Data and Computer

Communications
(EECS 3150)

Tenth Edition
by William Stallings
(PPT modified Fall 2022 by J. kim)

Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2013
 CHAPTER 1

Data Communications, Data

Networks, and the Internet
(Introduction and Overview)
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point”

- The Mathematical Theory of Communication,

Claude Shannon
Technological Advancement
Driving Forces
 Notable Trends
Trend toward faster and Today’s networks are more
cheaper, in both computing and “intelligent”
communication • Differing levels of quality of service
• More powerful computers supporting (QoS)
more demanding applications • Variety of customizable services in the
• The increasing use of optical fiber and areas of network management and
high-speed wireless has brought security
transmission prices down and greatly
increased capacity

The Internet, the Web, and Mobility

associated applications have • iPhone, Droid, and iPad have become
emerged as dominant features drivers of the evolution of business
for both business and personal networks and their use
• Enterprise applications are now routinely
network landscapes delivered on mobile devices
• “Everything over IP” • Cloud computing is being embraced
• Intranets and extranets are being used to
isolate proprietary information
Internet-enabled
Device Growth*

Source: statistica.com
Changes in Networking
Technology

* Emergence of high-speed LANs

* Corporate WAN needs

* Digital Electronics
Emergence of High-Speed LANs
 Personal computers and microcomputer
workstations have become an essential tool for
office workers Explosive growth
of speed and
computing power
Two of personal
significant computers
trends altered LANs have been
the recognized as a
requirements viable and
of the LAN essential
computing
platform

 Examples of requirements that call for higher-

speed LANs:
 Centralized server farms
 Power workgroups
 High-speed local backbone
 Corporate Wide Area
Networking Needs
Changes Growing use of telecommuting

in Nature of the application structure has changed

corporate
data Intranet computing
traffic More reliance on personal computers, workstations, and servers
patterns
are More data-intensive applications
driving Most organizations require access to the Internet
the
creation Traffic patterns have become more unpredictable
of high- Average traffic load has risen
speed
WANs More data is transported off premises and into the wide area
 Digital Electronics
 The rapid conversion of consumer electronics
to digital technology is having an impact on
both the Internet and corporate intranets
 Image and video traffic carried by networks is
dramatically increasing
• Because of their huge storage capacity digital versatile
disks (DVDs) are being incorporated into Web sites
• Digital camcorders have made it easier to make digital
video files to be placed on corporate and Internet Web
sites
 Convergence
The merger of previously

distinct telephony and Layers:
information technologies and
markets
Applications
 Involves:
Enterprise services
• Moving voice into a These are seen
data infrastructure by the end users Infrastructure
Services the
• Integrating all the voice information
and data networks Communication
network supplies links available to
inside a user to support
organization into a the enterprise
single data network applications
infrastructure
• Then extending that
into the wireless arena
 Foundation is packet-
based transmission
using the Internet
Protocol (IP)
 Increases the function
and scope of both the
infrastructure and the
application base
 Table 1.1
Communications Tasks

These tasks are so common across communications platforms that

a model was created circa 1980 to capture these tasks:
Open-systems Interconnect model
 Notes on the Model
Digital bit Analog Analog Digital bit
stream signal signal stream
Text Text

Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter

Xmitr incorporates
System

1 2 3 4 5 6

encoding / modulation
Input Input data Transmitted Received Output data Output
information g(t) signal signal g'(t) information
m s(t) r(t) m'

 Recvr incorporates
decoding / demodulation
Figure 1.4 Simplified Data Communications Model

 Binary PSK example:  RZ Encoding example:

 Manchester encoding
 Binary FSK example example:
Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of
any communications facility
is the transmission line
Reliability

The business manager is

concerned with a facility Cost
providing the required
capacity, with acceptable Transmission
reliability, at minimum cost
Line
Transmission Mediums
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications
transmission are:

Fiber optic transmissions

and
Wireless transmissions
 Transmission Services
 Remain the most costly component of a
communications budget
 Two major approaches to greater efficiency:
 Networks
 Itis estimated that by 2025 there will be
over 40 billion fixed and mobile networked
devices
 This affects traffic volume in a number of
ways:
• It enables a user to be continuously consuming
network capacity
• Capacity can be consumed on multiple devices
simultaneously
• Different broadband devices enable different
applications which may have greater traffic
generation capability
 Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously

Voice Data

Image Video
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Span a large geographical area

 Require the crossing of public right-of-ways

 Rely in part on common carrier circuits

 Typically
consist of a number of
interconnected switching nodes
 Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Circuit Switching
 Uses a dedicated communications path
 Connected sequence of physical links
between nodes
 Logical channel dedicated on each link
 Rapid transmission
 The most common example of circuit
switching is the telephone network
 Packet Switching
 Data are sent out in a sequence of small
chunks called packets
 Packets are passed from node to node
along a path leading from source to
destination
 Packet-switching networks are commonly
used for terminal-to-terminal computer and
computer-to-computer communications
 Frame Relay

 Developed to take advantage of high data

rates and low error rates
 Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
 Key to achieving high data rates is to strip
out most of the overhead involved with
error control
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
 Referred to as cell relay
 Culmination of developments in circuit
switching and packet switching
 Uses fixed-length packets called cells
 Works in range of 10s and 100s of Mbps
and in the Gbps range
 Allows multiple channels with the data rate
on each channel dynamically set on
demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)
 The Internet

 Internetevolved from ARPANET

 Developed to solve the dilemma of
communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched networks
 Foundation is the TCP/IP protocol suite
 Internet Origins: ALOHANET

1970: developed by Norm

Abramson, connected computers
across islands
 Original version: collisions reduced
thru-put to 18% capacity
 1970’s: improvements made to
improve throughput
 1st improvement: xmit time slot assigned to each computer,
 doubled throughput, wasted time if it didn’t have anything
 2nd improvement: (see more on Ch 12) *
 CSMA: See if another Tx is in progress (carrier sensing).
Wait for ACK. Try to avoid Collision
 CSMA/CD: If collision, send jamming signal to notify it.
wait for some time (back-off), Then Tx again
 Table 1.2
Internet Terminology
 Central Office (CO)  Network Access Point (NAP)
 The place where telephone  One of several major Internet
companies terminate customer interconnection points that
lines and locate switching serve to tie all the ISPs together
equipment to interconnect those  Network Service Provider
lines with other networks
(NSP)
 Customer Premises A company that provides
Equipment (CPE)

backbone services to an
 Telecommunications equipment Internet service provider (ISP)
that is located on the customer’s  Point of Presence (POP)
premises
A site that has a collection of
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 telecommunications equipment,
 A company that provides other usually refers to ISP or
companies or individuals with telephone company sites
access to, or presence on, the
Internet

(Table can be found on page 27 in textbook)

 Summary

 Transmission mediums  Trends challenging

 Fiber optic data communications:
 Wireless  Traffic growth
 Network categories:  Development of new
services
 Wide Area Networks
Advances in
Local Area Networks


technology


Wireless Networks
Data Transmission


 Internet and Network Capacity
 Origin Requirements
Key elements
Convergence


 Internet architecture