Micro Project Report

Title: High pressure mercury vapour lamp and LED lamp

High pressure mercury vapour lamp

 Introduction

A lamp is a device that illuminates a light on supplying electric current. There are different
types of electrical lamps they are, incandescent, mercury, sodium, CLF, LED lamps. The
mercury vapor lamp was invented in the year 1901 by Peter (New York). This is a high-
intensity discharge lamp that is commercially available and is designed to overcome the
disadvantage of fluorescent lamps (which is a cold-sensitive lamp). The main advantage of
this lamp is that it produces bright white light with a long rated life of 24000 hours. The day
to day application of this lamp can be observed is a street light.

Definition: A lamp that consists of vaporized mercury to generate light by using an electric
arc is known as a mercury vapor lamp. Basically, this lamp discharges gas when heated or
cooled. The mercury which is present inside the tube is in liquid form (at room temperature)
which is ionized before generating light. Its wavelength at low pressure ranges between 184
nm and 253 nm.
  Lamp Construction

It consists of 2 electrodes made up of an alloy of tungsten which is placed together in a medium

containing mercury vapor and 25-50 torr of pure argon gas. These electrodes are enclosed in
an elliptically shaped glass tube made up of silica.

 A Ballast component is similar to a transformer with high leakage reactance. It consists of

4 connecting ports like “Com, 240 V, 200 V, IGN”
 An Ignitor which consists of three ports like red, yellow and black
 It consists of 2 polarity pins for connection
 The main purpose of the ballast and ignitor is to control voltage and current.

The ballast port connection is made

 Com port is connected to one terminal of the lamp, 240V port is connected to the 200V
phase directly, 200V of ballast is connected to the yellow port of ignitor, and the IGN port
is connected to the red port of ignitor.

 The black terminal of an ignitor is connected to the neutral phase and also to the other
terminal of the lamp.
  Working of Mercury Vapor Lamp

The mercury vapor and neon gas (pink in color) present in the bulb requires high voltage at
the starting to illuminate light. When high voltage is applied, we can observe that the neon
gas which was originally in pink color will change into orange color by heating. It is similar
to a 100-watt glowing bulb and it takes 5 to 7 minutes to turn on completely.

The ignitor which is present internally consists of a bimetallic strip and capacitor, which
provides high starting voltage. When the bimetallic strip expands on heating, it will short-
circuit then the lamp will be turned ON. When this bimetallic strip cools, it disconnects the
connection and turns off the lamp. Hence by connecting the ballast and ignitor to this lamp,
the mercury vapor and neon gas get heated up and expands the bulb inside to illuminate the
light.

Mercury-Vapor-Lamp
  Advantages

The advantages of the mercury vapor lamp

 They are energy efficient (35 to 65 lumens/watts)

 Rated life of 24,000 hrs
 The output is clear white light
 It provides with high intensity
 It can be available in different colors, shapes, sizes, and ratings.

 Disadvantages

The disadvantages of the mercury vapor lamp

 Maintenance of lumen is poor

 It takes 5 to 7 minutes warmup before fully glowing the bulb
 The cooling time is 5 to 6 minutes
 They are voltage sensitive

 Applications of Mercury Vapor Lamp

The applications are

 Industrial areas
 Street lights
 Security
 Stairwells
 Home appliances like garages.
 LED (Light-emitting diode) lamp

 Introduction

An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces
light using one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps have a lifespan many
times longer than equivalent incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than
most fluorescent lamps, with some LED chips able to emit up to 303 lumens per watt (as
claimed by Cree and some other LED manufacturers). However, LED lamps require an
electronic LED driver circuit when operated from mains power lines, and losses from this
circuit mean the efficiency of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of the LED chips it uses.
The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have efficiencies of 200 lumens per
watt (Lm/W).

This tutorial will cover those wonderful blinky things, LEDs. We're going to cover how to
calculate the current going through an LED and in the mean time introduce two important
laws of electronics, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Ohm's Law. We'll begin by performing
experiments that will demonstrate how voltage and resistance affects current and then prove
those results with a little math. There's no coding involved in this exercise, and although we
use an Arduino in the images, you don't need one to follow along. We do suggest some other
kind of power supply so you can try out the experiments, but you can use even batteries in a
battery holder.
LEDs are so common, they come in dozens of different shapes and sizes. The LEDs you are
most likely to use are the through hole LEDs with two legs. There are lots of LEDs that are
small and hard to solder but these are easy to use with a breadboard because they have long
wires we can stick in. The clear or clear-ish bulb is what protects the light emitter (thats
where the magic happens). In fact, the first two letters of LED stand for Light Emitting.

A really nice thing about LEDs is that they are very simple. Unlike some chips that have
dozens of pins with names and special uses, LEDs have only two wires. One wire is the
anode (positive) and another is the cathode (negative). The two wires have different names
because LEDs only work in one direction and we need to keep track of which pin is which.
One goes to the positive voltage and the other goes to the negative voltage. Electronic parts
that only work in 'one direction' like this are called Diodes, thats what the last letter of LED
stands for.
  All the different colors

One of the best things about modern LEDs is all the colors they come in. It used to be that
LEDs were only red or maybe yellow and orange, which is why early electronics from the
70s and 80s only had red LEDs. The color emitted from an LED has to do with what type of
material they are made of. So red, for example, is made with Gallium Arsenide. Since then,
scientists have experimented with many other materials and figured out how to make other
colors such as green and blue, as well as violet and white.

LEDs come in all sorts of sizes as well. Here is a photo showing a 3mm, 5mm and 10mm
LED. the "millimeter" size refers to the diameter of the LED. For example, if you need to
drill a hole in a box for your 5mm blinky LED, the hole size should be 5mm, and you'd need
a 5mm drill bit to make it. 5mm are the most common size you'll see, and they can be
extremely bright
  LEDs Work

LEDs are semiconductor devices that combine a P-type semiconductor (larger hole
concentration) with an N-type semiconductor (larger electron concentration). Applying a
sufficient forward voltage will cause the electrons and holes to recombine at the P-N
junction, allowing current to flow and releasing energy in the form of light. Fundamentally a
diode, current only flows in one direction through the device, being blocked in the opposite
direction.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of
light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.[6]

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light.[7] Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as
those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of
low intensity and limited to red.
  Advantages

The Advantages of the LED lamp

 Energy efficiency
 Durability
 Extended life
 Instant on
 Rapid cycling

 Disadvantages

The disadvantages of the LED lamp

 Blue hazard
 Light quality
 Temperature dependence
 Blue pollution
 Voltage sensitivity

 Application of LED lamp

 Picture phones and digital watches.

 Camera flashes and automotive heat lamps.
 Aviation lighting.
 Digital computers and calculators.
 Traffic signals and Burglar alarms systems.
 Microprocessors and multiplexers.
 Optical Communication.
 Indicator lamps in electric equipment.