Data and Computer

Communications

Tenth Edition
by William Stallings

Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2013
 CHAPTER 1

Data Communications, Data Networks,

and the Internet
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point”

- The Mathematical Theory of

Communication,
Claude Shannon
 Technological Advancement
Driving Forces

Development
Advances in
of new
technology
services

Traffic
growth at
a high and
steady
rate
 Notable Trends
Trend toward faster and Today’s networks are more
cheaper, in both computing and “intelligent”
communication • Differing levels of quality of service
• More powerful computers supporting (QoS)
more demanding applications • Variety of customizable services in the
• The increasing use of optical fiber and areas of network management and
high-speed wireless has brought security
transmission prices down and greatly
increased capacity

The Internet, the Web, and Mobility

associated applications have • iPhone, Droid, and iPad have become
emerged as dominant features drivers of the evolution of business
for both business and personal networks and their use
• Enterprise applications are now routinely
network landscapes delivered on mobile devices
• “Everything over IP” • Cloud computing is being embraced
• Intranets and extranets are being used to
isolate proprietary information
Changes in Networking
Technology

* Emergence of high-speed LANs

* Corporate WAN needs

* Digital electronics
Emergence of High-Speed LANs
 Personal computers and microcomputer workstations
have become an essential tool for office workers
Explosive growth
of speed and
computing power
Two of personal
significant computers
trends altered LANs have been
the recognized as a
requirements viable and
of the LAN essential
computing
platform

 Examples of requirements that call for higher-speed

LANs:

Centralized server farms

Power workgroups

High-speed local backbone
 Corporate Wide Area
Networking Needs
Changes Growing use of telecommuting

in Nature of the application structure has changed

corporate
Intranet computing
data
traffic More reliance on personal computers, workstations, and servers
patterns
More data-intensive applications
are
driving Most organizations require access to the Internet
the
Traffic patterns have become more unpredictable
creation
of high- Average traffic load has risen
speed More data is transported off premises and into the wide area
WANs
 Digital Electronics
 The rapid conversion of consumer electronics
to digital technology is having an impact on
both the Internet and corporate intranets

Image and video traffic carried by networks is
dramatically increasing
• Because of their huge storage capacity digital versatile
disks (DVDs) are being incorporated into Web sites
• Digital camcorders have made it easier to make digital
video files to be placed on corporate and Internet Web
sites
 Convergence
 The merger of previously Layers:
distinct telephony and
information technologies and
markets Applications

Involves: Enterprise services
These are seen
• Moving voice into a data by the end users Infrastructure
Services the
infrastructure information Communication
• Integrating all the voice network supplies links available to
and data networks inside to support the enterprise
a user organization into applications
a single data network
infrastructure
• Then extending that into
the wireless arena

Foundation is packet-
based transmission using
the Internet Protocol (IP)

Increases the function and
scope of both the
infrastructure and the
application base
 Table 1.1
Communications Tasks
Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of
any communications facility
is the transmission line
Reliability

The business manager is

concerned with a facility Cost
providing the required
capacity, with acceptable Transmission
reliability, at minimum cost
Line
 Transmission Mediums
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications
transmission are:

Fiber optic
transmissions
and
Wireless transmissions
 Transmission Services
 Remain the most costly component of a
communications budget
 Two major approaches to greater efficiency:

Multiplexing Compression
Squeezing the data
The ability of a
down so that a lower-
number of devices to
capacity, cheaper
share a transmission
transmission facility
facility
can be used
 Networks
 Itis estimated that by 2016 there will be
over 20 billion fixed and mobile networked
devices

This affects traffic volume in a number of
ways:
• It enables a user to be continuously consuming
network capacity
• Capacity can be consumed on multiple devices
simultaneously
• Different broadband devices enable different
applications which may have greater traffic
generation capability
 Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously

Voice Data

Image Video
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Span a large geographical area

 Require the crossing of public right-of-ways
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits
 Typically
consist of a number of
interconnected switching nodes
 Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:

Circuit switching

Packet switching

Frame relay

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Circuit Switching
 Uses a dedicated communications path
 Connected sequence of physical links
between nodes
 Logical channel dedicated on each link
 Rapid transmission
 The most common example of circuit
switching is the telephone network
 Packet Switching
 Data are sent out in a sequence of small
chunks called packets
 Packets are passed from node to node
along a path leading from source to
destination
 Packet-switching networks are commonly
used for terminal-to-terminal computer and
computer-to-computer communications
 Frame Relay
 Developed to take advantage of high data
rates and low error rates
 Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
 Key to achieving high data rates is to strip
out most of the overhead involved with
error control
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
 Referred to as cell relay
 Culmination of developments in circuit
switching and packet switching
 Uses fixed-length packets called cells
 Works in range of 10s and 100s of Mbps
and in the Gbps range
 Allows multiple channels with the data rate
on each channel dynamically set on
demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)

LANs are usually

Smaller scope, owned by the same
typically a single organization that owns
building attached devices

LAN

Most common
Internal data rates configurations are
greater than WANs switched LANs and
wireless LANs
 The Internet

 Internetevolved from ARPANET

 Developed to solve the dilemma of
communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched networks
 Foundation is the TCP/IP protocol suite
 Table 1.2
Internet Terminology
 Central Office (CO)  Network Access Point (NAP)

The place where telephone 
One of several major Internet
companies terminate customer interconnection points that
lines and locate switching serve to tie all the ISPs
equipment to interconnect those together
lines with other networks
 Network Service Provider
 Customer Premises Equipment
(NSP)
(CPE)

A company that provides

Telecommunications equipment
that is located on the customer’s backbone services to an
premises Internet service provider (ISP)
  Point of Presence (POP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A company that provides other

A site that has a collection of
companies or individuals with telecommunications equipment,
access to, or presence on, the usually refers to ISP or
Internet telephone company sites
(Table can be found on page 27 in textbook)
 Summary

 Transmission  Trends challenging

mediums data communications:

Fiber optic

Traffic growth

Development of new

Wireless
services
 Network categories: 
Advances in

Wide Area Networks technology

Local Area Networks  Data Transmission

Wireless Networks and Network Capacity
 Requirements
Internet
 Convergence

Origin