Let us pray …

2 nd
Quarte
Week r
1

Th e Q
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Mo d e l
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Bea M
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Most Essential
Learning Competency

Explain how the

Quantum Mechanical
Model of the atom
describes the energies
and positions of the
electrons.
 The Atom and its Particles
• atom is the smallest particle of an element
• John Dalton was the first scientist to identify atoms as the
basic components of molecules
A proton is a positively charged
particle.
An electron is a negatively charged
particle.
A neutron has no electrical charge,
thus it is neutral.
Which particle of the atom has a
positive charge?
A. proton
B. neutron
C. electron
Which among the atom particles
can be transferred or shared from
one atom to another?
A. proton
B. neutron
C. electron
Which part of the atom has a
negative charge?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
What is the charge of a neutron?

A. zero
B. positive
C. negative
At which part of the atom are
protons and neutrons located?
Identify the charge of the
following atoms:
6. (4 p ) (3 e ) =
+ -

7. (2 p ) (2 e ) =
+ -

8. (1 p ) (2 e ) =
+ -

9. (1 p ) (1 e ) =
+ -

10.(2 p ) (3 e ) =
+ -
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 Atomic Model Timeline

he proposed the He was able to

Greek word discover the
“ATOMOS” nucleus of an
which means atom in his gold
indivisible 1897 foil experiment. 1915
J.J. Thomson Niels Bohr
Democritus Ernest Rutherford
His “planetary
400 B.C. created the
“Plum Pudding
1911 model” proposed
that electrons moving
Model” that led in circular orbits
to the discovery corresponding to
of electron various energy levels.
JOHN DALTON
He based his ideas on Boyle’s Theory, who concluded from experiments
that gas were made up of tiny particles.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. An element is composed of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles
called atoms.
2. All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties.
3. Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds.
4. Compounds contain atom in small, whole number ratios.
5. Atoms may combine in more than one ratio to form different
compounds.
J.J. Thomson
In his PLUM PUDDING MODEL, atoms are
pictured as homogeneous spheres of positive
charge and small negative particles, the electrons,
are embedded within.
He was able to discover electrons using a cathode
ray tube.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
He was a student of J.J. Thomson. In his gold foil
experiment, most of the alpha particles (positively
charged) pass directly through the foil because an
atom is largely an empty space with electrons
moving about. But in the center of the atom is the
atomic nucleus containing protons.
The BOHR Model of the Atom

• Niels Bohr was convinced that the

electrons moving in circular orbits
corresponding to the various allowed
energy levels.
• He suggested that electron could jump to
a different orbit by absorbing or emitting
a photon of light with the correct energy
content.
 His model fits the hydrogen atom very
well. However, when applied to atoms
of other elements, it did not work.

The BOHR
Model of
Further experiments showed that his
model is fundamentally incorrect and
paved a way for later theories.

the Atom
Electrons DO NOT move around the
nucleus in circular orbits like planets
orbiting the sun
 Performance Task 1: Predicting
the Probable Location of an Atom

At the end of this activity, students

will be able to describe how it is likely
to find the electron in an atom by
probability.
Materials
1.One sheet of bond paper
2.Pencil or Colored Pen with small tip
3.Graphing Paper
4.One - foot ruler
5.Compass
Procedure
1. Tape the paper on the floor so it will not move.
2. Stand on the opposite side of the target from your partner.(Target is the center which
represent the nucleus of an atom). Hold a pencil or marker at chest level above the center of
the circles you have drawn.
3. Take turns dropping the pencil or marker so that it will leave 100 dots on the circles drawn
on paper or folder.
4. Count the number of dots in each circle and record that number on the data table.
5. Calculate the number of dots per square centimeter (cm2)
6. Using a graphing paper, plot the average distance from the center on the x-axis and number
of dots per sq. cm on the y-axis.
 Percent
Difference of
Average Number of Probability of
Area of the Two Number of
Circle Number Distance From Dots per cm2 Finding Dots
Circle (cm2) Consecutive Dots in Circle
(A) the Center E/D (%)
(C) Circles (E)
(B) (F) (F*100)
(D)
(G)

1 1.0 3.14 25.13

2 3.0 28.27 50.27

3 5.0 78.54 75.40

4 7.0 153.94 100.53

125.66
5 9.0 254.47
 Guide Questions
1. What happens to the number of dots as
the distance of the dots go farther from
the center?
2. How many dots are found in the area
where there is highest probability of
finding dots?
3. How are your results similar to the
distribution of electrons in an atom?
 The Wave Mechanical
Model of the Atom
Erwin Schrödinger (left) from Austria and Louis Victor de Broglie (right)
from France, suggested that because light seems to have both wave and
particle characteristics, the electron might also exhibit both characteristics.

In the wave mechanical model, on the other hand, introduced a

mathematical description of the electron’s motion called a wave function or
atomic orbital. Orbitals are nothing like orbits.
• Squaring the orbital gives the
volume of space in which the
probability of finding the
electron is high, the electron
cloud (electron density).
• Erwin Schrödinger used math
to explain the probable location
of electrons; the denser the
electron cloud, the more likely
the electron will be there.
The Quantum Mechanical Model

views an electron as a cloud of negative

charge having a certain geometrical shape.
This model shows how likely an electron
could be found in various locations around the
nucleus.
Try to answer the
following
questions …
Which of the following refers to the Greek
word “atomos”?
A. invisible
B. uncertain
C. indivisible
D. undecided
Who was able to discover electrons?

A.Democritus
B.John Dalton
C.J. J. Thomson
D.Ernest Rutherford
Which model states that electrons travelled
in fixed paths or energy levels around the
nucleus?

A.Planetary Model
B.Billiard Ball Model
C.Plum Pudding Model
D.Electron Cloud Model
On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an
atom, which subatomic particle is present
in the nucleus of an atom?
A.proton
B.proton and electron
C.proton and neutron
D.neutron and electron
Who proposed the probability that electrons
will be found in certain location around the
nucleus of an atom?

A.Neils Bohr
B.Erwin Schrödinger
C.J.J. Thomson
D.Ernest Rutherford
Quantum
Numbers
 it determines the location and
arrangement of electrons in an atom

QUANTUM
NUMBERS
it also describes the different
atomic orbitals
 ORBITALS
• is the origin of probability where an
electron can be found
• it is a three-dimensional description of the
most likely location of an electron around an
atom.
 Remember
As the number of electrons in an atom
increases, the orbital numbers also increases
to accommodate the number of electrons.
 P AM S
To completely
describe an 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
electron in an 2. Angular Momentum Quantum
atom, four Number (ℓ)
quantum 3. Magnetic Quantum Number
numbers are
(mℓ)
needed:
4. Spin Quantum Number (ms)
 Principal Quantum
Number (n)
• or referred to as shell, describes the size
and energy of the orbital and relative
distance from the nucleus
• the possible values of n are positive
integers (1,2,3,4 and so on)
• the smaller the value of n, the lower the
energy, and the closer the orbital is to the
nucleus
 Principal Quantum
Number (n)
• an increase in (n) also means that the
electron has a higher energy and is
therefore less tightly bound to the nucleus.
• the principal quantum number is based on
Bohr model of the atom, and it determines
which energy level or shell an electron
will occupy.
 Angular Momentum
Quantum Number (ℓ)
• each shell contains one or more subshells,
each with one or more orbitals;
• ℓ describe the shape of the orbitals
• its value is related to n and has allowed
value of 0 to (n -1)

For example, if n = 4, then the possible values of ℓ would be 0, 1,

2, and 3 (4 – 1)
 Remember
• if ℓ = 0, then the orbital is called an s–
orbital and has a spherical shape with the nucleus
at the center of the sphere
• if ℓ = 1, then the orbital is called a p–
orbital with two lobes of high electron density on
either side of the nucleus
• if ℓ = 2, it is called d – orbital with a variety of
shapes
• if ℓ = 3, it is called f – orbital with more complex
shapes
s = 0; p = 1; d = 2; f = 3; g = 4
s, p, d, and f came from the words sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental
 Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ)

• it describes the orientation of the orbital sound

around the nucleus For example:
ℓ=3
• the possible values of mℓ depend upon the the possible values
value of the ℓ quantum number mℓ would be -3, -2, -
• the allowed values for mℓ are – 1, 0, to + 1 1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Spin Quantum Number
(ms)

• indicates the direction the electron is spinning

• there are only two possible values for m s: and
• when two electrons are to occupy the same orbital, then one
must have an ms= and the other electron must have an m s= ;
these are spin paired electrons
 Where is the electron?
n energy level

ℓ subshell shape

mℓ orbital

ms spin
 Rules Governing the Allowed
Combinations of Quantum Numbers
• The three quantum numbers (n, ℓ, and m) that describe an orbital are
integers: 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
• The principal quantum number (n) cannot be zero. The allowed values
of n are therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
• The angular quantum number (ℓ) can be any integer between 0 and n -
1. If n = 3, for example, ℓ can be either 0, 1, or 2.
• The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) can be any integer between -ℓ
and +ℓ. If ℓ = 2, m can be either -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2.
 Assigning the
Quantum Numbers
 Since ℓ can be zero (0) or a
If n = 7, positive integer less than 1
what are the (n-1), therefore, it can have
possible a value of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
values of ℓ?
Try this …

If n = 5,
what are the it can have a value of 0, 1, 2,
possible 3, 4.
values of ℓ?
Try this …

If n = 8,
what are the it can have a value of 0, 1, 2,
possible 3, 4,5,6,7.
values of ℓ?
 If n = 3 and Since mℓ can range -1 to
ℓ=2, what +1(depending on the value
of ℓ), then, it can have a
are the value of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.
possible
values of mℓ?
Try this …

If n = 5 and
ℓ=3, what
it can have a value of
are the -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
possible
values of mℓ?
Try this …

If n = 3 and
ℓ=1, what
it can have a value of
are the -1, 0, +1
possible
values of mℓ?
 List all the There are two possible
possible combinations:
combinations of • n = 2, ℓ=1,mℓ=0, ms=
all four quantum • n = 2, ℓ=1,mℓ=0, ms=
numbers when n
= 2, ℓ=1,mℓ=0.
Relationship among values of n, ℓ, & m1
n ℓ subshell designation m1 number of orbitals in
subshell

1 0 1s 0 1

0 2s 0 1
2 1 2p 1, 0, -1 3

0 3s 0 1

3 1 3p 1, 0, -1 3

2 3d 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 5

0 4s 0 1

1 4p 1, 0, -1 3
4 2 4d 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 5

3 4f 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 7
Assimilation
https://wordwall.net/resource/12861881
 Quantum
Mechanics in our
daily lives ….
 Assignment
Provide a printed copy of Periodic
Table of Elements

You may also download

it from the Google
Playstore for android
users or AppStore for
iOS users.
Thank you for
listening! 
Thank
you!
PERIODIC
TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Before we proceed
…

https://wordwall.net/
play/9547/542/575
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
In an atom, electrons and the
nucleus interact to make the
most stable arrangement
possible. The arrangement in
which electrons are distributed
in the different orbitals around
the nucleus of an atom is
called the electron
configuration.
 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION

• Filling of electrons start from lower

energy level to the highest energy
level.
• The number of electrons in the
highest energy level of the elements is
the basis of their location on the
periodic table.
 1A group # = # valence (outside) e- 8A
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2

Row 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
= 4
# shells
5
6
s d p
7

f
6
7
 Electron Configuration

1s 1

row # group #
shell # # valence e-
possibilities are 1-7 possibilities are:
7 rows s: 1 or 2
subshell p: 1-6
possibilities are d: 1-10
s, p, d, or f f: 1-14
4 subshells Total e- should equal
Atomic #
What element has an electron configuration of 1s1?
Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
have been accounted for.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
directions.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum

number of unpaired electrons results.

*Aufbau is German for “building up”

 Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
6s 6p 5d 4f
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a 32

time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all 5s 5p 4d

the electrons of the atom have been accounted for. 18

4s 4p 3d

Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a 18

maximum of two electrons. Arbitrary 3s 3p

To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in Energy Scale 8

opposite directions. 2s 2p

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy

orbitals so that a maximum number of unpaired North South
1s

electrons results. 2

- -
NUCLEUS

*Aufbau is German for “building up”

S N
 Spin Quantum Number, ms
North South

- N

S
-

Electron aligned with Electron aligned against

magnetic field, magnetic field,
ms = + ½ ms = - ½
The electron behaves as if it were spinning about an axis through its center.
This electron spin generates a magnetic field, the direction of which depends
on the direction of the spin. Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 208
 Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s 6p 5d 4f

32

5s 5p 4d

18

4s 4p 3d

18
Arbitrary
Energy Scale
3s 3p

2s 2p

1s

NUCLEUS
O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177
 Maximum Number of Electrons Maximum Number of Electrons In Each Sublevel

In Each Sublevel
Maximum Number
Sublevel Number of Orbitals of Electrons

s 1 2

p 3 6

d 5 10

f 7 14

LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 146
 Order of Electron Subshell Filling:
It does not go “in order”

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10
7s2 7p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
Order of Electron Subshell Filling:
It does not go “in order”

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10
7s2 7p6
 THIS SLIDE IS ANIMATED
IN FILLING ORDER 2.PPT

H = 1s1
Hund’s Rule
1s Electrons in the same sublevel
occupy empty orbitals rather than
He = 1s2
1s
pair up
Li = 1s2 2s1
1s 2s

Be = 1s2 2s2
1s 2s

C = 1s2 2s2 2p2

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz

S = 1s2 2s2 2p6

3s2 3p4 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz
 Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling
Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

H 1s1

He 1s2
NOT CORRECT
Li 1s22s1
Violates Hund’s
Rule 1s22s22p2
C

N 1s22s22p3

O 1s22s22p4

F 1s22s22p5

Ne 1s22s22p6

Na 1s22s22p63s1
 Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling
Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

H 1s1

He 1s2

Li 1s22s1

C 1s22s22p2

N 1s22s22p3

O 1s22s22p4

F 1s22s22p5

Ne 1s22s22p6

Na 1s22s22p63s1
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS

H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Hydrogen

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
H = 1s1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Helium

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
He = 1s2
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Lithium

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Li = 1s22s1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Carbon

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
C = 1s22s22p2
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Nitrogen

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

Hund’s Rule “maximum

number of unpaired
orbitals”.
2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
N = 1s22s22p3
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
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 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Fluorine

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
F = 1s22s22p5
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Aluminum

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Argon

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Iron

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
 Energy Level Diagram
6s 6p 5d 4f Lanthanum

5s 5p 4d
Bohr Model

4s 4p 3d
Arbitrary Energy Scale

3s 3p
N

2s 2p

1s

Electron Configuration
NUCLEUS
La = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
H He Li C N Al Ar F Fe La 4s23d104p65s24d105p66s25d1
CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS
2
He (helium)
15
P (phosphorus)
10
Ne (neon)
Order of Electron Subshell Filling:
It does not go “in order”

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14
6s2 6p6 6d10
7s2 7p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
17
Cl (chlorine)
Assignment