Quantitative Research

• Quantitative research is the process of

collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns
and averages, make predictions, test
causal relationships, and generalize
results to wider populations.
 CHARACTERISTICS

1. Enthusiasm and passion for the topic: A characteristic that is

often seen in researchers is a genuine interest and excitement
about the subject they are studying. This enthusiasm helps drive
them to continue their research despite challenges and setbacks.

2. Curiosity and a thirst for knowledge: Researchers are naturally

curious individuals who are always seeking to learn more about
their chosen field. This curiosity drives them to ask questions,
explore different perspectives, and seek out new information
3. Analytical and critical thinking skills: Researchers need to
be able to think critically about the information they gather,
analyze data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Strong
analytical skills are essential for conducting high-quality
research.

4.Perseverance and resilience: Research can be a long and

challenging process, and setbacks are common. Researchers
need to be resilient and persistent, willing to overcome
obstacles and continue moving forward despite difficulties
5.Attention to detail: Research often involves collecting and
analyzing large amounts of data, and even small errors can
have a significant impact on the results. Researchers need to
have a keen eye for detail and be meticulous in their work to
ensure the accuracy and reliability of their findings

6.Collaboration and communication skills: Research is often a

collaborative endeavor, requiring researchers to work with
others, share ideas, and communicate their findings
effectively. Strong interpersonal and communication skills
are essential for successful research projects
• 7.Ethical and honest behavior: Research involves a
commitment to ethical conduct and honesty in all
aspects of the work. Researchers must adhere to ethical
guidelines, maintain integrity in their research practices,
and be transparent in reporting their findings.
Advantages & Disadvantages

• Quantitative research is a powerful tool for those looking

to gather empirical data about their topic of study. Using
statistical models and math, researchers evaluate their
hypothesis. An integral component of quantitative
research – and truly, all research – is the careful and
considered analysis of the resulting data points.
5 Advantages of Quantitative Research

• Businesses who research their customers intimately often

outperform their competitors. Knowing the reasons why
a customer makes a particular purchasing decision makes
it easier for companies to address issues in their
audiences. Data analysis of this kind can be used for a
wide range of applications, even outside the world of
commerce.
• Quantitative research can be done anonymously.

• Unlike qualitative research questions – which often ask

participants to divulge personal and sometimes sensitive
information – quantitative research does not require
participants to be named or identified. As long as those
conducting the testing are able to independently verify
that the participants fit the necessary profile for the test,
then more identifying information is unnecessary.
• Quantitative research processes don’t need to be directly
observed.

• Whereas qualitative research demands close attention be

paid to the process of data collection, quantitative research
data can be collected passively. Surveys, polls, and other
forms of asynchronous data collection generate data points
over a defined period of time, freeing up researchers to
focus on more important activities.
• Quantitative research is faster than other methods.

• Quantitative research can capture vast amounts of data far

quicker than other research activities. The ability to work in
real-time allows analysts to immediately begin incorporating
new insights and changes into their work – dramatically
reducing the turn-around time of their projects. Less delays
and a larger sample size ensures you will have a far easier
go of managing your data collection process.
• Quantitative research is verifiable and can be used to duplicate
results.

• The careful and exact way in which quantitative tests must be

designed enables other researchers to duplicate the
methodology. In order to verify the integrity of any
experimental conclusion, others must be able to replicate the
study on their own. Independently verifying data is how the
scientific community creates precedent and establishes trust in
their findings.
5 Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

• Testing models are more difficult to create.

• Creating a quantitative research model requires careful

attention to be paid to your design. From the hypothesis to
the testing methods and the analysis that comes after, there
are several moving parts that must be brought into
alignment in order for your test to succeed. Even one
unintentional error can invalidate your results, and send
your team back to the drawing board to start all over again
• Tests can be intentionally manipulative.

• Bad actors looking to push an agenda can sometimes create

qualitative tests that are faulty, and designed to support a
particular end result. Apolitical facts and figures can be
turned political when given a limited context. You can
imagine an example in which a politician devises a poll with
answers that are designed to give him a favorable outcome –
no matter what respondents pick.
• Results are open to subjective interpretation.

• Whether due to researchers’ bias or simple accident, research

data can be manipulated in order to give a subjective result.
When numbers are not given their full context, or were
gathered in an incorrect or misleading way, the results that
follow can not be correctly interpreted. Bias, opinion, and
simple mistakes all work to inhibit the experimental process –
and must be taken into account when designing your tests.
• More expensive than other forms of testing.

• Quantitative research often seeks to gather large

quantities of data points. While this is beneficial for the
purposes of testing, the research does not come free. The
grander the scope of your test and the more thorough you
are in it’s methodology, the more likely it is that you will
be spending a sizable portion of your marketing expenses
on research alone.
• Polling and surveying, while affordable means of
gathering quantitative data, can not always generate the
kind of quality results a research project necessitates.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
-aims to accurately and systematically describe a population,
situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how
questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design can
use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more
variables.
Let’s consider some Descriptive Research Example:
• In social sciences, an example could be a study analyzing the
demographics of a specific community to understand its socio-
economic characteristics. In business, a market research survey
aiming to describe consumer preferences would be a descriptive
study.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
-investigates relationships between variables without the researcher
controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation reflects the strength
and/or direction of the relationship between two (or more) variables. The
direction of a correlation can be either positive or negative.
Examples:
• Include studies looking into the relationship between alcohol
consumption and unemployment, the relationship between academic
performance and career success, or the relationship between income
levels and crime.
CAUSAL COMPARATIVE
-is used to identify a cause and effect relationship between
two variables, where one variable is dependent and another is
independent. It has aspects in common with experimentation but
cannot be considered a true experiment.
Example:
• A researcher may wish to compare the body composition of
persons who have only trained with free weights versus persons
who have only trained with exercise machines.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
- are studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not
use randomization. Similar to randomized trials, quasi-experiments
aim to demonstrate causality between an intervention and an
outcome .Other quasi-experimental methods still include creating a
hypothesis and investigating that hypothesis through a study.
Example:
• -studying a specific classroom of students to determine certain
learning outcomes. Participants are predetermined because they
were students in that specific classroom prior to the study.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
-a kind of study that rigidly follows a scientific research design. It
involves testing or attempting to prove a hypothesis by way of
experimentation. As such, it uses one or more independent variables,
manipulating them and then using them on one or more dependent
variables.
Example:
• Scenario can be a “clinical trial for a new medication”. This scenario
aims to determine whether the new type of drug applies to the patient.
Accordingly, patients with hypertension diagnosed by a medical
practitioner are randomly assigned to two groups.
Sources of Related Literature

1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar

references.

2. Articles published in professional journals,

magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other
publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters
and diaries.

4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.

5. The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from
government offices and departments, especially from the
office of the Presidents of the Philippines and the
Department of Education (DepEd).

7. Records of schools, public and private, especially

reports of their activities.
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.

9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social,

economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from
the government and other entities.
• ”Kind of sources”

1. Primary Sources: These include artifacts, autobiographies,

court records, diaries, emails, speeches, letters, interviews,
official reports, drawings, maps, photographs, and other
firsthand materials.

2. Secondary Sources: These encompass biographies, critical

analyses of an author’s work, dictionaries, journal articles,
handbooks, magazines, newspapers, reports, and textbooks.
• “Related Studies/literature
•
Related studies refer to previously conducted inquiries or
research that are relevant to or share similarities with the
current study. Typically, these are unpublished materials
such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations (Calderon &
Gonzales, 2015).
• These studies can be classified into:
•
• 1. Local: Studies conducted within the Philippines.

2. Foreign/International: Studies conducted outside the

Philippines.
• To locate sources of related literature and studies, Calderon & Gonzales
(2015) suggest checking:
•
• 1. Libraries (both government and private, including school libraries)

2. Government and private offices

3. The National Library

4. Online databases and websites (Aparejo, 2018)

Variables