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6: The Rectangular Waveguide - Engineering LibreTexts

8.6: The Rectangular Waveguide

We showed in Section 8-1-2 that the electric and magnetic fields for TEM waves have the same form of solutions in the plane transverse to the transmission line axis as for statics.
The inner conductor within a closed transmission line structure such as a coaxial cable is necessary for TEM waves since it carries a surface current and a surface charge
distribution, which are the source for the magnetic and electric fields. A hollow conducting structure, called a waveguide, cannot propagate TEM waves since the static fields
inside a conducting structure enclosing no current or charge is zero.
However, new solutions with electric or magnetic fields along the waveguide axis as well as in the transverse plane are allowed. Such solutions can also propagate along
transmission lines. Here the axial displacement current can act as a source of the transverse magnetic field giving rise to transverse magnetic (TM) modes as the magnetic field
lies entirely within the transverse plane. Similarly, an axial time varying magnetic field generates transverse electric (TE) modes. The most general allowed solutions on a
transmission line are TEM, TM, and TE modes. Removing the inner conductor on a closed transmission line leaves a waveguide that can only propagate TM and TE modes.

Governing Equations
To develop these general solutions we return to Maxwell's equations in a linear source-free material:

∂H
∇ × E = −μ (8.6.1)
∂t
∂E
∇×H=ε
∂t
ε∇ ⋅ E = 0
μ∇ ⋅ H = 0
Taking the curl of Faraday's law, we expand the double cross product and then substitute Ampere's law to obtain a simple vector equation in E alone:

∇ × (∇ × E) = ∇ (∇ ⋅ E) − ∇2 E (8.6.2)
∂
= −μ (∇ × H)
∂t
∂ 2E
= −εμ 2
∂t
Since ∇ ⋅ E = 0 from Gauss's law when the charge density is zero, (2) reduces to the vector wave equation in E:

1 ∂ 2E 1
∇2 E = , c2 = (8.6.3)
c2 ∂t2 εμ
If we take the curl of Ampere's law and perform similar operations, we also obtain the vector wave equation in H:

1 ∂ 2H
∇2 H = (8.6.4)
c2 ∂t2
The solutions for E and H in (3) and (4) are not independent. If we solve for either E or H, the other field is obtained from (1). The vector wave equations in (3) and (4) are valid
for any shaped waveguide. In particular, we limit ourselves in this text to waveguides whose cross-sectional shape is rectangular, as shown in Figure 8-27.

Transverse Magnetic (TM) Modes

We first consider TM modes where the magnetic field has x and y components but no z component. It is simplest to solve (3) for the z component of electric field and then obtain
the other electric and magnetic field components in terms of Ez directly from Maxwell's equations in (1).
We thus assume solutions of the form

Ez = Re [E^z (x, y) ej(ωt−kz z) ] (8.6.5)

where an exponential z dependence is assumed because the cross-sectional area of the waveguide is assumed to be uniform in z so that none of the coefficients in (1) depends on
z . Then substituting into (3) yields the Helmholtz equation:

∂ 2 Ez ∂ 2 Ez ω2 ^
+ − ( k2z − ) Ez = 0 (8.6.6)
∂x2 ∂y 2 c2

Figure 8-27 A lossless waveguide with rectangular cross section.

This equation can be solved by assuming the same product solution as used for solving Laplace's equation in Section 4-2-1, of the form

E^z (x, y) = X (x) Y (y) (8.6.7)

where X (x) is only a function of the x coordinate and Y (y) is only a function of y. Substituting this assumed form of solution into (6) and dividing through by X (x) Y (y) yields

1 d2X 1 d2Y ω2
+ = k2z − (8.6.8)
X dx2 Y dy 2 c2
When solving Laplace's equation in Section 4-2-1 the right-hand side was zero. Here the reasoning is the same. The first term on the left-hand side in (8) is only a function of x
while the second term is only a function of y. The only way a function of x and a function of y can add up to a constant for all x and y is if each function alone is a constant,

1 d2X
= −k2x (8.6.9)
X dx2
1 d2Y
= −k2y
Y dy 2

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where the separation constants must obey the relation

k2x + k2y + k2z = k2 = ω2 /c2 (8.6.10)

When we solved Laplace's equation in Section 4-2-6, there was no time dependence so that ω = 0. Then we found that at least one of the wavenumbers was imaginary, yielding
decaying solutions. For finite frequencies it is possible for all three wavenumbers to be real for pure propagation. The values of these wavenumbers will be determined by the
dimensions of the waveguide through the boundary conditions.
^z (x, y) is
The solutions to (9) are sinusoids so that the transverse dependence of the axial electric field E

E^z (x, y) = (A1 sin kx x + A2 cos kx x) (B1 sin ky y + B2 cos ky y) (8.6.11)

Because the rectangular waveguide in Figure 8-27 is composed of perfectly conducting walls, the tangential component of electric field at the walls is zero:

E^z (x, y = 0) = 0, E^z (x = 0, y) = 0 (8.6.12)

E^z (x, y = b) = 0, E^z (x = a, y) = 0
These boundary conditions then require that A2 and B2 are zero so that (11) simplifies to

E^z (x, y) = E0 sin kx x sin ky y (8.6.13)

where E0 is a field amplitude related to a source strength and the transverse wavenumbers must obey the equalities

kx = mπ/a, m = 1, 2, 3, . . . (8.6.14)
ky = mπ/b, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Note that if either m or n is zero in (13), the axial electric field is zero. The waveguide solutions are thus described as TMmn modes where both m and n are integers greater than
zero.
The other electric field components are found from the z component of Faraday's law, where Hz = 0 and the charge-free Gauss's law in (1):

∂Ey ∂Ex
= (8.6.15)
∂x ∂y
∂Ex ∂Ey ∂Ez
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
By taking ∂/∂x of the top equation and ∂/∂y of the lower equation, we eliminate Ex to obtain

∂ 2 Ey ∂ 2 Ey ∂ 2 Ez
+ = − (8.6.16)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂y∂z
where the right-hand side is known from (13). The general solution for Ey must be of the same form as (11), again requiring the tangential component of electric field to be zero at
the waveguide walls,

E^y (x = 0, y) = 0, E^y (x = a, y) = 0 (8.6.17)

so that the solution to (16) is

jky kz E0
E^y = − 2 sin kx x cos ky y (8.6.18)
kx + k2y
We then solve for Ex using the upper equation in (15):

jkx kz E0
E^x = − cos kx x sin ky y (8.6.19)
k2x + k2y
where we see that the boundary conditions

E^x (x, y = 0) = 0, E^x (x, y = b) = 0 (8.6.20)

are satisfied.
The magnetic field is most easily found from Faraday's law

^ (x, y) = − 1 ∇ × E
H ^ (x, y) (8.6.21)
jωμ
to yield

^ ^
^ x = − 1 ( ∂Ez − ∂Ey )
H (8.6.22)
jωμ ∂y ∂z
ky k2
=− E0 sin kx x cos ky y
jωμ (k2x + k2y )
jωεky
= E0 sin kx x cos ky y
k2x + k2y
^ ^
^ y = − 1 ( ∂ Ex − ∂ Ez )
H
jωμ ∂z ∂x
k y k 2 E0
= cos kx x sin ky y
jωμ (k2x + k2y )
jωεkx
=− E0 cos kx x sin ky y
k2x + k2y
^z = 0
H
Note the boundary conditions of the normal component of H being zero at the waveguide walls are automatically satisfied:

H^ y (x, y = 0) = 0, ^ y (x, y = b) = 0
H (8.6.23)
^ x (x = 0, y) = 0,
H ^ y (x = a, y) = 0
H
The surface charge distribution on the waveguide walls is found from the discontinuity of normal D fields:

(8.6.24)

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jk z k x ε
^ f (x = 0, y) = εE^x (x = 0, y) = −
σ E0 sin ky y
k2x + k2y
jk z k x ε
σ^ f (x = a, y) = −εE^x (x = a, y) = E0 cos mπ sin ky y
k2x + k2y
jk z k y ε
^ f (x, y = 0) = εE^x (x, y = 0) = −
σ E0 sin kx x
k2x + k2y
jk z k y ε
^ f (x, y = b) = −εE^x (x, y = 0) = −
σ E0 cos nπ sin kx x
k2x + k2y
Similarly, the surface currents are found by the discontinuity in the tangential components of H to be purely z directed:

(8.6.25)
ky k2 E0 sin kx x
^ z (x, y = 0) = −H
K ^ x (x, y = 0) =
jωμ (k2x + k2y )

^ z (x, y = b) = H
^ x (x, y = b) = − k y k 2 E0
K sin kx x cos nπ
jωμ (k2x + k2y )

^ z (x = 0, y) = H
^ x (x, y = 0) = k x k 2 E0
K sin ky y
jωμ (k2x + k2y )
kx k2 E0 cos mπ sin ky y
^ z (x = a, y) = −H
K ^ x (x = a, y) = −
jωμ (k2x + k2y )
We see that if m or n are even, the surface charges and surface currents on opposite walls are of opposite sign, while if m or n are odd, they are of the same sign. This helps us in
plotting the field lines for the various TMmn . modes shown in Figure 8-28. The electric field is always normal and the magnetic field tangential to the waveguide walls. Where
the surface charge is positive, the electric field points out of the wall, while it points in where the surface charge is negative. For higher order modes the field patterns shown in
Figure 8-28 repeat within the waveguide.
Slots are often cut in waveguide walls to allow the insertion of a small sliding probe that measures the electric field. These slots must be placed at positions of zero surface current
so that the field distributions of a particular mode are only negligibly disturbed. If a slot is cut along the z direction on the y = b surface at x = a/2, the surface current given in
(25) is zero for TM modes if sin(kx a/2) = 0 , which is true for the m = even modes.

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

When the electric field lies entirely in the xy plane, it is most convenient to first solve (4) for Hz . Then as for TM modes we assume a solution of the form

Hz = Re [H
^ z (x, y) ej(ωt−kz z) ] (8.6.26)

which when substituted into (4) yields

^z
∂ 2H ^z
∂ 2H ω2 ^
+ − ( k2z − ) Hz = 0 (8.6.27)
∂x2 ∂y 2 c2

Electric field ( ⟶ )

^x = −jkx kz E0
E cos kx x sin ky y
k2x +k2y
−jky kz E0
^y =
E sin kx x cos ky y
k2x +k2y
^x = E0 sin kx x sin ky y
E
dy Ey ky tan kx x
dx
= Ex
= kx tan ky y
( / )2
[cos kx x] ky kx
⇒ cos ky y
= const

Magnetic field (- - - )

^x =
H
jωεky
E0 sin kx x cos ky y
k2x +k2y

^y = −jωεkx
H E0 cos kx x sin ky y
k2x +k2y
dy Hy −kx cot kx x
dx
= Hx
= ky cot ky y
⇒ sin kx x sin ky y = const
1/2
kx = [ ωc2 − k2x − k2y ]
2
kx = mπ
a
, ky = nπ
b
, .

Figure 8-28 The transverse electric and magnetic field lines for the TM11 and TM21 modes. The electric field is purely z directed where the field lines converge.
Again this equation is solved by assuming a product solution and separating to yield a solution of the same form as (11):

^ z (x, y) = (A1 sin kx x + A2 cos kx x) (B1 sin ky y + B2 cos ky y)

H (8.6.28)
The boundary conditions of zero normal components of H at the waveguide walls require that

(8.6.29)
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^ x (x = 0, y) = 0,
H ^ x (x = a, y) = 0
H
H^ y (x, y = 0) = 0, ^ y (x, y = b) = 0
H
Using identical operations as in (15)-(20) for the TM modes the magnetic field solutions are

^ x = jkz kx H0 sin kx x cos ky y,

H kx =
mπ
, ky =
nπ
(8.6.30)
k2x + k2y a b
^ y = jkz ky H0 sin kx x cos ky y
H
k2x + k2y
H^ z = H0 cos kx x cos ky y

The electric field is then most easily obtained from Ampere's law in (1),

^ = 1 ∇×H
E ^ (8.6.31)
jωε
to yield
1 ∂ ^ ∂ ^
E^x = ( H z− Hy) (8.6.32)
jωε ∂y ∂z
ky k2 H 0
=− cos kx x sin ky y
jωε (k2x + k2y )
jωμky
= 2 H0 cos kx x sin ky y
kx + k2y
^x ^z
( )
1 ∂H ∂H
E^y = −
jωε ∂z ∂x
kx k2 H 0
= sin kx x cos ky y
jωε (k2x + k2y )
jωμkx
=− H0 sin kx x cos ky y
k2x + k2y
E^z = 0
We see in (32) that as required the tangential components of the electric field at the waveguide walls are zero. The surface charge densities on each of the walls are:

(8.6.33)
2
−ky k H0
^ f (x = 0, y) = εE^x (x = 0, y) =
σ sin ky y
jω (k2x + k2y )
ky k2 H 0
^ f (x = a, y) = −εE^x (x = a, y) =
σ cos mπ sin ky y
jω (k2x + k2y )
kx k2 H 0
^ f (x, y = 0) = εE^y (x, y = 0) = −
σ sin kx x
jω (k2x + k2y )
kx k2 H 0
^ f (x, y = b) = −εE^y (x, y = b) = −
σ cos nπ sin kx x
jω (k2x + k2y )
For TE modes, the surface currents determined from the discontinuity of tangential H now flow in closed paths on the waveguide walls:

^ (x = 0, y) = ix × H
K ^ (x = 0, y) (8.6.34)
^ ^ z (x = 0, y)
= iz H y (x = 0, y) − iy H
^ (x = a, y) = −ix × H
K ^ (x = a, y)
^ y (x = a, y) + iy H
= −i z H ^ z (x = a, y)
^ (x, y = 0) = iy × H
K ^ (x, y = 0)
^ x (x, y = 0) + ix H
= −i z H ^ z (x, y = 0)
^ (x, y = b) = −iy × H
K ^ (x, y = b)
^ x (x, y = b) − ix H
= iz H ^ z (x, y = b)

Note that for TE modes either n or m (but not both) can be zero and still yield a nontrivial set of solutions. As shown in Figure 8-29, when n is zero there is no variation in the
fields in the y direction and the electric field is purely y directed while the magnetic field has no y component. The TE11 and TE21 field patterns are representative of the higher
order modes.

Cut-Off
The transverse wavenumbers are
mπ nπ
kx = , ky = (8.6.35)
a b
so that the axial variation of the fields is obtained from (10) as
1/2
1/2 ω2 mπ 2 nπ 2
− k2x − k2y ] = [ ) −( ) ]
ω2
kz = [ −( (8.6.36)
c2 c2 a b

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Figure 8-29 (a) The transverse electric and magnetic field lines for various TE modes. The magnetic field is purely z directed where the field lines converge. The TE10 mode is
called the dominant mode since it has the lowest cut-off frequency. (b) Surface current lines for the TE10 mode.

Figure 8-29
Thus, although kx and ky are real, kz can be either pure real or pure imaginary. A real value of kz represents power flow down the waveguide in the z direction. An imaginary
value of kz means exponential decay with no time-average power flow. The transition from propagating waves (kz real) to evanescence (kz imaginary) occurs for kz = 0. The
frequency when is zero is called the cut-off frequency ωc :
1/2
mπ 2 nπ 2
ω c = c [( ) +( ) ] (8.6.37)
a b
This frequency varies for each mode with the mode parameters m and n. If we assume that a is greater than b, the lowest cut-off frequency occurs for the TE10 mode, which is
called the dominant or fundamental mode. No modes can propagate below this lowest critical frequency ωc0 :
πc ωc0 c
ωc0 = ⇒ fc0 = = Hz (8.6.38)
a 2π 2a
If an air-filled waveguide has a = 1 cm, then fc0 = 1.5 × 1010 Hz, while if a = 10 cm , then fc0 = 15 MHz. This explains why we usually cannot hear the radio when driving
through a tunnel. As the frequency is raised above ωc0 , further modes can propagate.
The phase and group velocity of the waves are
ω ω
vp = = 1/2
(8.6.39)
kz
[ ωc2 − ( mπ
a ) −( b ) ]
2 2 nπ 2

dω kz c2 c2
vg = = = ⇒ vg vp = c2
dkz ω vp
At cut-off, vg = 0 and vp = ∞ with their product always a constant.

Waveguide Power Flow

The time-averaged power flow per unit area through the waveguide is found from the Poynting vector:
1
< S >= Re (E ^ ∗)
^ ×H (8.6.40)
2
(a) Power Flow for the TM Modes
Substituting the field solutions found in Section 8-6-2 into (40) yields
1
<S>= Re [(E^x ix + E^y iy + E^z iz ) e−jkz z × (H^ ∗ ix + H
x
^ ∗ iy ) e+jk∗z z ]
y (8.6.41)
2
1
= Re [(E^x H ^ ) iz + E^z (H ^ ix )] e−j(kz −k∗z )z
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
^ − E^y H ^ iy − H
y x x y
2
where we remember that kz may be imaginary for a particular mode if the frequency is below cut-off. For propagating modes where kz is real so that kz = k∗z , there is no z
dependence in (41). For evanescent modes where kz is pure imaginary, the z dependence of the Poynting vector is a real decaying exponential of the form e−2|kz |z . For either case
^z with ff. and H
we see from (13) and (22) that the product of E ^ x is pure imaginary so that the real parts of the x- and y-directed time average power flow are zero in (41). Only
the z -directed power flow can have a time average:
2
ωε|E0 |
Re [kz e−j(kz −kz )z (k2x cos2 kx x sin2 ky y + k2y sin2 kx x cos2 ky y)] iz
∗
< S >= (8.6.42)
2 (k2x + k2y )
If kz is imaginary, we have that < S >= 0 while a real kz results in a nonzero time-average power flow. The total z -directed power flow is found by integrating (42) over the
cross-sectional area of the waveguide:

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a b
<P >=∫ ∫ < Sz > dxdy (8.6.43)
x=0 y=0
ωεkz abE02
=
8 (k2x + k2y )
where it is assumed that kz is real, and we used the following identities:

(8.6.44)
a 1 mπx 1 2mπx ∣a a/2, m ≠ 0
( )∣ = {
mπx a
∫ sin2
dx = − sin
0 a mπ 2 a 4 a ∣0 0, m = 0
a
1 mπx 1 2mπx ∣a a/2, m ≠ 0
( )∣ = {
mπx a
∫ cos2 dx = + sin
0 a mπ 2 a 4 a ∣0 0, m = 0
For the TM modes, both m and n must be nonzero.
(b) Power Flow for the TE Modes
The same reasoning is used for the electromagnetic fields found in Section 8-6-3 substituted into (40):
1
<S>= Re [(E^x ix + E^y iy ) e−jkz z × (H ^ ∗ ix + H
x y
^ ∗ iz ) e+jk∗z z ]
^ ∗ iy + H
z (8.6.45)
2
1 ^ ∗y − E^y H
^ ∗x ) iz − H
^ ∗z (E^x iy − E^y ix )] e−j(kz −k∗z )z
= Re [(E^x H
2
∗
^ with E^x and E^y is pure imaginary so that there are no x-and y-directed time average power flows. The z -directed power flow
Similarly, again we have that the product of H z
reduces to

1 ωμH02
(k2y cos2 kx x sin2 ky y + k2x sin2 kx x cos2 ky y) Re (kz e−j(kz −kz )z )
∗
< Sz >= (8.6.46)
2 (k x + k y )
2 2

Again we have nonzero z -directed time average power flow only if kz is real. Then the total z-directed power is

⎧
⎪
⎪
ωμkz abH02
, m, n ≠ 0
< Sz > dx dy = ⎨
a b 8(k2x +k2y )
< P >= ∫ ∫ (8.6.47)
x=0 y=0 ⎪
⎩
⎪
ωμkz abH02
2 2 , m or n ≠ 0
4(kx +ky )

where we again used the identities of (44). Note the factor of 2 differences in (47) for either the TE10 or TE01 , modes. Both m and n cannot be zero as the TE00 mode reduces to
the trivial spatially constant uncoupled z -directed magnetic field.

Wall Losses
If the waveguide walls have a high but noninfinite Ohmic conductivity σw , we can calculate the spatial attenuation rate using the approximate perturbation approach described
in Section 8-3-4b. The fields decay as e−αz , where
1 < PdL >
α= (8.6.48)
2 <P >
where < PdL > is the time-average dissipated power per unit length and < P > is the electromagnetic power flow in the lossless waveguide derived in Section 8-6-5 for each of
the modes.
In particular, we calculate a for the TE00 mode (kx = π/a, ky = 0). The waveguide fields are then

^ = H0 (ix jkz a sin πx + cos πx iz )

H (8.6.49)
π a a
^ =− jωμa πx
E H0 sin iy
π a
The surface current on each wall is found from (34) as
^ (x = 0, y) = K
K ^ (x = a, y) = −H0 iy (8.6.50)
^ (x, y = b) = H0 (−iz jkz a sin πx + ix cos πx )
^ (x, y = 0) = −K
K
π a a
With lossy walls the electric field component Ew within the walls is in the same direction as the surface current proportional by a surface conductivity σw δ, where δ is the skin
depth as found in Section 8-3-4b. The time-average dissipated power density per unit area in the walls is then:

< Pd (x = 0, y) > =< Pd (x = a, y) > (8.6.51)

1 H2
= Re (E ^ ∗) = 1 0
^w ⋅ K
2 2 σw δ
< Pd (x, y = 0) > =< Pd (x, y = b) >
2
[( ]
1 H02
) sin2
kz a πx πx
= + cos2
2 σw δ π a a

The total time average dissipated power per unit length < PdL > required in (48) is obtained by integrating each of the terms in (51) along the waveguide walls:
b
< PdL > = ∫ [< Pd (x = 0, y) > + < Pd (x = a, y) >] dy (8.6.52)
0
a
+∫ [< Pd (x, y = 0) > + < Pd (x, y = b) >] dx
0
kz a 2 2 πx
∫ [( ] dx
H02 b H02 a
) sin
πx
= + + cos2
σw δ σw δ 0 π a a
2
{b + [(
H02 H2 a ω 2 a2
) + 1]} = 0 [b + ( )]
a kz a
=
σw δ 2 π σw δ 2 π 2 c2

while the electromagnetic power above cut-off for the TE10 mode is given by (47),

ωμkz abH02
< P >= 2
(8.6.53)
4(π/a)
so that

2( πa ) [b + a2 ( ωπ 2ac2 )]
2 2 2

1 < PdL >

α= = (8.6.54)
2 <P > ωμabkz σw δ
where

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11/15/24, 3:47 PM 8.6: The Rectangular Waveguide - Engineering LibreTexts
1/2
ω2 π 2
kz = [ −( ) ]
ω π
; > (8.6.55)
c2 a c a

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content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

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