UBLO

SERVICE
EXCEL ENCEU
INTEGRITY

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to Submitted by
Mr. Manoj Rathee AkhilVerma
(Physics teacher) Class- XII B1
 INDEX
AIMOF ThE EXPERIMENT
" INTRODUCTION

" THEORY

"STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

STEP UP TRANSFORMER

"APPARATUS REQUIRED
" CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

" PROCEDURE

" OBSERVATIONS

" CONCLUSION

PRECAUTIONS

" SOURCE OF ERRORS

 AIM OF
PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of:

"Output and input voltage.

" Number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self designed transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
ATransformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing. an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. Atransformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers
are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so
smallthat it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.

Atransformer which increases the voltages is called a step

up transformer. Atransformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
plp2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as wellas in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.!'s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and

dþ / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep =-Np dep/dt (1)

and

Es = -Ns dh/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep =- Ns/ Np. (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E-Ep )in the instantaneous values ofthe
applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, plp2 coil, then the
instantaneous current ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep/ Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep=Es/E
= output e.mf/ input e.mf
= Ns/Np= K
Where Kis constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

0000000
00000
Ep
 STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
Es <E so K<1, hence Ns < Np
If

Ip =value of primary current at the same instant

And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip And

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transforme, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep lp = Es Is

Es/Ep =Ip / Is =K
 ILLUSTRATION

Step Down Transformer

Primary Secandary

1000V 200V
2A 10A

Cere
2000 W 20D0 W

Iron
core

Electricity Primary Secondary Electricity

in Coit Coil out
(input) (output)
 STEP UP.
TRANSFORMER

Es > Eso K>1, hence Ns > Np As, k> 1, so |p > Is or Is <

Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current
in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current &a step down transformer steps up the current.
 ILLUSTRATION
Step Up Transformer
Primary Secondary

100 V 400 V
10 A 55 turns 20 turns 2.5 A

Coru
1000 W 1000 W

Step up
Iron transformer
core

Electricity Primary, Secondary Electricity

in > Coil Coil >out
(input)
(outpul)
 APPARATUS
REQUIRED
IRON ROD

cOPPER WIRE

V VOLTMETER

AMMETER
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The mutual inductance term in the primary The mutual inductance term in the
clrcuit represents the load of the secondary. secondary represents the coupling from
It has the negative sign because it helps the the primary and acts as the voltage
source to produce more current in response source that drives the secondary circuit.
to increasing load in the secondary circuit.

V,=I,R+ L,a,. At M=1,R, +L,AI,

At

Primary Magnotic lield Secondary

R
R
Np
IRON CORE
 PROCEDURE
1Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through sland s2.
5.Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 OBSERVATION
TABLE

S.No. No. of No. of VoltageCurren Voltage in Current in Loss

turns in turns in in t in P. secondary secondary of
secondary primary coil coil (E.) coil power
primary B
coil (N,) coil (N)coil (E,)

8
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage
The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the
input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between
input and output coil of a transformer.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high

voltage.
2. While taking the readings of
rent and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
 SOURCES OF
ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed

due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.