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Es Ex 4

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32 views5 pages

Es Ex 4

Uploaded by

prashant Raghav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT NO: 4

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
4.1 Objective 4.2 Theory 4.3 Apparatus required 4.4 Connection diagram 4.5 Procedure 4.6
Observation table 4.7 Calculation 4.8 Result 4.9 Precautions.4.10 Viva Questions.

4.1 OBJECTIVE:
To study and verify Superposition theorem.

4.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


Sr. No. Name of the Equipment Type Range Quantity
01 DC Power Supply DC 0-12 & 0-5 Volts 02
02 Bread Board ----- ----- 01
03 Voltmeter (DC) / DMM DMM 0-20 Volts 02
04 Ammeter (DC) / DMM DMM 0-20 mA, MC type 01
05 Resistors Carbon film Various values 05
06 Connecting Leads / Wire ----- 16 SWG/18 SWG As required

4.3 THEORY:
The Superposition theorem provides a mathematical technique for solving a linear network
containingseveral sources (including dependent sources) the response (i.e. the current or voltage) at a
point in thenetwork equals the sum of the responses of each source working alone with all other sources
made inoperative.
To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first must be "turned
off” (set to zero) by:
1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating
difference of potential. i.e. V=0, internal impedance of ideal voltage source is ZERO (short
circuit)).
2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating
current. i.e. I=0, internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite (open circuit).
This procedure is followed for each source in turn, and then the resultant responses are added to
determine the true operation of the circuit. The resultant circuit operation is the superposition of the
various voltage and current sources.
Applicable to linear networks (time varying or time invariant) consisting of independent sources, linear
dependent sources, linear passive elements Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors and linear
transformers.
Another point that should be considered is that superposition only works for voltage and current
but not power. In other words, the sum of the powers is not the real consumed power. To calculate
power

EXP No (4) (ES – 159/ 160)


We should first use superposition to find both current and voltage of that linear element and
thencalculate sum of the multiplied voltages and currents respectively.

4.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

EXP No (4) (ES – 159/ 160)


4.5 PROCEDURE:
(Draw labeled circuit diagram on paper and Arrange all the Equipment’s & material required for the
practical.)

1. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram. Connect the Ammeter & Voltmeter correctly as of
their polarities.
2. Connections should be checked by the lab Instructor, before switching ON the supply
3. Switch on the supply, set the certain value of voltage source 1 & voltage source 2, record the
readings of both the voltage sources.
4. Note the readings of three ammeters AM1’’’, AM2’’’, AM3’’’.
5. Disconnect the voltage source 1 & replace it by a short circuit (short circuit the point A-F) note the
readings of the three ammeters AM1’’, AM2’’, AM3’’.
6. Next, connect the voltage source 1 again in circuit. Disconnected the voltage source 2 & replace it
by a short circuit (short circuit the point C-D) again note the readings of the three ammeters AM1’,
AM2’, AM3’.
7. For another set of readings, put another value of voltages at both the sources with the help of (Knob)
rheostat & repeat steps 6-8
8. Switch off the supply, disconnect the circuit safely.
(Get the connections checked by the lab Faculty/Technician before switch on the supply.)

EXP No (4) (ES – 159/ 160)


4.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. While voltage source 1 While voltage source 2 is While both the sources
ison & Voltage source 2 on& Voltage source 1 is areon & applied on
is replaced by short Circuit. circuit
replaced by short Circuit.
AM1’’’ AM2’’’ AM3’’’ AM1’’ AM2’’ AM3’’ AM1’ AM2’ AM3’
mA mA mA
1
2
3

4.7 CALCULATION:
Add algebraically the readings of the corresponding ammeters 1& 2 and put the sum in the
RESULTcolumn

Result Error
AM1 = AM2 = AM3 =
Sr. No. AM1’’’ AM2’’’ AM3’’’
AM1’- AM1 AM2’ - AM2 AM3’ - AM3
+ + +
AM1’’ AM2’’ AM3’’
1
2
3

4.8 RESULT:
From the table above,
It is observed that the sums of AM1’’’+ AM1’’is found almost the same as the AM1’.
Hence, Superposition theorem is verified with some permissible error which is allowed in
practical.

4.9 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before connecting the DC supply, the zero readings of ammeter and voltmeter should be
checked.
2. Check all the resistances and connecting wires are properly connected in the bread board.
3. Terminals of voltage source of the kit should not be short circuited only circuit on the
bread boardshould be short circuited.
4. Current in the ammeter is in mili amperes not in amperes.
5. The direction of currents should be correctly identified by noting the + and –
terminals ofammeters.
6. Connections should be tight and correct.

EXP No (4) (ES – 159/ 160)


4.10 VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) State Superposition theorem.


Ans- Superposition theorem states that, “In any linear, bilateral network where more than
one independent source is present, the response across any element in the circuit is the sum
of the responses obtained from each source considered acting alone while all other sources
are replaced by their internal resistances.”
2) What are the limitations of Superposition theorem?
Ans- Limitations of superposition theorem are
❖ Only applicable to linear circuits.
❖ Doesn't applicable to non-linear elements like diodes or transistors.
❖ Cannot be directly used to analyse circuits with dependent sources.
❖ Can't applicable for power measurement.
3) What is the equivalent internal resistance for an ideal voltage source and for an ideal
current source?
Ans- The internal resistance for an ideal voltage source is zero and for ideal current source
is infinity.
4) Why is voltage source replaced by short circuit and current source replaced by open
circuit during deactivating them?
Ans- The internal resistance for an ideal voltage source is zero and for ideal current source
is infinity. Therefore, voltage source is replaced by short circuit and current source
by open circuit during deactivating them.

EXP No (4) (ES – 159/ 160)

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