DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Real Analysis
Course Number MMBSMJ3001
Credits 4
Course Category Major/Core
Prerequisite Courses Calculus
Contact Hours 4 Lectures/week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives The course will develop a deep and rigorous understanding of real line ℝ and of defining
terms to prove the results about convergence and divergence of sequences and series of real
numbers.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, student should be able to:
● Understand many properties of the real line, especially axiomatic theory and point
set topology on ℝ.
● Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and
to calculate their limit superior, limit inferior, and the limit of a bounded sequence.
● Apply the ratio, root, alternating series and limit comparison tests for convergence
and absolute convergence of an infinite series of real numbers.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: Fundamental Properties of Real Numbers
Bounded and unbounded sets, Supremum and infimum, Field axioms, Order axioms and
Completeness axioms on ℝ, Nested interval property, Archimedean property of real numbers and 12
representation of real numbers, Denseness property of rational numbers in ℝ, Dedekind theory of
real numbers, Dedekind-Cantor axioms, Inequalities of Cauchy-Schwartz, Minkowski and Holder,
Extended real number system.
UNIT II: Elements of Point Set Topology on ℝ
Neighbourhood of a point, Interior, exterior and boundary points, Open sets, Limits points and
derived set, Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, Adherent point and Closure of a set, Closed sets, 12
Compact sets, Heine-Borel Theorem, Connected sets, Dense sets, Perfect sets, Cantor sets.
UNIT III: Sequence of Real Numbers
Concept of sequence, Convergent and divergent sequences, Limit inferior and superior, Bounded
and unbounded sequences, Monotone sequences, Subsequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem for 12
sequence, Cauchy’s general principle of convergence, properly divergent sequences, Sequential
criterion of closed sets and compact sets, Cantor’s theory of real numbers.
UNIT IV: Series of Real Numbers
Introduction to series of real numbers, Sequence of partial sums and convergence of infinite series,
Necessary condition for the convergence of an infinite series, Positive term series, Comparison 12
tests (first type and limit form), Cauchy root test, D’Alembert’s ratio test with their applications,
Alternating series, Leibnitz test, Absolute and conditional convergence, Series of arbitrary terms,
Abel’s and Dirichlet’s tests, Rearrangement of series, Logarithmic and Condensation tests.
Total No. of Lectures 48
1. *R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert: Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons,
Textbooks*/ Singapore, 3rd Ed, 2003.
References 2. *S. C. Malik and S. Arora: Mathematical Analysis, New Academic Science Ltd, 5th Ed,
Books 2017.
3. W. Rudin: Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York,
3rd Ed, 1976.
4. T.M. Apostol: Mathematical Analysis, 2nd Ed., Narosa Distributor, New Delhi, 2002.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Ordinary Differential Equations
Course Number MMBSMJ3002
Credits 2
Course Category Major/Core
Prerequisite Course(s) Calculus
Contact Hours 2 Lectures/week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives The main objectives of this course are to introduce the students to the
exciting world of Differential Equations, Mathematical Modelling, and their
applications.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, student should be able to solve first
order nonlinear differential equation, second order boundary value problems
and linear differential equations of higher order using various techniques.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: First Order ODE
Exact differential equations; Integrating factors; Change of variables; Bernoulli equation;
Orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves; Equations of the first order and higher degree; 6
Equations solvable for p, y and x; Clairaut’s equation; Lagrange’s equation; Singular
solutions.
UNIT II: Higher Order ODE with Constant Coefficients
Homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear differential equations of order n with constant
coefficients; Complementary functions; particular integrals of certain well-known functions; 6
Variation of parameters.
UNIT III: Higher Order ODE with Variable Coefficients
Linear differential equations of second order with variables coefficients: Reduction of order;
Cauchy-Euler and Legendre linear differential equations; Series solution of differential 6
equations: Frobenius method. (Bessel’s linear Differential Equations for HA).
UNIT IV: Differential Equations in Three Variables
Total differential equations; Condition for integrability; Simultaneous total differential
equations; Methods of grouping and multipliers; System of linear differential equations with 6
constant coefficients; Triangular system of linear differential equations; Degenerate system
of linear differential equations.
Total No. of Lectures 24
1. *Zafar Ahsan: Differential Equations and their Applications, Prentice Hall of India, New
Textbook*/ Delhi, 3rd Ed, 2016.
Reference 2. Frank Ayres Jr: Theory and Problems of Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill Book
Books Company, 1972.
3. George F. Simmons: Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Tata
McGraw Hill Comp Ltd, New Delhi, 1974.
4. Dennis G. Zill: A first course in differential equations, Cengage Learning, 2008.
5. M. D. Raisinghania: Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, S. Chand, New Delhi, 18th
Ed., 2016.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Number Theory
Course Number MMBSMJ3003
Credits 2
Course Category Major/Core
Prerequisite Courses Set Theory
Contact Hours 2 Lectures/week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives This course aims to introduce the following concepts and cognitive skills.
It consists of mathematical induction, divisibility, prime numbers, congruences,
factorization, an arithmetic functions, primitive roots, Chinese remainder theorem,
Algebraic congruence (mod p), Lagrange’s theorem, Wilson’s theorem and their
applications.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
 Demonstrate knowledge of the basic definitions and theorems in number
theory.
 apply number theory algorithms and procedures to basic problems
 think and reason about abstract mathematics skills at writing mathematical
proofs.
 analyze and solve problems involving the distribution of primes.
 analyze and solve problems involving primitive roots.
 solve system of linear congruences using the Chinese remainder theorem.
 understand the basics of modular arithmetic.
 state and prove Lagrange’s theorem, Wilson theorem and its generalization
using Euler's function.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: Divisibility of Integers
Division algorithm and derived results, least common multiple, Greatest common divisor, 6
Euclid’s algorithm, Prime numbers, Relatively prime integers and related results.
UNIT II: Factorization in integers and an Arithmetic function
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic and its applications, Euler’s phi function and its 6
properties including multiplicative property, Gauss’s theorem and related problems.
UNIT III: Linear Congruences
Congruences, Euler’s theorem, Fermat’s theorem, Order of an integer (mod m), Linear 6
congruences, Chinese remainder theorem, Primitive roots
UNIT IV: Algebraic Congruences
Algebraic congruence (mod p), Lagrange’s theorem, Wilson theorem, Algebraic congruences 6
with composite modulus.
Total No. of Lectures 24
Textbook* / 1. *J. Hunter: Number Theory.
Reference Books 2. David M. Burton: Elementary Number Theory, 6th Ed.
3. G. B. Mathews: Theory of Number Part-I.
4. M. Erickson and A. Vazzana: Introduction to Number theory, Chapman & Hall/
CRC.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Basic Real Analysis
Course Number MMBSMN3004
Credits 4
Course Category Minor
Prerequisite Courses Calculus
Contact Hours 4 Lectures / week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives The course will develop a deep and rigorous understanding of real line ℝ and of
defining terms to prove the results about convergence and divergence of sequences
and series of real numbers.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, student should be able to:
● Understand many properties of the real line, especially axiomatic theory
and point set topology on ℝ.
● Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic
sequences and to calculate their limit superior, limit inferior, and the limit
of a bounded sequence.
● Apply the ratio, root, alternating series and limit comparison tests for
convergence and absolute convergence of an infinite series of real numbers.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: Real Number system and Countability of sets
Bounded and unbounded sets, Supremum and infimum, Field axioms, Order axioms
and Completeness axioms on ℝ, Nested interval property, Archimedean property of 12
real numbers and representation of real numbers, Denseness property of rational
numbers in R, Finite and infinite sets, Countable and uncountable sets.
UNIT II: Open, Closed sets and related results
Neighbourhood of a point, Interior, exterior and boundary points, Open sets, Limits
points and derived set, Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, Adherent point and Closure of a 12
set, Closed sets, Compact sets(definition and examples), Dense sets (using concept of
open sets and in terms of limit point), Heine-Borel Theorem, Connected sets(definition
and examples).
UNIT III: Sequence of Real Numbers
Concept of sequence, Convergent and divergent sequences, Limit inferior and superior,
Bounded and unbounded sequences, Monotone sequences, Subsequences, Bolzano 12
Weierstrass theorem for sequence, Cauchy’s general principle of convergence,
properly divergent sequences.
UNIT IV: Series of Real Numbers
Introduction to series of real numbers, Sequence of partial sums and convergence of
infinite series, Necessary condition for the convergence of an infinite series, Positive
term series, Comparison tests (first type and limit form), Cauchy root test, 12
D’Alembert’s ratio test with their applications, Alternating series, Leibnitz test,
Absolute and conditional convergence, Series of arbitrary terms, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s
tests, Rearrangement of series.
Total No. of Lectures 48
1. *R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert: Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and
Textbooks*/ Sons, Singapore, 3rd Ed, 2003.
References 2. *S. C. Malik and S. Arora: Mathematical Analysis, New Academic Science Ltd, 5th
Books Ed, 2017.
3. G.F. Simmons, Calculus with Analytical Geometry, McGraw Hill
4. T.M. Apostol: Mathematical Analysis, 2nd Ed., Narosa Distributor, New Delhi, 2002.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Elements of Ordinary Differential Equations
Course Number MMBSMN3005
Credits 2
Course Category Minor
Prerequisite Courses Calculus
Contact Hours 2 Lectures / week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives The main objectives of this course are to introduce the students to the exciting
world of Differential Equations, Mathematical Modelling, and their applications
to sciences, engg., social sciences etc.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, student should be able to solve first
order nonlinear differential equation, second order boundary value problems and
linear differential equations of higher order using various techniques.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: First Order ODE
Bernoulli equation; Exact differential equations; Integrating factors; Change of 6
variables; Orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves; Equations of the first order and
higher degree; Equations solvable for p, y and x; Clairaut’s equation; Lagrange’s
equation.
UNIT II: Higher Order ODE with Constant Coefficients
Linear differential equations of order n with constant coefficients and their types; 6
Complementary functions; particular integrals of certain well-known functions;
Variation of parameters.
UNIT III: Higher Order ODE with non-constant Coefficients
Linear differential equations of second order with variables coefficients: Reduction of 6
order; Cauchy-Euler and Legendre linear differential equations; Frobenius method for
series solution of differential equations.
UNIT IV: Differential Equations in More Than Two Variables
Total differential equations; Condition for integrability; Simultaneous total differential
equations; Methods of grouping and multipliers; System of linear differential equations 6
with constant coefficients; Triangular system of linear differential equations;
Degenerate system of linear differential equations.
Total No. of Lectures 24
1. *Zafar Ahsan: Differential Equations and their Applications, Prentice Hall of India,
Textbooks*/ New Delhi, 3rd Ed, 2016.
Reference 2. Frank Ayres Jr: Theory and Problems of Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill Book
Books Company, 1972.
3. George F. Simmons: Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes,
Tata McGraw Hill Comp Ltd, New Delhi, 1974.
4. Dennis G. Zill: A first course in differential equations, Cengage Learning, 2008.
5. M. D. Raisinghania: Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, S. Chand, New
Delhi, 18th Ed., 2016.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Functions of Several Variables
Course Number MMBSGE3006
Credits 4
Course Category Generic (Elective)
Prerequisite Courses Calculus
Contact Hours 4 Lectures / week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives To focus on general concepts of limit, continuity, and differentiability. To
introduce the idea of double and triple integrals.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
9. Express the physical problems containing more variables.
10. Understand the idea of local and absolute maxima, local and absolute
minima.
11. Find the area and volume of nonrectangular regions and be ready to
solve problems that arise in mathematical physics.
Contents of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Functions of several variables, level curves and level surfaces, Limits, and continuity
for functions of two variables, Partial derivatives, Relation between partial derivatives 12
and continuity, Cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Differentiability, Chain rule for
functions of two and three variables.
UNIT II: Applications of Partial Derivatives
Linearization and differentials, Extreme values and saddle points, Local and absolute
maxima, Local and absolute minima, Taylor’s formula for the function of two 12
variables, Partial derivatives with constrained variables.
UNIT III: Double Integrals
Double integrals over rectangular regions, Double integrals as volumes, Iterated
integrals, Double integrals over general regions, Fubini’s Theorem, Area by double 12
integration, Double integrals in Polar form.
UNIT IV: Triple Integrals
Triple integrals, Triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Equations of
well-known surfaces in cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Applications of triple 12
integrals, Dirichlet Integral formula.
Total No. of Lectures 48
1. *G. B. Thomas Jr., J. Hass, C. Heil, and M. D. Weir: Calculus, Pearson Education
Textbooks*/ Services Pvt Ltd, 12th Ed, 2009.
Reference 2. D. V. Widder: Advanced Calculus, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2nd Ed,
Books 2012.
3. H. Anton, I. Bivens, and D. Stephens, Calculus, Wiley; Tenth edition (2015).
4. N. Piskunov: Differential and Integral Calculus, Vol. I and II, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi, 1996.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
Syllabus of B.A./B.Sc. III Semester approved in BOS: 17-05-2022
Course Title Mathematical Logic and Reasoning
Course Number MMBSVO3007
Credits 2
Course Category Vocational and skill enhancement course
Prerequisite Courses Elementary set theory and plane geometry
Contact Hours Two lectures per week
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Tests 30%
Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives The ideas which are, essentially, well understood may need to be reformulated
before we proceed to prove or disprove anything. Therefore, the students need to
understand
1. The frame work under which a mathematical problem is addressed.
2. The deductive logic is applied only after assuming the postulates and
established properties of the given system.
3. Similarly, the criteria when inductive logic is to be applied.

Course Outcomes After the completion of the course, the students will be able to develop a holistic
approach to study all the system satisfying the given set of postulates.
Content of Syllabus No. of Lectures
UNIT I: Tautologies
Law of excluded middle, Truth table, Equivalents, Lexicographic ordering, Logically 6
equivalent statements, Conditional disjunctions, Demorgan law, examples
UNIT II: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Real numbers; The ordering of real numbers; The positive integers and induction 6
principle; The well ordering principle; Axiomatization of the properties.
UNIT III: Axiomatic System
Axiomatic system; Consistency of the system; Independence; Completeness and 6
Categoricalness; Models of deductions; Archimedian postulate and Euclidean
completeness.
UNIT IV: Set Theoretic Foundation of Mathematical Reasoning:
The language and notations of sets; The idea of functions; The set theoretic
interpretation of function and relation; The distance function; ,The ruler postulates; 6
The ruler placement theorem; Betweenness; Segments, rays, Angles and triangles;
Congruence of segments; Segment addition theorem.
Total No. of Lectures 24
Textbooks*/ 1. Edwin E. Moise: Elemetary Geometry from an advanced standpoint,
References Books secondt Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing, California, 1973
2. Bertrand Russell: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy; George Allen
& Unwin Ltd., Newyork