Q1) Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency of the amplifier circuit given in

figure below for an input voltage that results in a base current of 10 mA peak.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 20 V
VBE = 0.7 V ∵ Si = 0.7 V
β = 25
RB = 1 kΩ
RC = 20 Ω
IB = 10 mA

B) REQUIRED

Pi(DC) = ?
Po(AC) = ?
=?

II) FORMULAE

IBQ = (VCC - VBE) / RB ------------------- (1)

ICQ = βIB ----------------------------------- (2)
VCEQ = VCC - ICRC ------------------------ (3)
IC(p) = βIB(p) ------------------------------ (4)
Pi(DC) = VCCICQ -------------------------- (5)
Po(AC) = I2C(rms)RC
Po(AC) = [I2C(p) / 2]RC ------------------ (6)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100 ------------ (7)
III) CALCULATIONS

By using (1)
IBQ = (VCC - VBE) / RB
IBQ = (20 - 0.7) / (1 * 103)
IBQ = 19.3 / (1 * 103)
IBQ = 19.3 mA

By using (2)
ICQ = βIB
ICQ = 25(19.3 * 10-3)
ICQ = 0.48 A

By using (3)
VCEQ = VCC - ICRC
VCEQ = 20 - (0.48)(20)
VCEQ = 20 - 9.6
VCEQ = 10.4 V

By using (4)
IC(p) = βIB(p)
IC(p) = 25(10 * 10-3)
IC(p) = 250 mA peak

By using (5)
Pi(DC) = VCCICQ
Pi(DC) = 20(0.48)
Pi(DC) = 9.6 W

By using (6)
Po(AC) = [I2C(p) / 2]RC
Po(AC) = [(250 * 10-3)2 / 2](20)
Po(AC) = [(62.5* 103) / 2](20)
Po(AC) = (31.25 * 10-3)(20)
Po(AC) = 0.625 W

By using (7)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100
 = (0.625 / 9.6) * 100
 = 0.065 * 100
 = 6.5 %
 IV) RESULTS

Pi(DC) = 9.6 W
Po(AC) = 0.625 W
 = 6.5 %

Q2) Calculate the effective resistance seen looking into the primary of a 15:1 transformer
connected to an 8 Ω load.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

a = 15
RL = 8 Ω

B) REQUIRED

R’L = ?

II) FORMULA

R’L = a2RL ----------- (1)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
R’L = a2RL
R’L = (15) 2(8)
R’L = 225(8)
R’L = 1.8 k Ω

IV) RESULT
R’L = 1.8 k Ω
Q3) What transformer turns ratio is required to match a 16 Ω speaker load so that the effective
load resistance seen at the primary is 10 kΩ?

SOLUTION

I) DATA
A) GIVEN
R’L = 10 kΩ
RL = 16 Ω

B) REQUIRED
N1 / N2 = ?
II) FORMULA
(N1 / N2)2 = R’L / RL
N1 / N2 = √R’L / RL -------------- (1)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
N1 / N2 = √R’L / RL
N1 / N2 = √(10 * 103) / 16
N1 / N2 = √625
N1 / N2 = 25:1

IV) RESULT
N1 / N2 = 25:1
Q4) Calculate the AC power delivered to the 8 Ω speaker for the circuit given in figure below.
The circuit component values result in a DC base current of 6 mA and the input signal Vi
results in a peak base current swing of 4 mA.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCEQ = VCC = 10 V
IB = 6 mA
ICQ = 140 mA
N1 / N2 = 3:1
RL = 8 Ω
VCEmin = 1.7 V
ICmin = 25 mA
VCEmax = 18.3 V
ICmax = 255 mA

B) REQUIRED
Po(AC) = ?
 II) FORMULAE

R’L = (N1 / N2)2RL ---------------------------------------------- (1)

IC = VCE / R’L --------------------------------------------------- (2)
Marking point A = ICEQ + IC --------------------------------------------------- (3)
Po(AC) = [(VCEmax - VCEmin)( ICmax - ICmin)] / 8 ------------ (4)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
R’L = (N1 / N2)2RL
R’L = (3)2(8)
R’L = 9(8)
R’L = 72 Ω

By using (2)
IC = VCE / R’L
IC = 10 / 72
IC = 139 mA

By using (3)
Marking point A = ICEQ + IC
A = (140 * 10-3) + (139 * 10-3)
A = 279 mA along y-axis

By using (4)
Po(AC) = [(VCEmax - VCEmin)( ICmax - ICmin)] / 8
Po(AC) = [(18.3 - 1.7){(255 * 10-3) - (25 * 10-3)}] / 8
Po(AC) = [16.6(023)] / 8
Po(AC) = 3.818 / 8
Po(AC) = 0.477 W

IV) RESULT
Po(AC) = 0.477 W
Q5) For the circuit given in figure below and results of (Q4), calculate the DC input power,
power dissipated by the transistor and efficiency of the circuit for the input signal of
(Q4).

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 10 V
ICQ = 140 mA
Po(AC) = 0.477 W

B) REQUIRED

Pi(DC) = ?
PQ = ?
=?

II) FORMULAE

Pi(DC) = VCCICQ ---------------------------- (1)

PQ = Pi(DC) - Po(AC) ---------------------- (2)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100 -------------- (3)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Pi(DC) = VCCICQ
Pi(DC) = 10(140 * 10-3)
Pi(DC) = 1.4 W
 By using (2)
PQ = Pi(DC) - Po(AC)
PQ = 1.4 - 0.477
PQ = 0.92 W

By using (3)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100
 = (0.477 / 1.4) * 100
 = 0.341 * 100
 = 34.1 %

IV) RESULTS
Pi(DC) = 1.4 W
PQ = 0.92 W
 = 34.1 %

Q6) Calculate the efficiency of a transformer-coupled class A amplifier for a supply of 12 V

and outputs of:

a) V(p) = 12 V
b) V(p) = 6 V
c) V(p) = 2 V

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCEQ = VCC = 12 V
a) V(p) = 12 V
b) V(p) = 6 V
c) V(p) = 2 V

B) REQUIRED

=?

II) FORMULAE

VCEmax = VCEQ + V(p) --------------------------------------------- (1)

VCEmin = VCEQ - V(p) ---------------------------------------------- (2)
 = 50[{VCEmax - VCEmin} / {VCEmax + VCEmin}]2 % ---------- (3)
III) CALCULATIONS

a) For V(p) = 12 V:
By using (1)
VCEmax = VCEQ + V(p)
VCEmax = 12 + 12
VCEmax = 24 V

By using (2)
VCEmin = VCEQ - V(p)
VCEmin = 12 - 12
VCEmin = 0 V

By using (3)
 = 50[{VCEmax - VCEmin} / {VCEmax + VCEmin}]2 %
 = 50[(24 - 0) / (24 + 0)]2 %
 = 50 (24 / 24)2 %
 = 50 (1)2 %
 = 50 %

b) For V(p) = 6 V:
By using (1)
VCEmax = VCEQ + V(p)
VCEmax = 12 + 6
VCEmax = 18 V

By using (2)
VCEmin = VCEQ - V(p)
VCEmin = 12 - 6
VCEmin = 6 V

By using (3)
 = 50[{VCEmax - VCEmin} / {VCEmax + VCEmin}]2 %
 = 50[(18 - 6) / (18 + 6)]2 %
 = 50 (12 / 24)2 %
 = 50 (0.5)2 %
 = 50(0.25) %
 = 12.5 %
 c) For V(p) = 2 V:
By using (1)
VCEmax = VCEQ + V(p)
VCEmax = 12 + 2
VCEmax = 14 V

By using (2)
VCEmin = VCEQ - V(p)
VCEmin = 12 - 2
VCEmin = 10 V

By using (3)
 = 50[{VCEmax - VCEmin} / {VCEmax + VCEmin}]2 %
 = 50[(14 - 10) / (14 + 10)]2 %
 = 50 (4 / 24)2 %
 = 50 (0.1667)2 %
 = 50(0.0278) %
 = 1.39 %

IV) RESULTS

a) For V(p) = 12 V:

 = 50 %

b) For V(p) = 6 V:

 = 12.5 %

c) For V(p) = 2 V:

 = 1.39 %
Q7) For a class B amplifier providing a 20 V peak signal to a 16 Ω load (speaker) and a
power supply of VCC = 30 V, determine the input power, output power and circuit
efficiency.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VL(p) = 20 V
RL = 16 Ω
VCC = 30 V

B) REQUIRED

Pi(DC) = ?
Po(AC) = ?
=?

II) FORMULAE

IL(p) = VL(p) / RL ------------------------- (1)

IDC = [2 / π]IL(p) -------------------------- (2)
Pi(DC) = VCCIDC -------------------------- (3)
Po(AC) = V2L(p) / 2RL ------------------- (4)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100 ------------ (5)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
IL(p) = VL(p) / RL
IL(p) = 20 / 16
IL(p) = 1.25 A

By using (2)
IDC = [2 / π]IL(p)
IDC = [2 / 3.14](1.25)
IDC = [0.6369](1.25)
IDC = 0.796 A

By using (3)
Pi(DC) = VCCIDC
Pi(DC) = 30(0.796)
Pi(DC) = 23.9 W
 By using (4)
Po(AC) = V2L(p) / 2RL
Po(AC) = (20)2 / (2 *16)
Po(AC) = 400 / 32
Po(AC) = 12.5 W

By using (5)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100
 = (12.5 / 23.9) *100
 = 0.523 * 100
 = 52.3 %

IV) RESULTS
Pi(DC) = 23.9 W
Po(AC) = 12.5 W
 = 52.3 %

Q8) For a class B amplifier using a supply of VCC = 30 V and driving a load of 16 Ω,
determine the maximum input power, output power and transistor dissipation.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 30 V
RL = 16 Ω

B) REQUIRED

Pi(DC)max = ?
Po(AC)max = ?
PQmax = ?

II) FORMULAE

Pi(DC)max = 2V2CC / πRL ------------------ (1)

Po(AC)max = V2CC / 2RL ------------------- (2)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100 ------------- (3)
PQmax = P2Q / 2
PQmax = 0.5(2V2CC / π2RL) ---------------- (4)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Pi(DC)max = 2V2CC / πRL
Pi(DC)max = [2(30)2] / [(3.14)(16)]
Pi(DC)max = [2(900) / 50.24]
Pi(DC)max = 1800 / 50.24
Pi(DC)max = 35.8 W

By using (2)
Po(AC)max = V2CC / 2RL
Po(AC)max = (30)2 / (2 * 16)
Po(AC)max = 900 / 32
Po(AC)max = 28.125 W

By using (3)
 = [Po(AC) / Pi(DC)] * 100
 = (28.125 / 35.8) * 100
 = 0.785 * 100
 = 78.5 %

By using (4)
PQmax = 0.5(2V2CC / π2RL)
PQmax = 0.5[{2(30)2}/ (3.14)2(16)]
PQmax = 0.5 [{2(900)} / (9.86)(16)]
PQmax = 0.5(1800 / 157.76)
PQmax = 0.5(11.4)
PQmax = 5.7 W

IV) RESULTS
Pi(DC)max = 35.8 W
Po(AC)max = 28.125 W
PQmax = 5.7 W
Q9) Calculate the efficiency of a class B amplifier for a supply voltage of VCC = 24 V with
peak output voltages of:

a) VL(p) = 22 V
b) VL(p) = 6 V

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 24 V
a) V(p) = 22 V
b) V(p) = 6 V

B) REQUIRED

=?

II) FORMULA

 = 78.54[VL(p) / VCC] % ------------------ (1)

III) CALCULATIONS

a) For VL(p) = 22 V:
By using (1)
 = 78.54[VL(p) / VCC] %
 = 78.54(22 / 24) %
 = 78.54(0.92) %
 = 72 %

b) For VL(p) = 6 V:
By using (1)
 = 78.54[VL(p) / VCC] %
 = 78.54(6 / 24) %
 = 78.54(0.25) %
 = 19.6 %

IV) RESULTS

a) For VL(p) = 22 V:

 = 72 %
 b) For VL(p) = 6 V:

 = 19.6 %

Q10) For the circuit given in figure below, calculate the input power, output power and power
handled by each output transistor and the circuit efficiency for an input of 12 V rms.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

Vi(rms) = 12 V
RL = 4 Ω
VCC = 25 V

B) REQUIRED

Po(AC) = ?
Pi(DC) = ?
PQ = ?
=?

II) FORMULAE

Vi(p) = √2Vi(rms) --------------------- (1)

Po(AC) = V2L(p) / 2RL --------------- (2) ∵ VL(p) = Vi(p)
IL(p) = VL(p) / RL --------------------- (3)
IDC = [2 / π]IL(p) ---------------------- (4)
Pi(DC) = VCCIDC ---------------------- (5)
 PQ = P2Q / 2
PQ = (Pi - Po) / 2 ----------------------- (6)
 = (Po / Pi) * 100 --------------------- (7)

III) CALCULATIONS

By using (1)
Vi(p) = √2Vi(rms)
Vi(p) = √2(12)
Vi(p) = 1.41(12)
Vi(p) = 16.9 V
Vi(p)  17 V

By using (2)
Po(AC) = V2L(p) / 2RL ∵ VL(p) = Vi(p)
Po(AC) = (17)2 / [2(4)]
Po(AC) = 289 / 8
Po(AC) = 36.125 W

By using (3)
IL(p) = VL(p) / RL
IL(p) = 17 / 4
IL(p) = 4.25 A

By using (4)
IDC = [2 / π]IL(p)
IDC = [(2 / 3.14)(4.25)]
IDC = 0.64(4.25)
IDC = 2.7 A

By using (5)
Pi(DC) = VCCIDC
Pi(DC) = 25(2.7)
Pi(DC) = 67.5 W

By using (6)
PQ = (Pi - Po) / 2
PQ = (67.5 - 36.125) / 2
PQ = 31.375 / 2
PQ = 15.7 W

By using (7)
 = (Po / Pi) * 100
 = (36.125 / 67.5) * 100
 = 0.535 * 100
 = 53.5 %
 IV) RESULTS

Po(AC) = 36.125 W
Pi(DC) = 67.5 W
PQ = 15.7 W
 = 53.5 %

Q11) For the circuit given in figure below, calculate the maximum input power, maximum
output power, input voltage for maximum power operation and power dissipated by the
output transistors at this voltage.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 25 V
RL = 4 Ω

B) REQUIRED

Pi(DC)max = ?
Po(AC)max = ?
VL(p) = ?
P2Q = ?
II) FORMULAE

Pi(DC)max = 2V2CC / π RL -------------- (1)

Po(AC)max = V2CC / 2RL ---------------- (2)
 = (Po / Pi) * 100 ----------------------- (3)
VL(p) = VCC ------------------------------ (4)
P2Q = Pi - Po ------------------------------ (5)

III) CALCULATIONS

By using (1)
Pi(DC)max = 2V2CC / π RL
Pi(DC)max = [2(25)2] / [(3.14)(4)]
Pi(DC)max = [2(625) / 12.56]
Pi(DC)max = 1250 / 12.56
Pi(DC)max = 99.5 W

By using (2)
Po(AC)max = V2CC / 2RL
Po(AC)max = (25)2 / (2 * 4)
Po(AC)max = 625 / 8
Po(AC)max = 78.125 W

By using (3)
 = (Po / Pi) * 100
 = (78.125 / 99.5) * 100
 = 0.785 * 100
 = 78.5 %

By using (4)
VL(p) = VCC
VL(p) = 25 V

By using (5)
P2Q = Pi - Po
P2Q = 99.5 - 78.125
P2Q = 21.3 W

IV) RESULTS

Pi(DC)max = 99.5 W
Po(AC)max = 78.125 W
VL(p) = 25 V
P2Q = 21.3 W
Q12) For the circuit given in figure below, determine the maximum power dissipated by the
output transistors and the input voltage at which this occurs.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

VCC = 25 V
RL = 4 Ω

B) REQUIRED

P2Qmax = ?
VL = ?

II) FORMULAE

P2Qmax = 2V2CC / π2RL -------------- (1)

VL = 0.636VL(p) -------------------- (2) ∵ VL(p) = VCC

III) CALCULATIONS

By using (1)
P2Qmax = 2V2CC / π2RL
P2Qmax = [2(25)2] / [(3.14)2(4)]
P2Qmax = [2(625)] / [9.8596(4)]
P2Qmax = 1250 / 39.4384
P2Qmax = 31.6 W
 By using (2)
VL = 0.636VL(p) ∵ VL(p) = VCC
VL = 0.636(25)
VL = 15.9 V

IV) RESULTS

P2Qmax = 31.6 W
VL = 15.9 V

Q13) Calculate the harmonic distortion components for an input signal having fundamental
amplitude of 2.5 V, second harmonic amplitude of 0.25 V, third harmonic amplitude of
0.1 V and fourth harmonic amplitude of 0.05 V.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

A1 = 2.5 V
A2 = 0.25 V
A3 = 0.1 V
A4 = 0.05 V

B) REQUIRED

D2 = ?
D3 = ?
D4 = ?

II) FORMULAE

D2 = [|A2| / |A1|] * 100 ---------- (1)

D3 = [|A3| / |A1|] * 100 ---------- (2)
D4 = [|A4| / |A1|] * 100 ---------- (3)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
D2 = [|A2| / |A1|] * 100
D2 = [0.25 / 2.5] * 100
D2 = 0.1 * 100
D2 = 10 %
 By using (2)
D3 = [|A3| / |A1|] * 100
D3 = [0.1 / 2.5] * 100
D3 = 0.04 * 100
D3 = 4 %

By using (3)
D4 = [|A4| / |A1|] * 100
D4 = [0.05 / 2.5] * 100
D4 = 0.02 * 100
D4 = 2 %

IV) RESULTS
D2 = 10 %
D3 = 4 %
D4 = 2 %

Q14) Calculate the total harmonic distortion for the amplitude components given in (Q13).

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

D2 = 0.01
D3 = 0.04
D4 = 0.02

B) REQUIRED

THD = ?

II) FORMULA

THD = [√D22 + D23 + D24] * 100 ----------------- (1)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
THD = [√D22 + D23 + D24] * 100
THD = [√(0.01)2 + (0.04)2 + (0.02)2] * 100
THD = [√0.01 + (1.63 *10-3) + (4 * 10-4)] * 100
THD = [√0.012] * 100
THD = 0.109 * 100
THD = 10. 9 %
 IV) RESULT
THD = 10. 9 %

Q15) Calculate the second harmonic distortion if an output waveform displayed on an

oscilloscope provides the following measurements:

a) VCEmin = 1 V, VCEmax = 22 V, VCEQ = 12 V

b) VCEmin = 4 V, VCEmax = 20 V, VCEQ = 12 V

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

a) VCEmin = 1 V
VCEmax = 22 V
VCEQ = 12 V
b) VCEmin = 4 V
VCEmax = 20 V
VCEQ = 12 V

B) REQUIRED

D2 = ?

II) FORMULA

D2 = |[1 / 2(VCEmax + VCEmin) - VCEQ] / (VCEmax - VCEmin)| * 100 ---------------- (1)

III) CALCULATIONS
a) By using (1)
D2 = |[1 / 2(VCEmax + VCEmin) - VCEQ] / (VCEmax + VCEmin)| * 100
D2 = |[1 / 2(22 + 1) - 12] / (22 - 1)| * 100
D2 = |[1 / 2(23) - 12] / 21| * 100
D2 = |[(23 / 2) - 12] / 21| * 100
D2 = |[11.5 - 12] / 21| * 100
D2 = |(-0.5) / 21| * 100
D2 = -0.0238 * 100
D2 = -2.38 %
D2 = 2.38 %
 b) By using (1)
D2 = |[1 / 2(VCEmax + VCEmin) - VCEQ] / (VCEmax + VCEmin)| * 100
D2 = |[1 / 2(20 + 4) - 12] / (20 - 4)| * 100
D2 = |[1 / 2(24) - 12] / 16| * 100
D2 = |[(24 / 2) - 12] / 16| * 100
D2 = |[12 - 12] / 16| * 100
D2 = |(0) / 16| * 100
D2 = 0 * 100
D2 = 0 %

IV) RESULTS

a) D2 = 2.38 %
b) D2 = 0 %

Q16) For a harmonic distortion reading of D2 = 0.1, D3 = 0.02 and D4 = 0.01, with I1 = 4 A and
RC = 8 Ω, calculate the total harmonic distortion, fundamental power components and
total power.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

D2 = 0.1
D3 = 0.02
D4 = 0.01
I1 = 4 A
RC = 8 Ω

B) REQUIRED

THD = ?
P1 = ?
P=?

II) FORMULAE

THD = [√D22 + D23 + D24] ----------------- (1)

P1 = I21RC / 2 --------------------------------- (2)
P = (1 + THD2)P1 ---------------------------- (3)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
THD = [√D22 + D23 + D24]
THD = [√(0.1)2 + (0.02)2 + (0.01)2]
 THD = [√0.01 + (4 * 10-4) + (1 *10-4)]
THD = [√0.0105]
THD = 0.1

By using (2)
2
P 1 = I 1 RC / 2
P1 = [(4)2(8)] / 2
P1 = (16 * 8) / 2
P1 = 128 / 2
P1 = 64 W

By using (3)
P = (1 + THD2)P1
P = [1 + (0.1)2](64)
P = (1 + 0.01)(64)
P = 1.01(64)
P = 64.64 W

IV) RESULTS
THD = 0.1
P1 = 64 W
P = 64.64 W

Q17) Determine what maximum dissipation will be allowed for an 80 W silicon transistor
(rated at 25 oC) if derating is required above 25 oC by a derating factor of 0.5 W / oC at a
case temperature of 125 oC.

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

temp0 = 25 oC
temp1 = 125 oC
derating factor = 0.5 W / oC
PD(temp0) = 80 W

B) REQUIRED

PD(125 oC) = ?

II) FORMULA

PD(temp1) = PD(temp0) - (temp1 - temp0)(derating factor) ------------- (1)

 III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
PD(temp1) = PD(temp0) - (temp1 - temp0)(derating factor)
PD(125 oC) = 80 - (125 oC - 25 oC)(0.5)
PD(125 oC) = 80 - 100(0.5)
PD(125 oC) = 80 - 50
PD(125 oC) = 30 W

IV) RESULT
PD(125 oC) = 30 W

Q18) A silicon power transistor is operated with a heat sink (SA = 1.5 oC / W). The transistor,
rated at 150 W (25 oC), has JC = 0.5 oC / W and the mounting insulation has
CS = 0.6 oC / W. What maximum power can be dissipated if the ambient temperature is
40 oC and TJmax = 200 oC?

SOLUTION

I) DATA

A) GIVEN

TJ = 200 oC
TA = 40 oC
JC = 0.5 oC / W
CS = 0.6 oC / W
SA = 1.5 oC / W

B) REQUIRED

PD = ?

II) FORMULA

PD = (TJ - TA) / (JC + CS + SA) ------------- (1)

III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
PD = (TJ - TA) / (JC + CS + SA)
PD = (200 - 40) / (0.5 + 0.6 + 1.5)
PD = 160 / 2.6
PD = 61.5 W

IV) RESULT
PD = 61.5 W