College of Information Technology

First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE 6
Operating Systems

Introduction

This module entitled Operating Systems is all about the concept of an operating system, a program that acts as
an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. It controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users. The features of each operating systems (Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux), their
advantages and disadvantages and comparisons between each operating system.

Date and Time Allotment

Week 6

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Describe the purpose of operating system.
2. Understand the functions of operating system to the computer hardware.
3. Describe the features of Windows OS, Mac OS and Linux OS.
4. Describe the concept of open source.
5. Identify the kinds of flavor and distribution that suited in a user.

II. Lecture

Operating Systems
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. It controls and
coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users.
OS is a resource allocator that manages all resources and decides between conflicting request for efficient and fair
resource use.
OS is a control program; it controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.
Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system is a good approximation but varies wildly. The one
program running at all times on the computer is the Kernel. Everything else is either a system program (ships with the
operating system) or an application program.

Operating system goals:

• Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
• Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Operating System Structure

 Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for efficiency
• Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
• Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute
• A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
• One job selected and run via job scheduling
• When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

 Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can
interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing
• Response time should be < 1 second
 • Each user has at least one program executing in memory
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time
• If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory

Operating System Operations

 Interrupt driven (hardware and software)
• Hardware Interrupt by one of the devices
• Software Interrupt (exception or trap):
➢ Software error
➢ Request for operating system service
➢ Other process problems include infinite loop, processes, modifying each other or the operating
system.
 Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components
• User mode and kernel mode
• Mode bit provided by hardware
➢ Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code
➢ Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode
➢ System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user
 Increasingly CPUs support multi-mode operations
• Virtual machine manager (VMM) mode for guest VMs

Transition from User to Kernel Mode

 Timer to prevent infinite loop/process hogging resources.
• Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time period.
• Keep a counter that is decremented by the physical clock.
• Operating system set the counter (privileged instruction)
• When counter zero generate an interrupt.
• Set-up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time.

Process Management Activities

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management:
 Creating and deleting both user and system processes.
 Suspending and resuming processes
 Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
 Providing mechanisms for process communication
 Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

OPERATING SYSTEMS: Windows, MacOS and Linux

Windows OS
Microsoft Windows operating system was developed by Microsoft to overcome the limitation of its own MS-DOS operating
system. First successful version were Windows 3.0, released in 1990. Subsequently released version were “Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows XP Professional, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows
10.”

Features of Windows OS:

1. Easy to Use.
Microsoft windows is easy to use as compared to other operating systems in the modern era, therefore
Windows is most popular OS in the world.
2. Performance Monitor.
Windows gives you an advantage of checking the performance of your PC. Anyone can check the
performance of its windows pc by pressing “ctrl+alt+del” keys at the same time.

3. Files Management.
 Windows manage files automatically into a specific location on the basis of the type of the file.
Example: images were automatically sent in “Pictures Folder”
4. Plug and Play.
Windows give plug and play option to its user. There is no need to install the driver of any external
peripheral device like “web cameras, joystick, data traveler devices etc.
5. Based on MS-DOS.
Windows is a MS-DOS based operating system.
6. Windows.
Microsoft Windows is a window operating system: “means that every task we want to be done in its own
window.” Every program/task has is its own window in which that task occurs.
Mac OS

The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) is an operating system (OS) designed by Apple Inc. to be installed and
operated on the Apple Macintosh series of computers. Introduced in 1984, it is a graphical user interface (GUI) based OS that has
since been released as multiple different versions.

Initially, Mac OS was known as System Software. Mac OS is considered the pioneer of GUI based operating systems, as it was
launched when MS-DOS was the industry standard. Mac OS is a completely capable OS that provides functionality and services
similar to Windows or Linux OS. Some of the code base and features of Lisa OS have been incorporated in Mac OS.

Mac OS is designed to operate on Apple manufactured PCs and by default, does not support x86 architecture. “Apple” the
most valuable brand in the world produces some of the best Hardware & Software products and Mac OS is just one of them. It’s a
UNIX based operating system by Apple, exclusively for MacBooks and iMacs. In the market of Desktops, Laptops, and Home
Computers it’s the second most widely used desktop OS after Windows.

Brief History of Mac OS

After the departure of Steve Jobs from Apple, the company suffered a huge loss and board of directors at Apple decided
to bring Steve back from NEXT and lead the company on an interim basis. At WWDC (World Wide Developer’s Conference) when
Steve announced that developers really want a modern version of the Mac OS, and Apple is going to deliver it, then he got a huge
round of applause from the audience. This really made Steve and his team work harder on Mac OS and soon they proved that
Apple really has a potential. The first initial Release of Mac OS was on March 24, 2001, which is nearly 17 years ago from now.
And till now Mac OS is improving with every new release.

Myths Related to Mac OS

1. Mac OS is more secure than Windows

Many of you might have heard that Mac OS is more secure than windows. But that’s not true. The market share of Mac is
less than 10% which results in less malware and spyware attacks. Actually, the main reason behind this is iMac and Macbook.
These two products running on Mac OS which is a bit expensive as compared to windows. So this automatically results in less
damage. Also Read– Why real hackers prefer Linux over Windows and Mac

2. Mac is built for Artists

Mac OS comes with lots of built-in creative and useful tools as compared to Windows.

For example, iMovie and final cut pro increases the experience of video editing. But that doesn’t mean that windows are
bad. You can separately download the third party software such as Adobe Premiere or Adobe After effects for a better experience.
Doing this on windows PC will save you lots of hard earned money.

3. Highly Expensive

Yes, running a Mac OS device may sound expensive but that’s not fully true. The cost of materials used in making iMac
and MacBook is also very high. As a result, a user ends up with a high-quality product with maximum durability in terms of both
hardware and software. Apple also spends billions of dollars in R&D (Research and Development) which however included in the
cost of the product.

4. Hard to learn and Use

 This is the most denied myth by any Mac user because Mac OS feels much more easy to learn and operate as compared
with any other Operating System. It has a very user-friendly user interface. Also draws everyone’s attention as it is perfectly
stacked and organized as compared with windows.

5. No need of Antiviruses for Mac

As we mentioned earlier attackers target Mac OS devices very less compared with windows. But it doesn’t mean that you
don’t need to install any antiviruses on it. Don’t be fooled by fewer attacks. As we always hear in the news that some malware
attacked on Mac OS. So it’s better to be equipped with safety.

Pros and Cons of Mac OS

Following are some of the Pros (Advantages) and Cons (Disadvantages) of Mac OS.

Pros

1. BootCamp

Mac OS has a built-in program called BootCamp. It allows you to install windows, Linux or any other operating system in
addition to OS X. Setting up the boot camp in OS X is also very easy and switching between them is even easier now.

2. Works seamlessly with other Apple devices

As every Apple device is made by Apple itself so the hardware and software are fully controlled by them. It means they
share the same internal working mechanism. Which implies that the iMessage on iPhone works as smooth as on a MacBook or
iMac. This seamless integration of devices ultimately delivers the best user experience and satisfaction.

3. Fewer Attacks

As we mentioned earlier Apple has only 10% of market share in the desktop OS, which results in fewer attacks. The
amount of Mac users are fairly less as compared to windows. So, this doesn’t make any sense for hackers to attack Mac OS users.
This is somehow can be an advantage for some people as it makes the user feel Mac Os more secure but can be a disadvantage
for some others because at the same time it is not as much popular as the windows.

4. Bloatware Free

Almost every windows PC comes with some kind of Bloatware (Pre-installed software) which slows down the PC over
time. But Macbook and iMac makes you free from this worry. It doesn’t mean that they don’t come with Pre-installed software. Mac
computers have pre-installed software, but only from Apple and they don’t slow down your system as well.

5. Excellent Sleek Design

The biggest advantage of Macbook and iMac is that they are sleek as compared to their competition. This makes the use
of Mac OS more enjoyable. As a matter of fact, the First MacBook air was the slimmest laptop in the world at that time and iMac
still continues to be the slimmest desktop version.

6. Mac can read NTFS or FAT

Macs can read NTFS or FAT formatted hard drives whereas Windows can’t read Mac formatted drives. You need to install
third-party program for that in windows.

7. Better Customer service and After Sales support

Apple is very well renowned for its best customer service and after sales support. They have the highest customer
satisfaction mark all around the globe. The staff on stores are well trained and if you got your device damaged they make sure that
they provide you with the best possible solution.

Cons
1. Less Variety and Options

The biggest disadvantage of Mac OS or we should say MacBook and iMac is that Apple offers very limited variants of
them. Means you need to spend the decided amount by them, only then you can purchase their product otherwise not. This makes
windows a go-to option for those who are looking for some affordable PC or Laptop because of a wide variety of choice. This thing
restricts the buyer from purchasing Apple Mac Product.

2. Non-upgradable

Another major disadvantage of Mac OS powered products is that they are non-upgradable.Means you can’t increase the
amount of RAM, change processor or motherboard, basically, you can’t customize it according to you. Once you received it, you
have to adjust on what you purchased.

3. Worse for playing Games

Many people believe that you can’t play high-end games on MacBook and iMac which is somehow true. Both of these
products are not made for gaming. They have a very less amount of Graphics Memory which is not enough for Best gaming
performance. So you have to give up on this.

4. Fewer Accessories

As it is not as popular as Windows PCs. The MacBook and iMac have to suffer from fewer accessories. There are very less
amount of accessories manufacturers who create accessories for them. This also effects on what could be the potential buyers of
Mac.

5. Small Community

Due to fewer sales, the MacBook and iMac people have a very small community as compared to windows users. Which
means you won’t enjoy the support as much you could on Windows PC.

Linux
Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the most popular platforms on the planet,
Android, is powered by the Linux operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources
associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply, the operating system manages the communication between your software
and your hardware.

Who “owns” Linux?

By virtue of its open source licensing, Linux is freely available to anyone. However, the trademark on the name “Linux”
rests with its creator, Linus Torvalds. The source code for Linux is under copyright by its many individual authors, and licensed
under the GPLv2 license. Because Linux has such a large number of contributors from across multiple decades of development,
contacting each individual author and getting them to agree to a new license is virtually impossible, so that Linux remaining
licensed under the GPLv2 in perpetuity is all but assured.

How was Linux created?

Linux was created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a then-student at the University of Helsinki. Torvalds built Linux as a free
and open source alternative to Minix, another Unix clone that was predominantly used in academic settings. He originally intended
to name it “Freax,” but the administrator of the server Torvalds used to distribute the original code named his directory “Linux” after
a combination of Torvalds’ first name and the word Unix, and the name stuck.

What is the difference between Unix and Linux?

You may have heard of Unix, which is an operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie, and others. Unix and Linux are similar in many ways, and in fact, Linux was originally created to be similar to Unix. Both
have similar tools for interfacing with the systems, programming tools, filesystem layouts, and other key components. However,
Unix is not free. Over the years, a number of different operating systems have been created that attempted to be “unix-like” or
“unix-compatible,” but Linux has been the most successful, far surpassing its predecessors in popularity.

The Linux operating system comprises several different pieces:

 1. Bootloader – The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this will simply be a
splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating system.
2. Kernel – This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called Linux. The kernel is the core of the system and
manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the lowest level of the OS.
3. Init system – This is a sub-system that bootstraps the user space and is charged with controlling daemons. One of
the most widely used init systems is systemd? which also happens to be one of the most controversial. It is the init
system that manages the boot process, once the initial booting is handed over from the bootloader (i.e., GRUB or
GRand Unified Bootloader).
4. Daemons – These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc.) that either start up during boot or after
you log into the desktop.
5. Graphical server – This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as
the X server or just X.
6. Desktop environment – This is the piece that the users actually interact with. There are many desktop environments
to choose from (GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate, Pantheon, Enlightenment, KDE, Xfce, etc.). Each desktop environment
includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, and games).
7. Applications – Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like Windows and macOS, Linux offers
thousands upon thousands of high-quality software titles that can be easily found and installed. Most modern Linux
distributions (more on this below) include App Store-like tools that centralize and simplify application installation. For
example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center (a rebrand of GNOME Software? Figure 1) which allows you
to quickly search among the thousands of apps and install them from one centralized location.

But Linux also is different from other operating systems in many important ways. First, and perhaps most importantly, Linux
is open source software. The code used to create Linux is free and available to the public to view, edit, and—for users with the
appropriate skills—to contribute to.
Linux is also distributed under an open source license. Open source follows these key tenants:
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish.
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.

These points are crucial to understanding the community that works together to create the Linux platform. Without a doubt,
Linux is an operating system by the people, for the people.
These tenants are also a main factor in why many people choose Linux. It’s about freedom and freedom of use and freedom
of choice.

What is a “distribution?”
Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user. From new users to hard-core users, you’ll find a “flavor” of
Linux to match your needs. These versions are called distributions (or, in the short form, “distros”). Nearly every distribution of
Linux can be downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive), and installed (on as many machines as you like).
Popular Linux distributions include:
LINUX MINT
MANJARO
DEBIAN
UBUNTU
ANTERGOS
SOLUS
FEDORA
ELEMENTARY OS
OPENSUSE

Each distribution has a different take on the desktop. Some opt for very modern user interfaces (such as GNOME and
Elementary OS’s Pantheon), whereas others stick with a more traditional desktop environment (openSUSE uses KDE).

And don’t think the server has been left behind. For this arena, you can turn to:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Ubuntu Server
Centos
SUSE Enterprise Linux

Some of the above server distributions are free (such as Ubuntu Server and CentOS) and some have an associated price
(such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Enterprise Linux). Those with an associated price also include support.
Which distribution is right for you?
Which distribution you use will depend on the answer to three simple questions:

How skilled of a computer user are you?

Do you prefer a modern or a standard desktop interface?
Server or desktop?

If your computer skills are fairly basic, you’ll want to stick with a newbie-friendly distribution such as Linux Mint, Ubuntu ,
Elementary OS or Deepin. If your skill set extends into the above-average range, you could go with a distribution like Debian or
Fedora. If, however, you’ve pretty much mastered the craft of computer and system administration, use a distribution like Gentoo. If
you really want a challenge, you can build your very own Linux distribution, with the help of Linux from Scratch.

Note: Attend the Google Meet for further explanation and examples.

Prepared by:

MAR O. RIMANDO
Faculty, CIT

MARK JOHN S. CORPUZ

Faculty, CIT

Reviewed by:

EVELYN G. NAÑO, MIT

Faculty, CIT

Checked and Noted by:

FREDERICK J. SORIANO, MIT

Dean, CIT

Approved by:

GLORIA C. NEMEDEZ, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs
 College of Information Technology
First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE 7
Virtualization

Introduction

This module entitled Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based, or virtual, representation of something, such
as virtual applications, servers, storage and networks. It is the single most effective way to reduce IT expenses while boosting
efficiency and agility for all size businesses.

Date and Time Allotment

Week 7

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Understand the concept of Virtualization
2. Identify the benefits of Virtualization
3. Describe how Virtualization works.
4. Identify the feature and use of Virtualization
5. Differentiate the usage of Server Virtualization, Network Virtualization and Desktop Virtualization
6. Apply the virtualization using VirtualBox.
7. Understand the techniques and features of VirtualBox
8. Identify the VirtualBox Terminologies.

II. Lecture

Virtualization
It is the process of creating a software-based, or virtual, representation of something, such as virtual applications, servers,
storage and networks. It is the single most effective way to reduce IT expenses while boosting efficiency and agility for all size
businesses.

Benefits of Virtualization
Virtualization can increase IT agility, flexibility and scalability while creating significant cost savings. Greater workload mobility,
increased performance and availability of resources, automated operations – they’re all benefits of virtualization that make IT
simpler to manage and less costly to own and operate. Additional benefits include:
•Reduced capital and operating costs.
•Minimized or eliminated downtime.
•Increased IT productivity, efficiency, agility and responsiveness.
•Faster provisioning of applications and resources.
•Greater business continuity and disaster recovery.
•Simplified data center management.
•Availability of a true Software-Defined Data Center.

HOW VIRTUALIZATION WORKS

Virtualization 101
Due to the limitations of x86 servers, many IT organizations must deploy multiple servers, each operating at a fraction of
their capacity, to keep pace with today’s high storage and processing demands. The result: huge inefficiencies and excessive
operating costs.
 Enter virtualization. Virtualization relies on software to simulate hardware functionality and create a virtual computer
system. This enables IT organizations to run more than one virtual system – and multiple operating systems and applications – on
a single server. The resulting benefits include economies of scale and greater efficiency.

Virtual Machines Explained

A virtual computer system is known as a “virtual machine” (VM): a tightly isolated software container with an operating
system and application inside. Each self-contained VM is completely independent. Putting multiple VMs on a single computer
enables several operating systems and applications to run on just one physical server, or “host.”
A thin layer of software called a “hypervisor” decouples the virtual machines from the host and dynamically allocates computing
resources to each virtual machine as needed.

Key Properties of Virtual Machines

• VMs have the following characteristics, which offer several benefits.

Partitioning
•Run multiple operating systems on one physical machine.
•Divide system resources between virtual machines.

Isolation
•Provide fault and security isolation at the hardware level.
•Preserve performance with advanced resource controls.

Encapsulation
•Save the entire state of a virtual machine to files.
•Move and copy virtual machines as easily as moving and copying files.

Hardware Independence
•Provision or migrate any virtual machine to any physical server.

Types of Virtualizations

Server Virtualization
Server virtualization enables multiple operating systems to run on a single physical server as highly efficient virtual
machines. Key benefits include:
•Greater IT efficiencies
•Reduced operating costs
•Faster workload deployment
•Increased application performance
•Higher server availability
•Eliminated server sprawl and complexity

Network Virtualization
By completely reproducing a physical network, network virtualization allows applications to run on a virtual network as if
they were running on a physical network — but with greater operational benefits and all the hardware independencies of
virtualization. (Network virtualization presents logical networking devices and services — logical ports, switches, routers, firewalls,
load balancers, VPNs and more — to connected workloads.)

Desktop Virtualization
Deploying desktops as a managed service enables IT organizations to respond faster to changing workplace needs and
emerging opportunities. Virtualized desktops and applications and also be quickly and easily delivered to branch offices,
outsourced and offshore employees, and mobile workers using iPad and Android tablets.

Virtualization Machine Software:

Virtual box is a powerful x86 and AMD64/Intel64 virzation product for enterprise as well as home use. Not only is
VirtualBox an extremely feature rich, high - performance product for enterprise customers, it is also the only professional solution
that is freely available as Open - source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2. See "About
VirtualBox" for an introduction.
Presently, VirtualBox runs on Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and Solaris hosts and supports a large number of guest
operating systems including but not limited to Windows (NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows
10), DOS/Windows 3.x, Linux (2.4, 2.6, 3.x and 4.x), Solaris and OpenSolaris, OS/2, and OpenBSD.
 VirtualBox is being actively developed with frequent releases and has an ever - growing list of features, supported guest
operating systems and platforms it runs on. VirtualBox is a community effort backed by a dedicated company: everyone is
encouraged to contribute while Oracle ensures the product always meets professional quality criteria.
1.1. Why is Virtualization Useful?

The techniques and features that Oracle VM VirtualBox provides are useful in the following scenarios:

• Running multiple operating systems simultaneously. Oracle VM VirtualBox enables you to run more than one OS at a
time. This way, you can run software written for one OS on another, such as Windows software on Linux or a Mac, without
having to reboot to use it. Since you can configure what kinds of virtual hardware should be presented to each such OS,
you can install an old OS such as DOS or OS/2 even if your real computer's hardware is no longer supported by that OS.
• Easier software installations. Software vendors can use virtual machines to ship entire software configurations. For
example, installing a complete mail server solution on a real machine can be a tedious task. With Oracle VM VirtualBox,
such a complex setup, often called an appliance, can be packed into a virtual machine. Installing and running a mail
server becomes as easy as importing such an appliance into Oracle VM VirtualBox.
• Testing and disaster recovery. Once installed, a virtual machine and its virtual hard disks can be considered a container
that can be arbitrarily frozen, woken up, copied, backed up, and transported between hosts.

On top of that, with the use of another Oracle VM VirtualBox feature called snapshots, one can save a particular state of a
virtual machine and revert back to that state, if necessary. This way, one can freely experiment with a computing
environment. If something goes wrong, such as prolems after installing software or infecting the guest with a virus, you
can easily switch back to a previous snapshot and avoid the need of frequent backups and restores.
Any number of snapshots can be created, allowing you to travel back and forward in virtual machine time. You can delete
snapshots while a VM is running to reclaim disk space.

• Infrastructure consolidation. Virtualization can significantly reduce hardware and electricity costs. Most of the time,
computers today only use a fraction of their potential power and run with low average system loads. A lot of hardware
resources as well as electricity is thereby wasted. So, instead of running many such physical computers that are only
partially used, one can pack many virtual machines onto a few powerful hosts and balance the loads between them.

Terminology

When dealing with virtualization, and also for understanding the following chapters of this documentation, it helps to acquaint
oneself with a bit of crucial terminology, especially the following terms:

• Host operating system (host OS). This is the OS of the physical computer on which Oracle VM VirtualBox was installed.
There are versions of Oracle VM VirtualBox for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Oracle Solaris hosts.
• Guest operating system (guest OS). This is the OS that is running inside the virtual machine. Theoretically, Oracle VM
VirtualBox can run any x86 OS. such as DOS, Windows, OS/2, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD. But to achieve near-native
performance of the guest code on your machine, we had to go through a lot of optimizations that are specific to certain
OSes. So while your favorite OS may run as a guest, we officially support and optimize for a select few, which include the
most common OSes.
• Virtual machine (VM). This is the special environment that Oracle VM VirtualBox creates for your guest OS while it is
running. In other words, you run your guest OS in a VM. Normally, a VM will be shown as a window on your computer's
desktop, but depending on which of the various frontends of Oracle VM VirtualBox you use, it can be displayed in full
screen mode or remotely on another computer.
• Guest Additions. This refers to special software packages which are shipped with Oracle VM VirtualBox but designed to
be installed inside a VM to improve performance of the guest OS and to add extra features.

In order to run VirtualBox on your machine, you need:

• Reasonably powerful x86 hardware. Any recent Intel or AMD processor should do.

• Memory. Depending on what guest operating systems you want to run, you will need at least 512 MB of RAM (but
probably more, and the more the better). Basically, you will need whatever your host operating system needs to run
comfortably, plus the amount that the guest operating system needs. So, if you want to run Windows 8.1 on Windows 7,
you probably won't enjoy the experience much with less than 2 GB of RAM. Check the minimum RAM requirements of the
guest operating system, they often will refuse to install if it is given less. Sometimes it malfunctions instead. So you'll need
that for the guest alone, plus the memory your operating system normally needs.
• Hard disk space. While VirtualBox itself is very lean (a typical installation will only need about 30 MB of hard disk space),
the virtual machines will require fairly huge files on disk to represent their own hard disk storage. So, to install Windows 8,
for example, you will need a file that will easily grow to several 10 GB in size.

• A supported host operating system. Presently, we support Windows, many Linux distributions, Mac OS X, Solaris and
OpenSolaris.
• A supported guest operating system.

Note: Attend the Google Meet for further explanation and examples.

Prepared by:

MAR O. RIMANDO
Faculty, CIT

MARK JOHN S. CORPUZ

Faculty, CIT

Reviewed by:

EVELYN G. NAÑO, MIT

Faculty, CIT

Checked and Noted by:

FREDERICK J. SORIANO, MIT

Dean, CIT

Approved by;

GLORIA C. NEMEDEZ, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs
 College of Information Technology
First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE 8
Linux and MacOS on Windows Using VirtualBox

Introduction

This module entitled Linux and MacOS using VirtualBox is all about using a virtualization technology software to install a
virtual machine with different operating OS. It will discuss also about the step in making a virtual machine in a virtualbox with host
OS and guest OS.

Date and Time Allotment

Week 8

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Understand the virtualization technology using VT software.
2. Describe the virtual machine in a virtualbox software.
3. Can create a virtual machine in a VT software.
4. Understand the steps in making virtual machines and installing the guest OS.
5. Can describe the difference between the host OS and guest OS.

II. Lecture

Virtualization has made it possible to run multiple operating systems on a single computer, simultaneously. In this article,
we discuss how to run Linux on a Windows machine. We can achieve this using a hosted hypervisor. Today, there are many
hosted hypervisors available in the market, such as VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, and so on. However, we are going to
concentrate on VirtualBox, which is free and open - source software.
Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for penetration testing. With over 600 preinstalled penetration-testing
programs, it earned a reputation as one of the best-operating systems used for security testing. As a security-testing platform, it is
best to install Kali as a VM on VirtualBox.

Steps For Installing Kali Linux on VirtualBox

Since these instructions take you through the installation process in a virtual environment, you need to ensure you have one set up
on your system. In this article, we are using VirtualBox, as it is a simple to use, open-source virtualization solution.

Prerequisites:
✓ VirtualBox should be installed
✓ At least 4GB of RAM is required
✓ At least 30GB to 40GB of free disk space
✓ Virtualization feature should enable on the processor

Installation Steps:

Step 1: Download Kali Linux ISO image file

You can find it on the official download page: https://www.kali.org/downloads/

Select the image of your choice based on your requirements.

Step 2: Create a guest OS on VirtualBox
After downloading an image file open up VirtualBox

Select type as Linux, version Debian (64-bit) as you will not be able to find Kali Linux in option and then type any name of your

choice in the Name bar

Select the amount of memory of your choice. The recommended memory is at least 1GB but you can select it based upon your

system’s resources

We are going to create a Virtual Hard drive so choose second option that says “Create a virtual hard disk now”
Next, it will ask hard drive file type so leave it default, as we want to make a VDI file

It will ask the storage on the physical hard drive, select this option based upon your requirement. The best practice is to select as

default i.e. “Dynamically allocated”

Allocate memory to your machine as required, minimum requirement is 20GB. If you select less than 20GB then it will show some

errors while installing. After allocating memory select the tab “Create”
Your VM will be created

Step3: Select an image file and install Kali Linux

Now select the VM Kali and go to settings for more configuration Go to System tab and select Processor, here you can
choose number of processors depends upon how many processors you want to give your virtual machine. Select 2 from the right
side bar

Go to Storage tab and select Controller: IDE, select Empty, at the right most corner select the tiny CD icon from where you can

browse the ISO file that you have downloaded on your PC. Select the image file
Now Let’s start the virtual machine

Select the Graphical install option as we need to install GUI based interface

Select the language of your choice

Select your location

Set the keyboard configuration based upon your choice

Set the hostname of the guest as ‘Kali’, you can choose any name

Set the appropriate domain name if you want to configure it, in our case we will leave it as blank
Set the password for your machine

Next the installer will ask you about the partitions of the disk. The easiest option for you is to use ‘Guided – Use Entire Disk’, Set

the partitioning disk (leave it default as we will do a configuration by using the entire disk without partitioning)
Continue the installation

After that it will ask for a network mirror for configuring package manager but in our case we are not using it therefor select ‘no’

Set the proxy information if you have any otherwise leave it blank
It will ask now to install the GRUB boot loader, select yes and proceed to continue

The message shows up when the installation will be completed, press continue

Login as root user and its password

Now explore the variety of security tools (Nmap, Wireshark, Automater, John the ripper, WifiTap etc) and conduct the test by using

this GUI Interface

MacOS Catalina on VirtualBox on Windows

It has been a while that macOS Catalina 10.15 is released and this is the latest Apple Mac Operating system up to now. In
this article, installing macOS on VirtualBox on a Windows PC is not technically legal according to Apple terms of use.
Make sure your system can support Virtualization Technology (VT), and it is enabled from BIOS so that you should be
able to run Virtualization software like VirtualBox. Also, you should have a 64-bit Windows operating system with at least 2 GB
RAM and 20 GB of free storage. We recommend you 4 GB of RAM or higher and more room so you can store more files and install
more apps on macOS Catalina disk. Furthermore, if you have an SSD, it is highly recommended to use it as storage because SSD
is much faster than mechanical hard drive (HDD) and macOS run on SSD very smooth. Anyway, it is not 100% compulsory but if
you have do not hesitate to use it.
Steps to Install macOS Catalina on VirtualBox on Windows
1. Download macOS Catalina ISO
2. Install VirtualBox on Windows PC
3. Install & Update VirtualBox Extension
4. Create a New Virtual Machine & Customize it
5. Run VirtualBox Code via Command Prompt
6. Start the Virtual Machine
7. Create macOS Catalina Bootable Disk
8. Perform a Clean Installation of macOS Catalina

Download the Prerequisites

All the necessary files should be able to download them without any issues.

• Download macOS Catalina ISO

• VirtualBox Code
• Virtualbox 6.1.10 Setup
• Download Virtualbox 6.x Setup
• Download Virtualbox Extension

Step 1: Download macOS Catalina ISO

(http://www.mediafire.com/file/2mwxpooe0da6z3n/macOS_Catalina_10.15.5.iso/file)
Download the macOS Catalina ISO image. It is highly recommended to create a new drive on your Windows PC and install
macOS Catalina on a separate drive.

Step 2: Install VirtualBox on Windows PC

Step 3: Install & Update VirtualBox Extension

Step 4: Create a New Virtual Machine & Customize it

Creating a virtual machine for macOS Catalina is kind of the same as you create a virtual machine for the Windows Operating
system or Linux but with some minor changes. Follow the steps below to create a new virtual machine for macOS Catalina using
ISO file.

1. Open up your VirtualBox application and click New.

2. Click Expert Mode and select the following options then click Create.

a. Type a suitable Virtual Machine Name.

b. Virtual Machine Location (a separate drive is recommended).

c. Type (Mac OS X).

d. Version (Mac OS X 64-bit).

e. Memory 4 GB (recommended 8 GB or higher).

f. Hard Disk: Select Create a virtual disk now.

g. On the create virtual hard disk window, choose the following options.

a. Disk Location: The default location should be fine unless you want to change to a new location.
b. File Size: You can specify the disk size here.

c. Hard disk file type: Select VHD (Virtual Hard Disk) format.

d. Storage on physical hard disk: Select the Dynamically allocated option. However, if you want to
have a better performance disk then choose a fixed disk. Fixed disk, will allocate the specified size from
your host machine immediately. Read more about the dynamic vs fixed-size disk.
 Name and Operating System

Create macOS Catalina VHD Disk

3. It is time to edit the virtual machine to make it works. Select macOS Catalina VM and click on Settings. Now, bring the
following changes to macOS Catalina VM.

a. Under System>Motherboard, increase the Base Memory to 12281MB. However, you can use a bit lower
memory if your system does not have this much RAM.

b. Uncheck Floppy from the Boot Order section.

c. Under the Processor tab, increase the processors to 4 or higher.

 Change Boot Order and Remove Floppy Disk

Increase macOS Catalina Processors

d. On the Display window, increase the Video Memory to 128MB.

Increase Video Memory

 e. From the Storage section, click on the Empty>DVD icon. Click on Choose a disk file. You should select
macOS Catalina ISO which you’ve downloaded from the “Required Files” section of this post. Finally,
click OK to close the macOS Catalina Settings window.

Select macOS Catalina ISO Image 1

Select macOS Catalina ISO Image 2

Step 5: Run VirtualBox Code Via Command Prompt

http://www.mediafire.com/file/6ib19bg0g9u3ca5/VBox_Code.txt/file

Once you have created and customized your virtual machine, it is time to run some codes in order to install macOS Catalina on
VirtualBox.
First, you should notice your virtual machine name because later on, we will use it.

Note: Before, you execute the code by command prompt. You should read the following steps. Use the following code.
cd "C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\"

VBoxManage.exe modifyvm "VM Name" --cpuidset 00000001 000106e5 00100800 0098e3fd bfebfbff

VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct" "iMac19,1"

VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion" "1.0"

VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBoardProduct" "Mac-AA95B1DDAB278B95"

VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/DeviceKey"

"ourhardworkbythesewordsguardedpleasedontsteal(c)AppleComputerInc"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/GetKeyFromRealSMC"

1. Replace the “VM Name” with your virtual machine name. See the picture below to get an idea of how to do it.

Replace VM Name

2. Now, you’ve two choices. First, if you want to fix your macOS Catalina screen resolution in the first place. You should also
execute the following code. You have to change “VM Name” with your virtual machine name and HxV with a screen
resolution such as “1280×720“.

VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" VBoxInternal2/EfiGraphicsResolution HxV

Important Note: We highly recommend to exit the VirtualBox program before executing the code. If you do not do it,
your virtual machine might not proceed to the installation step.

Exit VirtualBox

3. Once you replaced the “VM Name” with your virtual machine name, then run the code one by one via command prompt
(CMD). You can open the command prompt by pressing the Windows+X key in Windows 10 and select Command
Prompt from the list. Or simply press Windows key and type CMD. Click Run As Administrator and click Yes.
 Execute VirtualBox Code by CMD

Step 6: Start the Virtual Machine

Starting macOS Catalina with the older version of the Mac Operating system was a bit different, but with new macOS Catalina still,
it is easy to set it up.

#1. Open the VirtualBox app then click the Start button. A black screen with a few yellow & white text will appear on the screen.

Start macOS Catalina VM

#2. Once you’ve started your virtual machine, you might have to choose which ISO to select. If you’ve attached only one ISO
image. You probably not see the window below. Just make sure, you’re using the right macOS Catalina ISO.

Select Start-up Disk

Step 7: Create macOS Catalina Bootable Disk

1. Once you start your VM, a whole bunch of code will run on the screen, but you should not be worried about it. Wait for a
few minutes, and you should see the macOS Catalina Language window. Select your Language and
click Continue arrow.

2. Now, you’ll see macOS Utilities Window. From the list, select Disk Utility and click Continue.

3. Select your main VHD Disk and click the Erase button. Choose the following options and again click Erase.

1. Name: Catalina Disk (You can type any name you want)

2. Format: APFS (If you get an error, select Mac OS X Extended Journaled)

3. Scheme: GUID Partition MAP

4. Now, close the Disk Utility window.

5. From macOS Utilities, select Install macOS and click Continue.

6. Click Continue on Install macOS Catalina screen.

7. Agree to the macOS Catalina License agreement.

8. Select macOS Catalina Disk and click Install.

9. Now, wait for 3 minutes and your VM will restart. macOS Catalina will be installed on your Disk. Next, you should not do
anything. You’ll see another 29 minutes installation window.

Step 8: Perform a Clean Installation of macOS Catalina

1. Once you have passed the step #7. You will see the macOS Catalina Welcome window. Select the following options. You
can change most of the settings later on, so do not worry about it for now.

1. Select your Country and click Continue.

2. Choose a Keyboard Layout and click Continue. If you’re not happy with default settings, you can
customize the Settings.

3. On the “Data & Privacy” window, click Continue.

4. Select Don’t transfer any information now.

5. Click on Set Up Later then Don’t Sign In. Click Skip. You can add your Apple ID later.

6. Click Agree to the Terms and Conditions and click Continue.

7. Fill out the Full name, Account name, Password, and Hint then click Continue.

8. If you want to customize Express Set Up, you can click on Customize Settings otherwise click
on Continue.
9. On the Analytics window, click Continue.

10. On-Screen Time, click Set up Later.

11. Do not set up Siri for now. Just skip it.

12. Select an appearance theme and click Continue. You can choose between dark mode or light and
Auto mode.

13. Wait a few seconds that your macOS should be set up.

14. Close Feedback Assistant for now and close mouse & keyboard window.
2. Well done, you’ve successfully installed macOS Catalina on VirtualBox using the ISO image.

Installed macOS Catalina on VirtualBox

Note: Attend the Google Meet for further explanation and examples.

Prepared by:

MAR O. RIMANDO
Faculty, CIT

MARK JOHN S. CORPUZ

Faculty, CIT

Reviewed by:

EVELYN G. NAÑO, MIT

Faculty, CIT

Checked and Noted by:

FREDERICK J. SORIANO, MIT

Dean, CIT

Approved by;

GLORIA C. NEMEDEZ, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs
 College of Information Technology
First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE 9
Windows OS Variants

Introduction

This module entitled Windows OS variant is all about the two major variants of Microsoft Windows operating system. It
can be viewed as a series of enterprise-class server OSes designed to share services with multiple users and have extensive
administrative control over data storage, applications, and corporate networks.

Date and Time Allotment

Week 9

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Describe the variant of Microsoft Windows OSes.
2. Understand the differences of Windows for Desktop to Windows for Server.
3. Identify the OS to be install in a computer hardware.
4. Can create a virtual machine with a Windows OS Server as a guest OS.
5. Identify the nature of OS server.

II. Lecture
Windows OS captures a sizeable portion of the Operating System market share. As such, it can be considered as one of
the most popular Operating System. It offers OS in two major variants namely,
1. Windows for Desktop
2. Windows Server

Difference between Windows & Windows Server

Microsoft Windows Server 2019 is the latest server-edition of Windows 10. It is meant for business and supports higher-
end Hardware. Running the same Task View button and featuring the same Start Menu, it is hard to find what is different between
the two siblings. However, a few important dissimilarities can help us define their nature.

1. Storage, Control and Network

2. Less Accessibility
3. Cores Support
4. Memory Support
5. Network Connections
6. Microsoft Store or Edge browser support
7. Windows Updates
8. Price for deployment.
1] Storage, Control and Network
While Windows for Desktop is used for computation and other daily chores at offices or schools, Windows server is mainly
used to run services people use across a certain network. It can be viewed as a series of enterprise-class server OSes designed to
share services with multiple users and have extensive administrative control over data storage, applications, and corporate
networks.

2] Less Accessibility
If you are on Windows Server, then you cannot sign in to Microsoft account. This greatly limits the scope of accessibility
as you can’t use the account go to settings of another PC and use your Microsoft account to download important
files/documents/folders via OneDrive or Office Apps. You can only sign in with a domain account.

3] Cores Support
In terms of cores, Windows 10 with 32-bit can only support 32 cores; 64-bit ones can, however, handle larger sizes (256
cores). On the other hand, Windows Server can support an infinite number of cores.

4] Memory Support
Both support different memory sizes. A Windows computer running Windows 10 Enterprise has a 4 GB memory limit on
an x86 and a 2TB limit on an X64. These numbers multiply by manifolds when you switch to Windows Server version. You can
view them. This Microsoft document describes the memory limits for supported Windows and Windows Server releases.

5] Network Connections
If you desire for an extensive number of network connections, then Windows for Desktop will fall short of your
expectations. It only limits to 20 connections. Its counterpart, i.e., Windows Server can offer as many network connections as you
want, provided it has enough hardware capacity.

6] Microsoft Store or Edge browser support

This is one area where Windows for Desktop manages to outscore Windows Server. Features including Windows
Subsystem, Progressive Web Apps and Your Phone for Linux are available under Microsoft Store. Windows Server does not
support Microsoft Store. Similarly, if you are looking for Edge to run on Windows Server, you will feel disappointed. Unlike Windows
10, Windows Server uses IE (Internet Explorer), and that cannot be used for web browsing. In addition, if you would like to try
Google Chrome, then you need to relax exceptions for all Google URL to finish the download.

7] Windows Updates
Another domain where Windows for Desktop gets the upper hand over Windows Server. Windows Updates come faster to
Windows for Desktop than Windows Server. In addition, it features a Timeline, not visible on Windows Server.

8] Price for deployment

Lastly, a very important factor that requires consideration – Price! Windows Server 2016 licenses are comparatively
expensive. For instance, if you have a business, then, depending on your size and needs a single license can cost between $500
and $6200. For this reason, most purchasers opt for a Volume License route instead. Windows Server is made primarily for
businesses, so it is priced accordingly. It is therefore advisable to choose a system, which is best for you and your needs and
selected keeping in mind the need to recover, repair, or migrate.

Recent iterations of Windows Server offer more flexibility as they can be deployed either on a cloud platform like Microsoft
Azure or on hardware in an organization’s data center. Besides, the addition of new capabilities like Server Manager and Active
Directory makes Windows Server a good alternative. While the former is a utility to administer server roles and make configuration
changes to local computers, later enables easy automation of the management of user data.

Note: Attend the Google Meet for further explanation and examples.

Prepared by:

MAR O. RIMANDO
Faculty, CIT

MARK JOHN S. CORPUZ

Faculty, CIT
 Reviewed by:

EVELYN G. NAÑO, MIT

Faculty, CIT

Checked and Noted by:

FREDERICK J. SORIANO, MIT

Dean, CIT

Approved by;

GLORIA C. NEMEDEZ, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs