommodation
(ix) Tourism facility should publicize and market the nation’s tourist potentials abroad
(x) Provision of social Amenities and modern infrastructural facilities by government
(xi) Adequate security measures
(xii) Appointment of well experience, trained and qualified personnel

IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA

Some other benefits derived from tourism industries are:
a) Generation of revenue to Aviation industry.
b) It promotes art and culture of people.
c) Tourism encourages and promotes good transportation systems and policies.
d) Tourism encourages product of arts and crafts as the artists and marketers finds ready
mademarkets.
e) Tourism attracts foreign investors and thereby builds up country’s foreign reserve.
f) The scope of tours/travels has improved the technological advancement in the aviation
industry.
g) Tourism ensures relative booster of a nation’s economy and manpower.
h) Development of wild-life, thus economic advancement
i) Widen the scope of education and brings same to our door steps.
j) Tourism creates awareness in the existence of tourist centers and attractions in a
country.
k) Nigeria craft constitute a potential force in the development of technology and
economic stabilization in the rural areas.
l) Tourism provides gainful employment as a compliment to other sectors of the
economy

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