CHEMISTRY

MUNIR MUGHERI ..........

INSPIRED ACADEMY LRK
..........

MUNIR MUGHERI ..........

Atomic structure
 Atom
• Atom is Greek word (A= not + tomos = to cut)
• Greek scholar democritus used word atom (400B.C)
• Atom is the small part of element
• Atom has is made up of three fundamental particles electron(-ve) ,
proton (+ve) and neutron (neutral)
• Atom has two parts nucleus and shells
• Nucleus contain proton and neutrons , mass of atom (atomic number
and atomic mass ) is present in its tiny nucleues
• Cathode rays were discovered by william crook’s using glass tube at high
voltage (10000V) and very low pressure of about 0.001mm of Hg
• Electron was discovered by J.J Thomson he said that cathode rays are
electrons
• Electron was named by stoney
• Charge on electron was calculated by Millikan in oil drop experiment
atom
Crook’s tube or cathode tube
 Atom
• Mass of electron was calculated by J.J Thomson
• Electrons are reducing rays , they are deflected by electric field
(stark effect) and magnetic field (zeeman effect) , they travel in
straight path , they have kinetic energy
• Both electrons and protons were discovered through ionization of
gas at high voltage and low pressure
• Neutron was discovered by James Chadwick though artificial radio
activity he bombarded alpha rays of helium nucleus and observed
radiations which were neutral
• Nucleus was discovered by Lord Rutherford he passed alpha rays
through thin gold foil .
• Charge to mass ratio (e/m) of electron is independent from nature
of gas or matter
Chadwick experiment
Nucleus discovery
 Discovery of proton
Canal ray experiment
• Proton was discovered by gold stein , he passed
electricity through gas in glass tube at very high
voltage and low pressure of 0.001mmHg , he
observed that radiations having positive charge
produced at anode and move towards cathode ,
he used perforated cathode
• Anode rays or canal rays or protons produced by
ionization of gas by cathode rays
Anode rays
 Properties of anode rays
• They are positively charged
• They move in straight path
• Their charge to mass ratio(e/m) depends upon
nature of gas , highest charge to mass ratio of
proton is for Hydrogen atom because as
atomic mass increases e/m decreases
• They are deflected by electric and magnetic
field
 Photon and Planck's quantum theory
• According to max planck
• Atoms do not emit or absorb energy continuosly , it emit or
absorb energy in form of packets or quanta
Or
A body emit or absorb energy only in terms of integral multiple of
photon

• In case of light quantum energy is called as photons

• Quanta or pakets of energy are also called as photons
• Amount of energy associated with radiation is dierctely
proportional to its frequency
• E = h𝜸
• h is called as planck’s constant (h = 6.625x𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱. 𝑺)
 Bohr’s atomic model
• Neil bohr(1913) was Danish physicist his atomic model is based upon planck’s quatum
theory
• He introduced the concept of circular or orbits or stationary states around(shells) nucleus
where electron remain stable
• Each orbit has fixed energy and situated at fixed distance as distance from nucleus
increases energy of orbits increase
• When electron emit energy in form of photon it jumps from higher orbit to lower orbit
• Electron can move only in those orbits in which angular mpmentum of electron(mvr)
𝒏𝒉
integral multiple of
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝒏𝒉
• mvr =
𝟐𝝅𝒓
• Bohr’s atomic model only applied to single electron species like H ,𝑯𝒆+ , 𝑳𝒊+𝟐 , 𝑩𝒆𝟑+ , 𝑩𝟒+
• Radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.529𝐀° or 0.53𝑨° or 0.53𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒄𝒎
• Formula finding radius of any orbit is given by bohr is
𝟎.𝟓𝟑 𝑿 𝒏𝟐
r= 𝒁
Bohr’s atomic model
SHELLS
 Shell , sub-shells and orbitals
• Shell → sub-shell → orbitals → electrons
• According to bohr’s atomic model cricular orbits at fixed
distance and have fixed energy are called as shells , they are
named as
Shells
1- 𝑲𝟐𝒆 sub-shells
2- 𝑳𝟖𝒆 𝒔𝟐
3-𝑴𝟏𝟖𝒆 𝒑𝟔
4-𝑵𝟑𝟐𝒆 𝒅𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝟏𝟒
 Concept of orbital
• Bohr’s atomic model was rejected by De-broglie (introduced dual nature
of electron) ,Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
. Concept of orbital was introduced by Schrodinger in its quantum
mechanical model of atom
“ three dimensional region of space around nucleus where probability or
chance of finding electron is maximum is called as orbital”
Orbitals are named after names of sub-shells
Example : s , p , d, f
• S-orbitals are nearest to nucleus with small potential energy , high
kinetic energy and high ionization energy
• f-orbitals are at large distance from nucleus with high potential energy ,
low kinetic energy and low ionization energy
• Ionization energy of orbitals order is
s >p > d > f
 Quantum numbers
• Quantum numbers are numerical values given by schrodinger (except
spin quantum number) they explain energy , distance , shape ,
orientation of orbital and spin of electron
• Principal quantum number (n):
• It explain energy of electron , its distance from nucleus
• It has positve intergral value n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5….
• As value of n increase energy of electron increase also its distance from
nucleus also increase
value Orbital
• of n
1 s
2 p
3 d
4 f
 Quantum numbers
Azimuthal quantum number(l)
• It is also called as subsidiary quantum number
• It value is l = 0 to (n-1) , it is associated with the shape of
orbitals
• The range of azimuthal quantum numbers is between
0 to n-1 Orbital l=
if n=4, what is the value that is not equal s 0
p 1
to l ?
d 2
f 3
 Quantum numbers
Magnetic quantum number(m)
• It is associated with orientation or direction or path of
orbitals in applied magnetic field around nucleus
• It value is ranges from – to + through zero (-l ,0 +l)
• It is also associated position of electron around nucleus

Orbital n l m spin
s 1 0 0 +1/2 or -1/2
p 2 1 -1,0+1 +1/2 or -1/2
d 3 2 -2,-1 0, +1,+2 +1/2 or -1/2
f 4 3 -3,-2,-1 0, +1,+2,+3 +1/2 or -1/2
 Spin quantum number
• It is associated with spin of electrons in orbital
𝟏 𝟏
• It has fractional value + for anticlock wise spin and −for
𝟐 𝟐
clock wise spin
• According to pauli exclusion principle two electrons in same
orbital cannot have same spin
• Pauli exclusion principle : “no two electrons in orbital of
atom have same set of four quantum numbers”
• In orbital two electrons have maximum of three same
quantum nymbers principal , azimuthal and magnetic
quantum numbers but have different value of spin quantum
Quantum number
 Shape of orbitals
• S-orbital
S-orbital has spherical shape , it has no nodal plane , its
electron distribution is uniform in all three axis , it has only one
orientation in applied magnetic field
P- orbitals
• They are dumb-bell shaped , they have three orintations in
applied magnetic field as px , py , pz
• Three p- orbitals are mutually perpendicular to each other
• They are degenerate orbitals , each p-orbital has two pear
shaped lobes connect at nodal plane , electron density or
probability at nodal plane is zero
 Shape of orbitals
d – orbitals
They have five orietations in applied magnetic field 𝒅𝒙𝒚 , 𝒅𝒚𝒛 ,
𝒅𝒙𝒛 , d𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 , d𝒛𝟐
f – orbitals
They have seven orientations in applied magnetic field ,

Degenerate orbitals : orbitals of equal energy because they

have same value of principal quantum number
Example : p , d , f orbitals are degenerate orbitals
 Shell , sub-shells and orbitals
• Number of sub-shells in a shell is equal to value of its
principal quantum number (n)
• Formula for electrons in a shell is 𝟐𝒏𝟐
• Formula for electrons in sub-shell is 2(2l+1)
• Formula of orbitals in a shell is 𝒏𝟐
 Electronic configuration
• Distribution of electrons in shell and sub-shell and orbitals is
called as electronic
• 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s, 3p , 3d , 4s
 Electronic configuration
• Aufabau principle
Electrons enter orbital of lowest energy or increasing order of
energy starting from 1s ,each orbital take maximum of two
electrons
Aufbau is German word which means “building up”
Word aufbau was used by Pauli (1925)
Electronic configuration
• Aufabau principle
 Electronic configuration
• n + l rule (wiswesser rule)
• “Electron enter orbital of lowest value of n+l , if two
orbitals have same value of n+l then orbital with lowest
value of n fill first”
 Electronic configuration
• Hund’s rule
(German friedrich Hund 1927)
“electron enter degenerate orbitals singly with parallel spin
then paring takes place”
• All singly filled orbitals have parallel spin
• Hund’s rule only applied to degenerate orbitals p , d and f
orbitals
• Hund’s rule is not applied to s-orbital
Electronic configuration
• Hund’s rule
 mcqs
• 1-It show similarity to alpha rays ……….
a) 𝑯 b) 𝑯+ c) 𝑯𝒆+ d) 𝑯−
2-Which has the positive value of electron affinity
a) O b) N c) F d) CL

3-Which has the stable valence shell electronic configuration

a) O b) N c) F d) P e) b&d

4- Which is true about electron affinity

a) It increase in periods b) it is reduction c) it form anions d) all

5- Electron is easily find in

a) Atom b) shell c) orbital d) sub-shell

6- According to Aufbau principal which filled first

a)1s b) 3p c) 4d d) 7s
 mcqs
7Pi-ck the wrong statement
a) principal quantum number, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 … b) azimuthal quantum
number, l = 1, 2, 3, c) magnetic quantum number, = -l, 0 , +l d) spin
quantum number, ms = +1/2 or -1/2.

8-The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an

orbital for which l = 3 is
a) 6 b) 2 c) 10 d) 14

9- Electronic configuration of nickel is

a) [He] 4s1 3d8 b) [Kr] 4s1 4d8 c) [Ar] 4s1 3d8 d) [Ne] 4s2 3d8
e) [Ar] 4s2 3d8

10- Number of electrons in 𝒁𝒏+𝟐 ion .

a) 29 b) 28 c) 10 d) 30
 mcqs
11- _________quantum number describes how far away from the nucleus an electron is……….
a) Principal b) azimuthal c) magnetic d) spin

12- What property of an element determines its chemical properties

a) Size of an element b) electrons c) The molar mass of the element d) not
any

13- Who gave the concept of fixed energy levels around the nucleus
a) Ernest Rutherford b) Neils Bohr c) J.J.Thomson d) schrodinger

14 Pick the invalid sets of quantum numbers

a) n=5, l=2, m=0, s=½ b) n=1, l=2, m=0, s=½ c) n=5, l=3, m=2, s=½
d) n=5, l=2, m=0, s=-½

15- How many electrons can exist with the principal quantum number’s value of 4
a)6 b) 4 c) 32 d) 12 e) 10

16- Which element has 13 electrons in its M-shell is

a) Nickel b) Copper c) Iron d) Chromium